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MRC 0316-257

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MRC 0316-257
MRC 0316-257, as seen by DESI Legacy Surveys
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationFornax
Right ascension03h 18m 12.01s
Declination-25d 35m 10.80s
Redshift3.130700
Heliocentric radial velocity938,560 km/s
Distance11.262 Gly (Light travel time distance)
Apparent magnitude (V)0.040
Apparent magnitude (B)0.053
Surface brightness23.6
Characteristics
TypeRadio galaxy
Other designations
PKS 0315-257, PGC 2823475, PMN J0318-2535, OE -227, TXS 0316-257, NVSS J031812-253509

MRC 0316-257 is a radio galaxy located in the constellation Fornax. Its redshift is 3.13, making the object located roughly 11 billion light-years from Earth.[1]

Characteristics

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MRC 0316-257 is classified as a high redshift radio galaxy.[2][3] It is found to be hosted inside a massive star-forming galaxy containing large reservoirs of gas and interstellar dust.[4][5] Such host galaxies like MRC 0316-257 are believed to be progenitors of massive elliptical galaxies that are present in the local universe, given most powerful radio galaxies are hosted in ellipticals that are considered large.[6][7] Its 1.5-Jy radio source was listed in the 408-MHz Molonglo Reference Catalogue which was optically identified with a galaxy at z= 3.13[8] with a typical radio luminosity and radio loudness of L5 = 1043 - 1044 ergs −1 and log R = 3–4.[9]

MRC 0316-257 protocluster

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MRC 0316-257 is situated in the center of a massive protocluster.[10][11] The cluster has a larger size compared than 3.3x3.3 Mpc^2, which its mass structure is estimated to be > 3-6x10^14 M_sun. This makes it a progenitor of the cluster of galaxies similar like the Virgo cluster.[12]

Two Lyα emitting companions located at z = 3.1378 +/- 0.0028 and z = 3.1351 +/- 0.0028, are found in the MRC 0316-257 protocluster according to research conducted by Le Fevre et al. (1996).[13] The first galaxy is 0.3 h ^{-1}50 Mpc from MRC 0316–257, which is then resolved with an intrinsic size of 11.6 +/- 1.1 h ^{-1}50 kpc, and a Ly alpha in emission with rest WLy alpha = 55 +/- 14 A. The galaxy has an extremely blue V - I color indicating it as a protogalaxy in the midst of forming the first stars in a low-dust medium. The second is at least 1.3 h ^{-1}50 Mpc. The galaxy is marginally resolved, which in addition to Ly alpha in emission, there is C IV in emission with its broad component indicating the contribution from the active galactic nucleus.[13]

The protocluster has a comoving density. These galaxies have V < 23.8 and Ly alpha flux greater than 10-16 ergs cm-2 s-1 within the vicinity of MRC 0316–257. They have ~2.5 x 10-3 h 350 Mpc-3, making them significantly higher than the expected background density of field galaxies, suggesting as a rich cluster.[13]

Through spectroscopy of 40 candidate emitters, 33 emission-line galaxies are discovered. 31 are Ly-alpha emitters with similar redshifts of MRC 0316–257, while the remaining two turned out to be [OII] emitters, with widths between the range of 120–800 km/s, with a median of 260 km/s. They are asymmetric, with apparent absorption troughs blueward of the profile peaks, indicative of absorption along the line of sight of an HI mass of at least 2x10^2 - 5x10^4 M_sun and are found to be faint, blue and small and consistent with young star forming galaxies considered as dust free.[12]

The volume density of Ly-alpha emitting galaxies in the field around MRC 0316-257 have a factor of 3.3+0.5-0.4. This are larger compared with the density of field Ly-alpha emitters at that redshift with a velocity distribution of 1510 km/s, smaller than the width of the narrow-band filter (FWHM ~ 3500 km/s). The velocity distribution is at the peak of 200 km/s, which is within the redshift, thus confirming Ly-alpha emitter galaxies as members of a protocluster at z~3.13.[12]

