Mallotus tetracoccus
| Mallotus tetracoccus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Genus: | Mallotus |
| Species: | M. tetracoccus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Mallotus tetracoccus | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Mallotus tetracoccus, also known as the rusty kamala,[1] is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is a tree species found in parts of south Asia, typically occurring in the edges of tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.[2][3]
Description
[edit]This is a distinctive mid-sized or mid-storey tree species growing up to around 15 m tall. The bark is 5–8 mm thick with a grey surface, smooth and fibrous. The tree gains its rusty or coppery-white appearance from the colours of the branchlets, young parts, and undersides of leaves. The branchlets and young parts are densely grey or tawny tomentose (hairy) and the young parts are covered by rusty lepidote scales. The underside of leaves is velvety white due to stellate hairs, contrasting with the bright green and glabrous upper surface. The thinly leathery leaves are simple, alternate, and spirally arranged on the twigs. The lamina is 8–25 cm long x 6.5–20 cm broad, and variable in shape from young saplings to large trees, ranging from more or less circular to deltoid or broadly egg-shaped. The leaf apex is acuminate, and the base truncate, nearly heart-shaped or round. The leaves are peltate (prominently in young plants, more narrowly in adult trees). The leaf margin is entire or glandular dentate (toothed or lobed). The leaves are usually prominently 3-5 ribbed from base, with lateral nerves 6-8 pairs, the tertiary nerves running nearly horizontal. The stipules are lateral and fall off, while the leaf also has a long petiole (4.5–10 cm) which is stout and swollen at the base, stellate tomentose along the length, and with two glands at the top.[2][3]
The species is dioecious (unisexual) with male and female flowers on different individual trees. The inflorescences are terminal, branched, panicles about 12–20 cm long, on stout peduncles, holding rusty tomentose buds and yellow or yellowish-white flowers. The male flowers are 7 mm across, with 4 tepals (2 mm) and ovate containing many stamens (filaments to 3 mm). Female flowers are 5 mm across and with 4 tepals (2 mm). The ovary is tomentose, often 4-loculed, and the style, often 4 (or 5), is about 3 mm long and feathery. The fruiting pedicel is about 5 mm long attached to a fruit (1 cm in diameter) which is a depressed roundish capsule covered in gray tomentose and softly spiny stellate hairs. The seeds (ca. 5 mm) are blackish brown, rounded and wedge shaped (angular).[2][3][4]
Taxonomy
[edit]The following are recognized as synonyms of Mallotus tetracoccus: Mallotus albus var. occidentalis Hook.f., Mallotus ferrugineus (Roxb.) Müll.Arg., Rottlera ferruginea Roxb., and Rottlera tetracocca Roxb.[5]
Local names
[edit]The species is known in several languages across its range, including (in alphabetical order of the language): Loru-bondha/Morolia (Assamese),[6] Marleya (Bengali),[4] Laidolor biphang (Bodo),[6] Ilikambo (Idu Mishmi),[6] Uppale (Kannada), Upper Myanmar: Petwaing,[4] Bu kenda (බූ කැන්ද; Sinhala), Mullupolavu, Vatta (Tamil),[7] Thavatta/Vatta/Vattakkumbil/Kazhuvakkaradi/Porivatta (Malayalam).[7][8]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The species occurs in India (Northeast India and South India), Sri Lanka, Upper Myanmar,[2] Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts), Thailand, and south-central China.[9] Within the Western Ghats of India, it is distributed from the Konkan southwards[4] in semi-evergreen to evergreen and shola forests, from the plains to about 1600 m elevation.[2] It also occurs in peninsular hills such as the Shevaroy Hills and Kollimalai Hills of southern India in evergreen and secondary forests.[7] In northern India, Brandis notes the species is distributed in the outer ranges and valleys of the Sikkim Himalaya ascending to 3,000 feet (914 m), common in second growth forest. In Sri Lanka, it is common in the moist low country.[4]
Ecology
[edit]Mallotus tetracoccus is a pioneer or early-successional[10] or early-secondary[11] tree species more common in forest edges, clearings, and secondary forests than in mature forest interiors. Ecophysiological studies indicate that Mallotus tetracoccus shows higher quantum use efficiency of photosynthetic system (FV/FM) at higher light conditions, with FV/FM values of 0.7407, 0.8140, 0.8020, and 0.7825 at light regimes of 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100%, respectively.[11] Similarly, the species also shows higher relative growth rate (RGR, mg g−1 day−1) in higher light conditions, with RGR values under 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100% light regimes being 5.38, 30.01, 47.38, and 50.02, respectively. The combination of high quantum use efficiency of photosynthetic system and relative growth rates under higher light conditions, similar in pattern to other pioneer species such as Macaranga peltata, indicate the early-successional nature of Mallotus tetracoccus.[11] Adults and saplings are also known to occur in the understorey of Eucalyptus plantations in the Western Ghats.[12]
