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Macanal Formation

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Coordinates: 4°58′19″N 73°19′10″W / 4.97194°N 73.31944°W / 4.97194; -73.31944
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Macanal Formation
Stratigraphic range: Berriasian-Valanginian
~140–132 Ma
Outcrop of the Macanal Formation along the road between Bogotá and Villavicencio
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofCáqueza Group
UnderliesLas Juntas Formation
OverliesGuavio Fm., Santa Rosa Fm., Ubalá Fm., Chivor Fm., Batá Fm.
Thicknessup to 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryOrganic shale
OtherLimestone, gypsum, emeralds
Location
Coordinates4°58′19″N 73°19′10″W / 4.97194°N 73.31944°W / 4.97194; -73.31944
RegionAltiplano Cundiboyacense & Tenza Valley
 Eastern Ranges
  Andes
Country Colombia
Type section
Named forMacanal
Named byRodríguez & Ulloa
LocationMacanal
Year defined1979
Coordinates4°58′19″N 73°19′10″W / 4.97194°N 73.31944°W / 4.97194; -73.31944
RegionBoyacá
Country Colombia

The Macanal Formation or Macanal Shale (Spanish: (Formación) Lutitas de Macanal, Kilm, K1m) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Berriasian to Valanginian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629 ft). The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and fossil flora have been found in the formation.

The formation is a source rock for oil and gas in the Eastern Cordillera Basin and adjacent Llanos Basin foothills and provides emeralds in the vicinity of Macanal, after which the formation is named.

Etymology

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The formation was defined and named in 1979 by Rodríguez and Ulloa after Macanal, Cundinamarca.[1][2] The name Macanal is either derived from the Muysccubun word Macana, meaning garrote, or from the Macana palm tree.[3][4]

Description

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Lithologies

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Fractured sample of the Macanal Formation

The Macanal Formation has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629 ft), and is characterised by a sequence of micaceous organic shales,[2] with calcite veins and gypsum occurrences intercalated in the formation. The Macanal Formation contains high values of TOC.[5] In the Eastern Cordillera Basin and the adjacent foothills of the Llanos Basin, the Macanal Formation is a source rock for oil and gas.[6] In the vicinity of Macanal, the formation provides emeralds.[7][8]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

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The Macanal Formation, a unit of the Cáqueza Group, concordantly overlies the Guavio, Santa Rosa, Ubalá, Chivor and Batá Formations,[9] and is concordantly overlain by the Las Juntas Formation. The age has been estimated to be Berriasian to Valanginian. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Mercedes, Tambor, Rosablanca, Murca and La Naveta Formations.[10] The formation has been deposited in a shallow marine environment in an enclosed basin,[5] with as provenance areas the Santander High and the Guiana Shield.[11] The Macanal Formation is part of the syn-rift sequence of eastern Colombia.[12]

Fossil content

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The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and flora have been found in the formation.[13] Ammonites of Substeueroceras cf. mutabile, Sarasinella cf. hondana, Subalpinites sp., Berriasela sp., Neocomites cf. wichmanni, Olcostephanus sp., Olcostephanus cf. atherstoni, Favrella cf. colombiana, Acanthodiscus sp. have been registered in the formation, as well as bivalves of Corbis (Sphaera) cf. corrugata, Trigonia cf. hondana, Trigonia (Buchotrigonia) cf. abrupta, Trigonia (Notoscabrotrigonia) cf. tocaimaana, and Exogyra cf. boussingaulti.[14] Analysis of the deformation registered in ammonite fossils has helped in understanding the tectonic history of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges.[15]

Outcrops

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The Macanal Formation is found bordering the Guavio Reservoir
Macanal Formation is located in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Macanal Formation
class=notpageimage|
Type locality of the Macanal Formation in the Tenza Valley to the east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Macanal Formation is apart from its type locality in the Batá River canyon,[16][17] found in the Cravo Sur anticline, east of the Ocetá Páramo,[18] in the Desespero Synclinal in the southern and northern parts of Labranzagrande,[19][20] around Páez and Campohermoso,[17] in the eastern part of Gama, bordering the Guavio Reservoir,[21] and in the Servitá Synclinal, west of Villavicencio.[22] The Macanal Formation crops out along the road between Bogotá and Villavicencio and is there heavily fractured and folded. The Macanal Formation is the most extensive formation around Cáqueza,[23] and Gachalá, Cundinamarca.[24]

