List of supernova candidates
This is a list of supernova candidates, or stars that are believed to soon become supernovae. Type II supernova progenitors include stars with at least 8~10 solar masses that are in the final stages of their evolution. Prominent examples of stars in this mass range include Antares, Spica, Gamma Velorum,[2] Mu Cephei, and members of the Quintuplet Cluster.[3] Type Ia supernova progenitors are white dwarf stars that are close to the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.44 solar masses and are accreting matter from a binary companion star.
The list includes massive Wolf–Rayet stars, which may become Type Ib/Ic supernovae, particularly oxygen-sequence (Wolf-Rayet WO) stars. As of 2023, most of these candidates are in the Milky Way galaxy, however five oxygen-sequence Wolf-Rayet stars are also known in other galaxies.
Identifier | Epoch J2000 | Constellation | Distance | Spectral | Evolutionary stage | Possible supernova
type |
Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R. A. | Dec. | |||||||
IK Pegasi | 21h 26m 26.7s | +19° 22′ 32″ | Pegasus | 154.4±1.0[4] | A8m:/DA | White dwarf | Ia | |
Spica | 13h 25m 11.6s | −11° 09′ 40.8″ | Virgo | 250+14 −13[5] |
B1 | Subgiant | [6] | |
Acrux | 12h 26m 35.9s | –63° 05′ 56″ | Crux | 320±20[5] | B0.5 IV | Main sequence (blue dwarf) | II | [7] |
Alpha-2 Crucis | 12h 26m 36.4s | –63° 05′ 58″ | Crux | 320±20[5] | B1 V | Main sequence (blue dwarf) | II | [7] |
Zeta Ophiuchi | 16h 37m 09.5s | −10° 34′ 02″ | Ophiuchus | 365±6.52[1] | O9.5V | Main sequence (blue dwarf) | [1] | |
Betelgeuse | 05h 55m 10.3s | +07° 24′ 25″ | Orion | ~400–500[8] | M2Iab | Red supergiant | IIP | [9] |
Alpha Lupi | 14h 41m 55.8s | –47° 23′ 17″ | Lupus | 465+12 −11[5] |
B1.5 | Blue giant | II | [6] |
Antares | 16h 29m 24.5s | –26° 25′ 55″ | Scorpius | 554+113 −80[5] |
M1.5Iab-b | Red supergiant | IIP | [6] |
Pi Puppis | 07h 17m 08.6s | –37° 05′ 51″ | Puppis | 807+72 −61[5] |
K3 Ib | Red supergiant | II? | [1][10] |
S Monocerotis A | 06h 40m 58.7s | +09° 53′ 44″ | Monoceros | 920+150 −110[5] |
O7V | Main sequence (blue dwarf) | II | [1] |
S Monocerotis B | 06h 40m 58.7s | +09° 53′ 44″ | Monoceros | 920+150 −110[5] |
O9.5V | Main sequence (blue dwarf) | II | [1] |
Rigel | 05h 14m 32.3s | –08° 12′ 06″ | Orion | 1118+30 −28[4] |
B8Ia | Blue supergiant | IIn(pec?) | [11] |
Gamma2 Velorum | 08h 09m 32.0s | −47° 20′ 12″ | Vela | 1120+130 −100[5] |
WC8 | Wolf–Rayet star | Ib/Ic | [12][2] |
Alnitak | 05h 40m 45.5s | −01° 56′ 34.3″ | Orion | 1260±180 | O9.5Iab | Blue supergiant | [13] | |
119 Tauri | 05h 32m 12.8s | +18° 35′ 40″ | Taurus | 1790+300 −220[5] |
M2Iab-Ib | Red supergiant | IIb | [1][10] |
Deneb | 20h 41m 25.9s | +45° 16′ 49″ | Cygnus | 2615±215[1] | A2la | Blue supergiant | IIL | [1] |
T Coronae Borealis | 15h 59m 30.2s | +25° 55′ 13″ | Corona Borealis | 2690+110 −100[4] |
M3III/D | White dwarf | Ia | [14] |
KPD 1930+2752 | 19h 32m 14.9s | +27° 58′ 35″ | Cygnus | 2860+130 −120[4] |
sdB/D | White dwarf | Ia | [nb 1][15][16] |
Mu Cephei | 21h 43m 30.5s | +58° 46′ 48″ | Cepheus | 3060+456 −130[17] |
M2Ia | Red hypergiant | IIn/IIb | [18] |
Rho Cassiopeiae | 23h 54m 23.0s | +57° 29′ 58″ | Cassiopeia | 3440+930 −610[4] |
G2Ia0e | Yellow hypergiant | IIL | [19] |
VY Canis Majoris | 07h 22m 58.3s | −25° 46′ 03″ | Canis Major | 3930+420 −350[20] |
M5eIa | Red hypergiant | II | [9][21] |
IRAS 17163-3907 | 17h 19m 49.3s | −39° 10′ 37.9″ | Scorpius | 3930+990 −660[4] |
late B/early A | Yellow hypergiant | II | [22] |
Wray 17-96 | 17h 41m 35.4s | –30° 06′ 39″ | Scorpius | 3940+1110 −710[4] |
B3 | Luminous blue variable | ||
VV Cephei A | 21h 56m 39.1s | +63° 37′ 32″ | Cepheus | 4900[23] | M2Iab | Red hypergiant | [1] | |
Mu Sagittarii | 18h 13m 14.8s | –21° 03′ 32″ | Sagittarius | 5100[24] | B8Iap | Blue supergiant | [25] | |
P Cygni | 20h 17m 47.2s | +38° 01′ 59″ | Cygnus | 5250±590[26] | B1Ia+ | Luminous blue variable | IIb | [27] |
HD 168625 | 18h 21m 19.5s | −16° 22′ 26″ | Sagittarius | 5250+600 −490[4] |
B6Ia | Luminous blue variable | II | [28] |
NML Cygni | 20h 46m 25.6s | +40° 06′ 59.4″ | Cygnus | 5250+420 −360[29] |
M6I | Red hypergiant | II | [30] |
IRC +10420 | 19h 26m 48.1s | +11° 21′ 17″ | Aquila | 5600+2200 −1200[4] |
F8Ia+ | Yellow hypergiant | IIb | [31][32] |
WR 142 | 20h 21m 44.3s | +37° 22′ 31″ | Cygnus | 5670+290 −270[4] |
WO2 | Wolf–Rayet star | Ib/Ic | |
WR 136 | 20h 12m 06.5s | +38° 21′ 18″ | Cygnus | 6700+500 −430[4] |
WN6(h)-s | Wolf–Rayet star | Ic | |
RS Ophiuchi | 17h 50m 13.2s | –06° 42′ 28″ | Ophiuchus | 7380+1000 −790[4] |
M2III/D | White dwarf | Ia | |
Eta Carinae | 10h 45m 03.6s | −59° 41′ 04″ | Carina | 8630+69 −68[4] |
LBV/O | Luminous blue variable | