Lychniscosida
| Lychniscosida Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Hexactinellida |
| Subclass: | Hexasterophora |
| Order: | Lychniscosida Schrammen, 1903 |
Lychniscosida (sometimes spelled Lychniscosa) is an order of sponges belonging to the class Hexactinellida and subclass Hexasterophora.[1][2] They are dictyonal sponges (with parenchymal spicules fully fused into a 3D framework) characterized by the presence of additional struts at the nodes of the skeleton. These struts create octahedral frames, known as lychniscs ("lanterns").
Most members of the order are extinct, with their highest diversity as major reef builders in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.[3] A few uncertain[4] claims of Triassic lychniscosids have also been reported from China.[5][6] Only three genera are still alive today:[7] Lychnocystis (family Aulocystidae),[8] Neoaulocystis (family Aulocystidae),[8] and Scleroplegma (family Diapleuridae).[9]
Families
[edit]- Aulocystidae [Cretaceous–Holocene]
- †Callodictyonidae [Upper Jurassic[3]–Oligocene]
- †Calyptrellidae [Upper Cretaceous][3]
- †Camerospongiidae [Cretaceous][3]
- †Coeloptychidae [Cretaceous][3]
- †Cypelliidae [Jurassic][3]
- †Dactylocalycidae [Jurassic–Upper Cretaceous]
- Diapleuridae [Eocene[10]–Holocene]
- †Polyblastidiidae [Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous][3]
- †Sporadopylidae [Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous][3]
- †Ventriculitidae [Jurassic–Upper Cretaceous][3]
References
[edit]- ^ "Lychniscosida". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
- ^ Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Order Lychniscosida Schrammen, 1903", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1377–1377, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_142, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5, retrieved 2023-05-02
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3131-3.
- ^ Pisera, Andrzej; Bodzioch, Adam (1991). "Middle Triassic lyssacinosan sponges from Upper Silesia (southern Poland), and the history of hexactinosan and Iychniscosan sponges". Acta Geologica Polonica. 41 (3–4): 193–207.
- ^ Wendt, J.; Wu, Xichun; Reinhardt, J.W. (1989). "Deep-water hexactinellid sponge mounds from the upper triassic of northern Sichuan (China)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 76 (1–2): 17–29. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(89)90100-4.
- ^ Wendt, Jobst (2001). "Upper Triassic (Carnian) mud mounds from northern Sichuan (China)". Acta Geologica Polonica. 51 (1): 1–13.
- ^ "Lychniscosida". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species.
- ^ a b Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Aulocystidae Sollas, 1887", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1378–1382, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_143, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5, retrieved 2023-05-02
- ^ Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Diapleuridae Ijima, 1927", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1383–1385, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_144, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5, retrieved 2023-05-02
- ^ Frisone, Viviana; Pisera, Andrzej; Preto, Nereo (2016-01-18). "A highly diverse siliceous sponge fauna (Porifera: Hexactinellida, Demospongiae) from the Eocene of north-eastern Italy: systematics and palaeoecology". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (11): 949–1002. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1132015. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 87329356.