The Pajarito Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the Fómeque Formation to the east of Lake Tota,[25] and the Chámeza Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the overlying Las Juntas Formation around Chámeza, Casanare.[26] The Ubaque Fault forms the contact between the Fómeque Formation and the Macanal Formation,[27] while the Las Mercedes Fault puts the Quetame Group in contact with the Macanal Formation near Quetame,[28] as does the San Juanito Fault.[29] The Servitá Fault forms the contact between the Guatiquía Redbeds and the Macanal Formation,[30] and the Upín Fault, part of the same system puts the Macanal Formation in contact with the Tertiary Palmichal Group.[31] At this contact, brines are extracted from the formation.[32]

Regional correlations

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Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
Age Paleomap VMM Guaduas-Vélez W Emerald Belt Villeta anticlinal Chiquinquirá-
Arcabuco		 Tunja-
Duitama		 Altiplano Cundiboyacense El Cocuy
Maastrichtian Umir Córdoba Seca eroded Guaduas Colón-Mito Juan
Umir Guadalupe
Campanian Córdoba
Oliní
Santonian La Luna Cimarrona - La Tabla La Luna
Coniacian Oliní Villeta Conejo Chipaque
Güagüaquí Loma Gorda undefined La Frontera
Turonian Hondita La Frontera Otanche
Cenomanian Simití hiatus La Corona Simijaca Capacho
Pacho Fm. Hiló - Pacho Churuvita Une Aguardiente
Albian Hiló Chiquinquirá Tibasosa Une
Tablazo Tablazo Capotes - La Palma - Simití Simití Tibú-Mercedes
Aptian Capotes Socotá - El Peñón Paja Fómeque
Paja Paja El Peñón Trincheras Río Negro
La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian Muzo Cáqueza Las Juntas
Rosablanca Ritoque
Valanginian Ritoque Furatena Útica - Murca Rosablanca hiatus Macanal
Rosablanca
Berriasian Cumbre Cumbre Los Medios Guavio
Tambor Arcabuco Cumbre
Sources


Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma Age Paleomap Regional events Catatumbo Cordillera proximal Llanos distal Llanos Putumayo VSM Environments Maximum thickness Petroleum geology Notes
0.01 Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		 alluvium Overburden
1 Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		 Guayabo Soatá
Sabana		 Necesidad Guayabo Gigante
 Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) 550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		 [33][34][35][36]
2.6 Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		 Subachoque
5.3 Messinian Andean orogeny 3
Foreland		 Marichuela Caimán Honda [35][37]
13.5 Langhian Regional flooding León hiatus Caja León Lacustrine (León) 400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		 Seal [36][38]
16.2 Burdigalian Miocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		 C1 Carbonera C1 Ospina Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) 850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		 Reservoir [37][36]
17.3 C2 Carbonera C2 Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) Seal
19 C3 Carbonera C3 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) Reservoir
21 Early Miocene Pebas wetlands C4 Carbonera C4 Barzalosa Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) Seal
23 Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		 C5 Carbonera C5 Orito Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) Reservoir [34][37]
25 C6 Carbonera C6 Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) Seal
28 Early Oligocene C7 C7 Pepino Gualanday Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) Reservoir [34][37][39]
32 Oligo-Eocene C8 Usme C8 onlap Marine-deltaic (C8) Seal
Source		 [39]
35 Late Eocene
Mirador Mirador Coastal (Mirador) 240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		 Reservoir [36][40]
40 Middle Eocene Regadera hiatus
45
50 Early Eocene
Socha Los Cuervos Deltaic (Los Cuervos) 260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		 Seal
Source		 [36][40]
55 Late Paleocene PETM
2000 ppm CO2		 Los Cuervos Bogotá Gualanday
60 Early Paleocene SALMA Barco Guaduas Barco Rumiyaco Fluvial (Barco) 225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		 Reservoir [33][34][37][36][41]
65 Maastrichtian
KT extinction Catatumbo Guadalupe Monserrate Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) 750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		 Reservoir [33][36]
72 Campanian End of rifting Colón-Mito Juan [36][42]
83 Santonian Villeta/Güagüaquí
86 Coniacian
89 Turonian Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event La Luna Chipaque Gachetá hiatus Restricted marine (all) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		 Source [33][36][43]
93 Cenomanian
Rift 2
100 Albian Une Une Caballos Deltaic (Une) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		 Reservoir [37][43]
113 Aptian
Capacho Fómeque Motema Yaví Open marine (Fómeque) 800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		 Source (Fóm) [34][36][44]
125 Barremian High biodiversity Aguardiente Paja Shallow to open marine (Paja) 940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		 Reservoir [33]
129 Hauterivian
Rift 1 Tibú-
Mercedes		 Las Juntas hiatus Deltaic (Las Juntas) 910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		 Reservoir (LJun) [33]
133 Valanginian Río Negro Cáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		 Restricted marine (Macanal) 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		 Source (Mac) [34][45]
140 Berriasian Girón
145 Tithonian Break-up of Pangea Jordán Arcabuco Buenavista
 Saldaña Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) 110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		 "Jurassic" [37][46]
150 Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2 La Quinta
Noreán		 hiatus Coastal tuff (La Quinta) 100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		 [47]
201 Late Triassic
Mucuchachi Payandé [37]
235 Early Triassic
Pangea hiatus "Paleozoic"
250 Permian
300 Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogeny Cerro Neiva
()		 [48]
340 Early Carboniferous Fossil fish
Romer's gap		 Cuche
(355-385)		 Farallones
()		 Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) 900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360 Late Devonian
Passive margin 1 Río Cachirí
(360-419)		 Ambicá
()		 Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) 2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		 [45][49][50][51][52]
390 Early Devonian
High biodiversity Floresta
(387-400)
 Shallow marine (Floresta) 600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410 Late Silurian Silurian mystery
425 Early Silurian hiatus
440 Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in Bolivia San Pedro
(450-490)		 Duda
()
470 Early Ordovician First fossils Busbanzá
(>470±22)
 Guape
()		 Río Nevado
()		 [53][54][55]
488 Late Cambrian
Regional intrusions Chicamocha
(490-515)		 Quetame
()		 Ariarí
()		 SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		 San Isidro
()		 [56][57]
515 Early Cambrian Cambrian explosion [55][58]
542 Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodinia pre-Quetame post-Parguaza El Barro
()		 Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		 Basement [59][60]
600 Neoproterozoic Cariri Velhos orogeny Bucaramanga
(600-1400)		 pre-Guaviare [56]
800
Snowball Earth [61]
1000 Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogeny Ariarí
(1000)		 La Urraca
(1030-1100)		 [62][63][64][65]
1300 Rondônia-Juruá orogeny pre-Ariarí Parguaza
(1300-1400)		 Garzón
(1180-1550)		 [66]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga [67]
1600 Paleoproterozoic Maimachi
(1500-1700)		 pre-Garzón [68]
1800
Tapajós orogeny Mitú
(1800)		 [66][68]
1950 Transamazonic orogeny pre-Mitú [66]
2200 Columbia
2530 Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny [66]
3100 Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]


