Major index

In mathematics (and particularly in combinatorics), the major index of a permutation is the sum of the positions of the descents of the permutation. In symbols, the major index of the permutation w is

$\operatorname {maj} (w)=\sum _{w(i)>w(i+1)}i.$

For example, if w is given in one-line notation by w = 351624 (that is, w is the permutation of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} such that w(1) = 3, w(2) = 5, etc.) then w has descents at positions 2 (from 5 to 1) and 4 (from 6 to 2) and so maj(w) = 2 + 4 = 6.

This statistic is named after Major Percy Alexander MacMahon who showed in 1913 that the distribution of the major index on all permutations of a fixed length is the same as the distribution of inversions. That is, the number of permutations of length n with k inversions is the same as the number of permutations of length n with major index equal to k. (These numbers are known as Mahonian numbers, also in honor of MacMahon.) In fact, a stronger result is true: the number of permutations of length n with major index k and i inversions is the same as the number of permutations of length n with major index i and k inversions, that is, the two statistics are equidistributed. For example, the number of permutations of length 4 with given major index and number of inversions is given in the table below.

${\begin{array}{c|ccccccc}&0&1&2&3&4&5&6\\\hline 0&1&0&0&0&0&0&0\\1&0&1&1&1&0&0&0\\2&0&1&2&1&1&0&0\\3&0&1&1&2&1&1&0\\4&0&0&1&1&2&1&0\\5&0&0&0&1&1&1&0\\6&0&0&0&0&0&0&1\end{array}}$

References

• MacMahon, P. A. (1913). "The indices of permutations and the derivation therefrom of functions of a single variable associated with the permutations of any assemblage of objects". Amer. J. Math. 35 (3): 281–322. doi:10.2307/2370312. JSTOR 2370312..