Lithophane socia

Lithophane socia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Superfamily:	Noctuoidea
Family:	Noctuidae
Genus:	Lithophane
Species:	L. socia
Binomial name
	Lithophane socia; (Hufnagel, 1766)
Synonyms
	Phalaena socia Hufnagel, 1766; Noctua petrificata Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775; Noctua petrificosa Hübner, [1803]; Lithophane petrolignea Hübner, [1821]; Xylophasia incognita Butler, 1885; Lithophane hepatica (Clerck, 1759);

Lithophane socia, the pale pinion, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel in 1766. It is found throughout western Europe from Spain to central Scandinavia then east across the Palearctic to Siberia, the Russian Far East and Japan.

Technical description and variation

The wingspan is 38–46 mm. Forewing broader than in L. semibrunnea Haw., with a blackish streak from base below cell; the inner marginal area not so completely darker; the stigmata plainer, pale ochreous, conversely oblique, the reniform reaching below median and edged below with a thick black line; a more or less plain dark median shade; black wedge-shaped marks before submarginal line; ab. umbrosa Esp. of which pallida Tutt seems to be only an extremely pale, less-marked, form, is more uniform ochreous brown, without dark suffusion; rufescens Tutt is a much rarer form, from the West of England and Ireland, in which the ochreous is suffused with rosy.^[1]

Biology

Adults are on wing in October and November, and again after hibernation in early spring, when breeding occurs.

Larva apple green; dorsal line broadly white; subdorsal and spiracular lines more slenderly white; head green with dark mottling.

The young larvae feed on various trees and shrubs, including Salix species (including Salix caprea and Salix myrsinifolia), older larvae also feed on low growing plants such as Rumex species. Other recorded food plants include Betula (including Betula pubescens), Rubus idaeus, Malus domestica, Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus padus, Tilia species (including Tilia cordata), Vaccinium myrtillus, Syringa vulgaris and Viburnum opulus.

Adults are attracted to Hedera helix blossom and decaying fruit, including Rubus fruticosus.^[2]

References

^ Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914
^ Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian J.; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2010). "Search the database - introduction and help". HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London.

External links

Kimber, Ian. "73.201 BF2236 Pale Pinion Lithophane socia (Hufnagel, 1766)". UKMoths. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
Savela, Markku. "Lithophane socia (Hufnagel, 1766)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved July 3, 2019. Taxonomy
Fauna Europaea
Butterflies and Moths of Northern Ireland
The Geometroidea and Noctuoidea described by Carl Clerck (Lepidoptera) - The name hepatica Clerck is a new senior synonym of Lithophane socia (Hufnagel, 1766)
Lepiforum e.V.
De Vlinderstichting (in Dutch)

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[1] Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914

[2] Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian J.; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2010). "Search the database - introduction and help". HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London.

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