See also

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Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes and references

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Notes

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  1. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[69], García González et al. (2009),[70] and geological report of Villavicencio[71]
  2. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[69] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[72]

References

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  1. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.51
  2. ^ a b Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.47
  3. ^ (in Spanish) Official website Macanal
  4. ^ (in Spanish) Etymology Municipalities Boyacá
  5. ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.52
  6. ^ García González et al., 2009, p.49
  7. ^ Uribe, 1960, p.5
  8. ^ ANM, 2015, p.1
  9. ^ Terraza et al., 2013, p.110
  10. ^ Villamil, 2012, p.168
  11. ^ Villamil, 2012, p.165
  12. ^ Schütz, 2012, p.26
  13. ^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.45
  14. ^ Piraquive et al., 2011, p.204
  15. ^ Montaña Cárdenas, 2015, p.52
  16. ^ Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.46
  17. ^ a b Plancha 210, 2010
  18. ^ Plancha 172, 1998
  19. ^ Plancha 193, 1992
  20. ^ Pinto Valderrama et al., 2010, p.44
  21. ^ Plancha 228, 1998
  22. ^ Plancha 266, 1998
  23. ^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.44
  24. ^ Terraza et al., 2013, p.101
  25. ^ Plancha 192, 1998
  26. ^ Plancha 211, 2009
  27. ^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.102
  28. ^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.110
  29. ^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.114
  30. ^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.122
  31. ^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.123
  32. ^ Patiño et al., 2011, p.125
  33. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
  34. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
  35. ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  38. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  39. ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  40. ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  41. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  42. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  43. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  44. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  45. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  46. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  47. ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  48. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  49. ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  50. ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  51. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  52. ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  53. ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  54. ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  55. ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  56. ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  57. ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  58. ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  59. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  60. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  61. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  62. ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  63. ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  64. ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  65. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  66. ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  67. ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  68. ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  69. ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
  70. ^ García González et al., 2009
  71. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  72. ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

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Maps

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