References

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  1. ^ "Your NED Search Results". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  2. ^ "Distant Radio Galaxies and their Environments - G.K. Miley & C. De Breuck". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  3. ^ McCarthy, Patrick J. (1993). "1993ARA&A..31..639M Page 639". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 31: 639. Bibcode:1993ARA&A..31..639M. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.003231. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  4. ^ Eales, Stephen A.; Rawlings, Steve (1996-03-01). "A Panoramic View of Radio Galaxy Evolution from a Redshift of 0 to a Redshift of 4.3". The Astrophysical Journal. 460: 68. Bibcode:1996ApJ...460...68E. doi:10.1086/176953. ISSN 0004-637X.
  5. ^ Jarvis, Matt J.; Cruz, Maria J.; Cohen, Aaron S.; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Kassim, Namir E. (2004-11-01). "Near-infrared K-band imaging of a sample of ultra-steep-spectrum radio sources selected at 74 MHz". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 355 (1): 20–30. arXiv:astro-ph/0408082. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.355...20J. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08278.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  6. ^ Best, P. N.; Longair, M. S.; Roettgering, H. J. A. (1998-04-01). "HST, radio and infrared observations of 28 3CR radio galaxies at redshift z~1 - II. Old stellar populations in central cluster galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 295 (3): 549–567. arXiv:astro-ph/9709195. Bibcode:1998MNRAS.295..549B. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01245.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  7. ^ McLure, Ross J.; Willott, Chris J.; Jarvis, Matt J.; Rawlings, Steve; Hill, Gary J.; Mitchell, Ewan; Dunlop, James S.; Wold, Margrethe (2004-06-01). "A sample of radio galaxies spanning three decades in radio luminosity - I. The host galaxy properties and black hole masses". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 351 (1): 347–361. arXiv:astro-ph/0403106. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.351..347M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07793.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  8. ^ McCarthy, P. J.; Kapahi, V. K.; van Breugel, W.; Subrahmanya, C. R. (1990-10-01). "High-Redshift Radio Galaxies from the Molonglo Catalogue". The Astronomical Journal. 100: 1014. Bibcode:1990AJ....100.1014M. doi:10.1086/115575. ISSN 0004-6256.
  9. ^ Khabibullina, M.; Mikhailov, A.; Sotnikova, Yu; Mufakharov, T.; Mingaliev, M.; Kudryashova, A.; Bursov, N.; Stolyarov, V.; Udovitskij, R. (December 2023). "Radio properties of high-redshift galaxies at $z \geq 1$". Astrophysical Bulletin. 78 (4): 443–463. arXiv:2402.02283. doi:10.1134/S1990341323700190. ISSN 1990-3413.
  10. ^ Maschietto, F.; Hatch, N. A.; Venemans, B. P.; Röttgering, H. J. A.; Miley, G. K.; Overzier, R. A.; Dopita, M. A.; Eisenhardt, P. R.; Kurk, J. D.; Meurer, G. R.; Pentericci, L.; Rosati, P.; Stanford, S. A.; van Breugel, W.; Zirm, A. W. (2008-09-21). "[OIII] emitters in the field of the MRC 0316-257 protocluster". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 389 (3): 1223–1232. arXiv:0807.0152. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389.1223M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13571.x.
  11. ^ Venemans, B. P.; Röttgering, H. J. A.; Miley, G. K.; Breugel, W. J. M. van; Breuck, C. De; Kurk, J. D.; Pentericci, L.; Stanford, S. A.; Overzier, R. A.; Croft, S.; Ford, H. (2007-01-01). "Protoclusters associated with z > 2 radio galaxies - I. Characteristics of high redshift protoclusters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 461 (3): 823–845. arXiv:astro-ph/0610567. Bibcode:2007A&A...461..823V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053941. ISSN 0004-6361.
  12. ^ a b c Venemans, B. P.; Rottgering, H. J. A.; Miley, G. K.; Kurk, J. D.; De Breuck, C.; Overzier, R. A.; van Breugel, W. J. M.; Carilli, C. L.; Ford, H.; Heckman, T.; Pentericci, L.; McCarthy, P. (March 2005). "Properties of Ly-alpha emitters around the radio galaxy MRC 0316-257". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 431 (3): 793–812. arXiv:astro-ph/0501259. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042038. ISSN 0004-6361.
  13. ^ a b c Le Fevre, O.; Deltorn, J. M.; Crampton, D.; Dickinson, M. (1996-11-01). "Clustering around the Radio Galaxy MRC 0316-257 at Z = 3.14". The Astrophysical Journal. 471: L11. arXiv:astro-ph/9609020. Bibcode:1996ApJ...471L..11L. doi:10.1086/310319. ISSN 0004-637X.
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