Makk
Makk (plural mukūk), also spelled mak, mek or meek,[1][2] is a title formerly used in the Sudan, meaning "ruler" or "king". There are three theories of its origins. It may be a corruption of the Arabic word malik (pl. mulūk), meaning "king";[3] it may descend from Meroitic mk, meaning "God", appropriate to the divine kingship practised in the Sudan;[2][3][4] or, as E. A. Wallis Budge proposed, it may be derived from Ge'ez መከሐ (mkḥ), meaning "to be glorious", making it an Ethiopian import.[5] The territory ruled by a makk may be called a "makkdom" or "mekdom" in English.[6]
The title makk was used for the ruler of the Funj Sultanate and for all his vassal rulers in the region of Sennar.[3] It was used by the ruler of Taqali, whose tributaries were also known as mukūk al-ʿāda (sing. makk al-ʿāda), "customary kings".[7] The ruler of Shendi also bore the title, and Shendi's last ruler, Mek Nimr, resisted the Egyptian conquest of Sudan in 1821–22.[1]
During the period of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium in the Sudan, the government used indirect rule, appointing and deposing many mukūk. Following the deposition in 1903 of the makk of the Shilluks for misappropriation of funds and other abuses, the new makk was forced to accept "eleven conditions of mekship".[8] Among the Nuba, the government made the "mek-in-council" (akin to the king-in-council), along with tribal hierarchies and federations, the basis of indirect rule.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Robert S. Kramer, Richard Andrew Lobban Jr. and Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, Historical Dictionary of the Sudan, 4th ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2013), p. 293.
- ^ a b Richard Andrew Lobban Jr., Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia (Scarecrow Press, 2004), p. .
- ^ a b c Jay L. Spaulding, "The Fate of Alodia", Transafrican Journal of History 4, 1 (1974): 27–40.
- ^ Richard Hill, A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan (Frank Cass, 1967), p. xii.
- ^ E. A. Wallis Budge, The Egyptian Sudan: Its History and Monuments (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1907), p. 212n, points to a scribe called Mekḥ Giyorgis (George) who wrote a life of the Emperor Takla Maryam.
- ^ Intisar Soghayroun Elzein, Islamic Archaeology in the Sudan (Archaeopress, 2004), passim.
- ^ Janet J. Ewald, Soldiers, Traders, and Slaves: State Formation and Economic Transformation in the Greater Nile Valley, 1700–1885 (University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), p. 235.
- ^ Gabriel Warburg, Sudan Under Wingate: Administration in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1916) (Routledge, ), p. .
- ^ Kamal Osman Salih, "British Policy and the Accentuation of Inter-Ethnic Divisions: The Case of the Nuba Mountains Region of Sudan, 1920–1940", African Affairs 89, 356 (1990): 417–36.