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Mads Melbye

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Mads Melbye
NationalityDanish
EducationUniversity of Aarhus
Known forHealth effects of vaccines
Infectious disease epidemiology
Scientific career
FieldsEpidemiology
InstitutionsStanford University School of Medicine
Statens Serum Institut
University of Copenhagen

Mads Melbye is a Danish epidemiologist. Among many other important research findings, one of his most important contributions to public health is his and his colleagues' 2002 study that showed that there is no association between the MMR vaccine and risk of autism.

Early life and education

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Mads Melbye earned his M.D. degree from University of Aarhus, Denmark, in 1983, and a DMSc degree from the same university in 1988. His thesis work was partly done as a fellow in the epidemiology program (1985–1986) at the National Cancer Institute, NIH, US.[citation needed]

Career

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After clinical training Melbye became senior investigator in 1989 at the Danish Cancer Registry in Copenhagen, and in 1991 state epidemiologist at Statens Serum Institut (SSI) in Copenhagen.[citation needed]

In 1992, Melbye was given a personal chair in infectious disease and cancer epidemiology by the Danish minister for research and education. He founded the Department of Epidemiology Research at SSI.[citation needed]

From 1998 to 2008 he was foreign adjunct professor at Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Branch at Karolinska University in Stockholm. In 2012 he established the Danish National Biobank, which is one of the biggest biobanks in the world. In the same year he became senior vice-president at Statens Serum Institut in Copenhagen, and from 2016 until 2020 he was president and CEO.[citation needed]

He is presently[when?] professor of medical epidemiology at University of Copenhagen and affiliated with Department of Genetics at Stanford University School of Medicine. He is also[when?] director of the Cancer Institute in Denmark (DCRC).[citation needed]

Research

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In his thesis work, entitled "The natural history of HTLV-III infection",[1] from 1986, he described the natural history of HIV (first named HTLV-III) based on studies of homosexual men, hemophiliacs, and African populations. Many of the findings from these studies helped define the AIDS intervention campaigns. In 1984, he showed that in Danish gay men, HIV infection occurred via sexual contact with gay men in the US and that the primary route was anal receptive intercourse.[2] In the summer of 1984, he published the first report to document that hemophiliacs were heavily infected with HIV[3] and later the same year that HIV infection was caused by commercially manufactured factor VIII based on blood from American donors.[4] The paper was accompanied by an editorial stating that there was now sufficient evidence for immediate worldwide introduction of heat-treatment of factor VIII products.[5] He and his colleges later showed that Kaposi's sarcoma, an AIDS-defining disease, was not associated with HIV infection. (This cancer was later shown by others to be caused by HHV8). In another paper based on field work in Zambia[6] he showed that HIV infection was prevalent in that part of Africa (overall 17.5% seropositivity, being 37.5% among patients repeatedly seen in the STD clinic) and that HIV was transmitted heterosexually. He also documented that the epidemic in Zambia was new, setting the scene for what to expect in other parts of Africa, if drastic preventive measures were not taken immediately.

Melbye later became occupied with research on the etiology of cancer and has done pioneering work in the areas of breast cancer, anal cancer, cervical cancer, and Hodgkin lymphoma. In 1991 he hypothesised and provided evidence that anal cancer may have the same aetiology as cervical cancer.[7] In a later paper[8] he and his group substantiated their findings reporting a highly significant association between number of sexual partners and risk of anal cancer. Furthermore, they documented that the majority of anal cancers were HPV-16 positive. Their finding has tremendous importance because it suggests that a vaccine against high-risk HPV types, not only protects against cervical cancer but also anal cancer. Partly based on this evidence, it is now recommended in an increasing number of countries, including Scandinavian countries, to offer HPV vaccination not only to girls but also to boys.

In a study from 2003,[9] Henrik Hjalgrim and Mads Melbye provided evidence for an etiological link between yet another virus and cancer. They used large population-based data and pathology specimens to show that in some situations infection with Epstein-Barr virus leads to the development of Hodgkin lymphoma. They were able to calculated the time from infection to cancer diagnosis and showed that in this situation the incubation period was 3.5 years. In an interview with the CBS News, Professor Richard Ambinder of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine who is an internationally recognized expert on this malignancy said:  "I think it removes the last shade of doubt that the virus actually has something to do with causing Hodgkin's disease."[10]

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide. Among the few known factors that lower a woman's risk of breast cancer is her number of child births. Melbye and his group recently found that pregnancies lasting only 33 weeks did not confer a risk reduction whereas pregnancies lasting 34 or longer gave the protection. In other words, something happens to the breast tissue between week 33 and week 34 of pregnancy that holds the key to our understanding of how to reduce breast cancer risk.[11]

Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases and widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world. However, claims that the MMR vaccination caused autism have challenged the vaccination program and lowered vaccination coverage, in particular for the MMR vaccine, in many societies around the world. In what must be considered one of Melbye's most important contributions to public health is his and his colleagues' work that showed, that there is no association between the MMR vaccination and risk of autism in the vaccinated children.[12] This paper was accompanied by an editorial in The New England Journal of Medicine, stating that the contribution by Melbye provided the definitive evidence for no association.[13] Together with Anders Hviid and colleagues he published a follow-up in 2019 on the topic that dealt with issues not covered in the original publication. This paper also found no evidence of an association.[14]

Melbye and his group has contributed to the identification of genes and gene variants involved in or associated with disease development, e.g. in pyloric stenosis, hypospadias, febrile seizures, and pre-term births.[15][16][17] A large number of other papers by Melbye and his group have evaluated the safety of drugs. Many have evaluated drug safety in pregnant women and children and have contributed to our understanding of pharmacovigilance.[citation needed]  

In two recent papers published in Science[18] and Cell,[19] Melbye, together with Stanford professors Stephen Quake and Michael Snyder, demonstrated how the use of new technologies makes it possible based on a blood test among pregnant woman to predict gestational age, due date and preterm birth with high precision. These methods predicts due day better than ultrasound in the late second and third trimester. Turned into simple tests, such products holds great promise for use in middle and low income countries where skilled personnel and ultrasound equipment is sparse. Furthermore, preterm birth is the single factor leading to most morbidity and mortalities among newborns, but lack of methods to predict such pregnancy outcomes have up till now made it nearly impossible to study methods to prevent preterm birth.[citation needed]

Honours and awards

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References

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  1. ^ Melbye, M (4 January 1986). "The natural history of human T lymphotropic virus-III infection: the cause of AIDS". BMJ. 292 (6512): 5–12. doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6512.5. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1338969. PMID 3002536.
  2. ^ Melbye, M; Biggar, R J; Ebbesen, P; Sarngadharan, M G; Weiss, S H; Gallo, R C; Blattner, W A (8 September 1984). "Seroepidemiology of HTLV-III antibody in Danish homosexual men: prevalence, transmission, and disease outcome". BMJ. 289 (6445): 573–575. doi:10.1136/bmj.289.6445.573. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1442841. PMID 6087972.
  3. ^ Melbye, M.; Biggar, R.J.; Chermann, J.C.; Montagnier, L.; Stenbjerg, S.; Ebbesen, P. (July 1984). "High Prevalence of Lymphadenopathy Virus (LAV) In European Haemophiliacs". The Lancet. 324 (8393): 40–41. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92023-3. PMID 6145955. S2CID 43215303.
  4. ^ Melbye, Mads; Madhok, Rajan; Sarin, PremS.; Lowe, GordonD.O.; Goedert, JamesJ.; Froebel, KarinS.; Biggar, RobertJ.; Stenbjerg, Stener; Forbes, CharlesD.; Gallo, RobertC.; Ebbesen, Peter (December 1984). "HTLV-III Seropositivity in European Haemophiliacs Exposed to Factor VIII Concentrate Imported from the USA". The Lancet. 324 (8417–8418): 1444–1446. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91632-5. PMID 6151053. S2CID 6318265.
  5. ^ "Blood Transfusion, Haemophilia, and AIDS". The Lancet. 324 (8417–8418): 1433–1435. December 1984. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91626-x. ISSN 0140-6736. S2CID 5362831.
  6. ^ Melbye, Mads; Bayley, Anne; Manuwele, J.K.; Clayden, SusanA.; Blattner, WilliamA.; Tedder, Richard; Njelesani, E.K.; Mukelabai, K.; Bowa, F.J.; Levin, Arthur; Weiss, RobinA. (November 1986). "Evidence for Heterosexual Transmission and Clinical Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Related Conditions in Lusaka, Zambia". The Lancet. 328 (8516): 1113–1115. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90527-1. PMID 2877269. S2CID 2394992.
  7. ^ Melbye, M.; Sprøgel, P. (September 1991). "Aetiological parallel between anal cancer and cervical cancer". The Lancet. 338 (8768): 657–659. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91233-K. PMID 1679474. S2CID 23130696.
  8. ^ Frisch, Morten; Glimelius, Bengt; van den Brule, Adriaan J.C.; Wohlfahrt, Jan; Meijer, Chris J.L.M.; Walboomers, Jan M.M.; Goldman, Sven; Svensson, Christer; Adami, Hans-Olov; Melbye, Mads (6 November 1997). "Sexually Transmitted Infection as a Cause of Anal Cancer". New England Journal of Medicine. 337 (19): 1350–1358. doi:10.1056/NEJM199711063371904. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 9358129.
  9. ^ Hjalgrim, Henrik; Askling, Johan; Rostgaard, Klaus; Hamilton-Dutoit, Stephen; Frisch, Morten; Zhang, Jin-Song; Madsen, Mette; Rosdahl, Nils; Konradsen, Helle Bossen; Storm, Hans H.; Melbye, Mads (2 October 2003). "Characteristics of Hodgkin's Lymphoma after Infectious Mononucleosis". New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (14): 1324–1332. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa023141. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 14523140.
  10. ^ "Mono-Hodgkin's Link Seen". www.cbsnews.com. 2 October 2003. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  11. ^ Nature Communications 2018; 9: 4255.
  12. ^ Madsen, Kreesten Meldgaard; Hviid, Anders; Vestergaard, Mogens; Schendel, Diana; Wohlfahrt, Jan; Thorsen, Poul; Olsen, Jørn; Melbye, Mads (7 November 2002). "A Population-Based Study of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination and Autism". New England Journal of Medicine. 347 (19): 1477–1482. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021134. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 12421889.
  13. ^ Campion, Edward W. (7 November 2002). "Suspicions about the Safety of Vaccines". New England Journal of Medicine. 347 (19): 1474–1475. doi:10.1056/NEJMp020125. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 12421888.
  14. ^ Hviid, Anders; Hansen, Jørgen Vinsløv; Frisch, Morten; Melbye, Mads (16 April 2019). "Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study". Annals of Internal Medicine. 170 (8): 513–520. doi:10.7326/M18-2101. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 30831578. S2CID 73474920.
  15. ^ Feenstra, Bjarke; Geller, Frank; Krogh, Camilla; Hollegaard, Mads V; Gørtz, Sanne; Boyd, Heather A; Murray, Jeffrey C; Hougaard, David M; Melbye, Mads (March 2012). "Common variants near MBNL1 and NKX2-5 are associated with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis". Nature Genetics. 44 (3): 334–337. doi:10.1038/ng.1067. ISSN 1061-4036. PMC 3693399. PMID 22306654.
  16. ^ Geller, Frank; Feenstra, Bjarke; Carstensen, Lisbeth; Pers, Tune H; van Rooij, Iris A L M; Körberg, Izabella Baranowska; Choudhry, Shweta; Karjalainen, Juha M; Schnack, Tine H; Hollegaard, Mads V; Melbye, Mads (September 2014). "Genome-wide association analyses identify variants in developmental genes associated with hypospadias". Nature Genetics. 46 (9): 957–963. doi:10.1038/ng.3063. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 25108383. S2CID 205348868.
  17. ^ Zhang, Ge; Feenstra, Bjarke; Bacelis, Jonas; Liu, Xueping; Muglia, Lisa M.; Juodakis, Julius; Miller, Daniel E.; Litterman, Nadia; Jiang, Pan-Pan; Russell, Laura; et, al. (21 September 2017). "Genetic Associations with Gestational Duration and Spontaneous Preterm Birth". New England Journal of Medicine. 377 (12): 1156–1167. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1612665. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 5561422. PMID 28877031.
  18. ^ Ngo, Thuy T. M.; Moufarrej, Mira N.; Rasmussen, Marie-Louise H.; Camunas-Soler, Joan; Pan, Wenying; Okamoto, Jennifer; Neff, Norma F.; Liu, Keli; Wong, Ronald J.; Downes, Katheryne; Tibshirani, Robert (8 June 2018). "Noninvasive blood tests for fetal development predict gestational age and preterm delivery". Science. 360 (6393): 1133–1136. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1133N. doi:10.1126/science.aar3819. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7734383. PMID 29880692.
  19. ^ Liang, Liang; Rasmussen, Marie-Louise Hee; Piening, Brian; Shen, Xiaotao; Chen, Songjie; Röst, Hannes; Snyder, John K.; Tibshirani, Robert; Skotte, Line; Lee, Norman CY.; et, al. (June 2020). "Metabolic Dynamics and Prediction of Gestational Age and Time to Delivery in Pregnant Women". Cell. 181 (7): 1680–1692.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.002. PMC 7327522. PMID 32589958.
  20. ^ "Tildeling af ordener" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 1 March 2012.
  21. ^ "Mackenzie Lectures : Health Informatics Centre".
  22. ^ "Mads Melbye modtager Erhoff Fondens forskerpris". 15 May 2014.
  23. ^ "The Novo Nordisk Prize – Advances in medical science".
  24. ^ Melbye, M. (1993). "The Anders Jahre Prize for young researchers 1992. HIV/AIDS--an epidemiological challenge". Nordisk Medicin. 108 (3): 72–75. PMID 8455974.
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