As a dioecious species, a male-biased flowering sex ratio (male: female = 1.73) was reported among trees in a 20 ha plot of tropical forest at Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve in Yunnan, south-west China.[13] In tropical wet evergreen forests of the southern Western Ghats, India, the tree has been reported to be an edge or gap species whose fruits are consumed and seeds are dispersed by birds.[14] The species has also been noted a wind-pollinated species showing diurnal anthesis.[15] The flowers and seeds of Mallotus tetracoccus are reported as consumed by lion-tailed macaques in a tropical rainforest fragment in the Anaimalai hills, India.[16]
Conservation
[edit]Toxicity
[edit]Uses
[edit]The leaves are used in sericulture.[6] The plant is known for its medicinal properties in Ayurvedic and in folk/traditional medicine. Bark and gum of the tree is used for treating fractures and venereal diseases.[17] Also used as firewood in some parts.[6]
Gallery
[edit]-
Tree (male) and branching pattern in the open -
Tree at forest edge -
Fruiting branches -
Young leaf, buds, and fruits -
Fruits (left), female flower (right) -
Female flower -
Twig and male flowers -
Male flowers -
Fruits and leaves -
Seeds of Mallotus tetracoccus
References
[edit]- ^ "Mallotus tetracoccus - Rusty Kamala". www.flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
- ^ a b c d e "Mallotus tetracoccus - EUPHORBIACEAE". www.biotik.org. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
- ^ a b c "Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz". India Biodiversity Portal. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
- ^ a b c d e Brandis, Dietrich (1906). Indian trees: an account of trees, shrubs, woody climbers, bamboos and palms indigenous or commonly cultivated in the British Indian empire. London: Archibald Constable and Co. Ltd. (1990 reprint Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh). pp. 164. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.50463. ISBN 978-81-211-0051-9.
- ^ "Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
- ^ a b c d e Page, Navendu; Datta, Aparajita; Basu, Bibidishananda (2022). Trees of Arunachal Pradesh: A field guide. Bangalore: Nature Conservation Foundation. pp. 302–303. ISBN 9788195466344.
- ^ a b c Gamble, J. S., and C. E. C. Fischer (1915–1935). Flora of the Presidency of Madras, Parts I to XI. (3 volumes). Adlard and Son Limited, London.
- ^ Nayar, T. S.; Beegam, A. Rasiya; Sibi, M. (2014). Flowering plants of the Western Ghats, India. Vol. 1 Dicots. Thiruvananthapuram, India: Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute. p. 261. ISBN 978-81-920098-2-7.
- ^ "Mallotus tetracoccus". www.asianplant.net. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
- ^ Chetana, H. C.; Ganesh, T. (2012-03-01). "Importance of shade trees (Grevillea robusta) in the dispersal of forest tree species in managed tea plantations of southern Western Ghats, India". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 28 (2): 187–197. doi:10.1017/S0266467411000721. ISSN 1469-7831. S2CID 56063836.
- ^ a b c Sreejith, K. A. 2005. Ecological and Ecophysiological studies on the successional status of tree seedlings in tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Kerala. PhD Thesis, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. 148 pages.
- ^ Selwyn, M. A.; Ganesan, R. (2009). "Evaluating the potential role of Eucalyptus plantations in the regeneration of native trees in southern Western Ghats, India" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. 50 (1): 173–189.
- ^ Gao, J; Queenborough, SA; Chai, JP (2012-01-01). "Flowering sex ratios and spatial distribution of dioeciois trees in a south-east Asian seasonal tropical forest". Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 24 (4): 517–527. JSTOR 23617099.
- ^ Ganesh, T.; Davidar, Priya (2001). "Dispersal modes of tree species in the wet forests of southern Western Ghats" (PDF). Current Science. 80: 394–399.
- ^ Devy, M. Soubadra; Davidar, Priya (2003-04-01). "Pollination systems of trees in Kakachi, a mid-elevation wet evergreen forest in Western Ghats, India". American Journal of Botany. 90 (4): 650–657. doi:10.3732/ajb.90.4.650. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21659160.
- ^ Singh, M.; Kumara, H. N.; Kumar, M. A.; Sharma, A. K. (2016-10-01). "Behavioural responses of lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) to a changing habitat in a tropical rain forest fragment in the Western Ghats, India". Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology. 72 (5): 278–291. doi:10.1159/000049949. ISSN 0015-5713. PMID 11805424. S2CID 22921857.
- ^ "Ayurvedic Plants of Sri Lanka: Plants Details". www.instituteofayurveda.org. Retrieved 2016-12-11.