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Lophomonas blattarum

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Lophomonas blattarum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Metamonada
Class: Hypermastigia
Order: Cristamonadida
Family: Lophomonadidae
Genus: Lophomonas
Species:
L. blattarum
Binomial name
Lophomonas blattarum
Stein, 1860

Lophomonas blattarum is a protozoan flagellate that is found in the gut of cockroaches.[1] It has been found to be an emerging pathogen causing bronchopulmonary infection and sinusitis in immunocompromised,[2][3][4] and also immunocompetent,[5][6] patients.

The histologic appearance of L. blattarum is of a round, ovoid[7] or pear-shaped[8] unicellular organism with two tufts of flagella borne on the anterior end of the cell.[7] The cytoplasm of the cell is granulated. The cell is 20 to 60 micrometers in diameter.[7][8] Suspected organisms should be distinguished from Creola bodies[8] or ciliocytophthoria,[9][10] which are autogenous. The difficulty in resolving the fine structures of L. blattarum by light microscopy, including its axial filament, calyx and radiating perinuclear tubules,[11] led Li and Gao (2016) to question the ability of L. blattarum to be an infectious agent in the lower respiratory tract and to suggest that development of improved diagnostic methods is urgently needed.[12][13] A molecular diagnostic test that amplifies ribosomal RNA found in the small subunit of Lophomonas spp. ribosomes has since been described by Fakhar et al. (2021).[14]

References

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  1. ^ Chaudhury, A.; Parija, S. C. (2020). "Lophomonas blattarum: A new flagellate causing respiratory tract infections". Tropical Parasitology. 10 (1): 7–11. doi:10.4103/tp.TP_81_19 (inactive 1 November 2024). PMC 7365494. PMID 32775285.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  2. ^ Moya-Salazar, Jeel; Sauñe, Sharon S.; Valer, Roxana; Salazar-Hernandez, Richard; Loza, Wilfredo; Suxe, Evelyn; Chicoma-Flores, Karina; Contreras-Pulache, Hans (2022). "Fungal, parasitological, and bacterial coinfection in a severely ill COVID-19 patient in Peru". Clinical Case Reports. 10 (2): e05395. doi:10.1002/ccr3.5395. PMC 8855487. PMID 35223005. S2CID 246994902. e05395.
  3. ^ Sharifpour, Ali; Zakariaei, Zakaria; Fakhar, Mahdi; Banimostafavi, Elham Sadat; Nakhaei, Maryam; Soleymani, Mostafa (2021). "Post-COVID-19 co-morbidity of emerged Lophomonas infection and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: First case report". Clinical Case Reports. 9 (9): e04822. doi:10.1002/ccr3.4822. PMC 8462364. PMID 34594552. e04822.
  4. ^ Sharifpour, Ali; Zarrinfar, Hossein; Fakhar, Mahdi; Zakariaei, Zakaria; Soleymani, Mustafa; Banimostafavi, Elham Sadat; Nakhaei, Maryam (2022). "First report of Lophomonas infection in a patient with AML-2 from Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, southern Iran". Respirology Case Reports. 10 (2): e0906. doi:10.1002/rcr2.906. PMC 8792117. PMID 35127100. e0906.
  5. ^ Berenji, Fariba; Parian, Mahmoud; Fata, Abdolmajid; Bakhshaee, Mahdi; Fattahi, Fereshte (2016). "First Case Report of Sinusitis with Lophomonas blattarum from Iran". Case Reports in Infectious Diseases. 2016: 1–2. doi:10.1155/2016/2614187. PMC 4757678. PMID 26966601. 2614187.
  6. ^ Nakhaei, Maryam; Fakhar, Mahdi; Sharifpour, Ali; Hezarjaribi, Hajar Ziaei; Banimostafavi, Elham Sadat; Nazar, Eisa (2022). "Global Status of Emerging Lophomonas Infection: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases (1993—2020)". Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. 2022: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2022/3155845. PMC 9017527. PMID 35450275. 3155845.
  7. ^ a b c Martínez-Girón, Rafael; van Woerden, Hugo Cornelius (2014). "Bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis: Emerging disease or unsubstantiated legend?". Parasites & Vectors. 7: 284. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-284. PMC 4077114. PMID 24957324. 284.
  8. ^ a b c Failoc-Rojas, Virgilio E.; Iglesias-Osores, Sebastian; Silva-Díaz, Heber (2020). "Lophomonas sp. in the upper and lower respiratory tract of patients from a hospital in Lambayeque, Peru: Clinical case studies". Respiratory Medicine Case Reports. 31: 101142. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101142. PMC 7348064. PMID 32670788. 101142.
  9. ^ Padaki, P.; Savio, J. (2020). "Lophomonas blattarum - A blunder!". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 101 (S1): 177. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.476. 0433.
  10. ^ Berenji, Fariba; Farash, Bibi Razieh Hosseini; Talebian, Mona; Amini, Mahnaz; Sayedi, Sayed Javad; Shamsian, Aliakbar; Afzalaghaee, Monavar; Parian, Mahmoud; Gheisari, Zahra; Sangani, Ghodratollah Salehi (2021). "Different Staining Methods in Diagnosing Lophomonas blattarum in Branchoalveolar Lavage Samples". Patient Safety & Quality Improvement Journal. 9 (4): 245–249. doi:10.22038/PSJ.2021.60597.1340.
  11. ^ Beams, H.W.; Sekhon, Sant S. (1969). "Further studies on the fine structure of Lophomonas blattarum with special reference to the so-called calyx, axial filament, and parabasal body". Journal of Ultrastructure Research. 26 (3): 296–315. doi:10.1016/s0022-5320(69)80009-2. PMID 4887538.
  12. ^ Li, Ran; Gao, Zhan-Cheng (2016). Ji, Yuan-Yuan (ed.). "Lophomonas blattarum Infection or Just the Movement of Ciliated Epithelial Cells?". Chinese Medical Journal. 129 (6): 739–742. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.178025. PMC 4804422. PMID 26960379.
  13. ^ Li, Ran; Gao, Zhan-Cheng (2017). "Re: Bronchopulmonary Lophomonas blattarum Infection: Still a Pending Issue". Chinese Medical Journal. 130 (1): 118. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.196580. PMC 5221105. PMID 28051038.
  14. ^ Fakhar, Mahdi; Nakhaei, Maryam; Sharifpour, Ali; Safanavaei, Sepideh; Abedi, Sivash; Tabaripour, Rabeeh; et al. (2021). "Morphological and Molecular Identification of Emerged Lophomonas blattarum Infection in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran: First Registry-Based Study". Acta Parasitologica. 66 (4): 1510–1516. doi:10.1007/s11686-021-00422-3. PMID 34115281. S2CID 235402552.
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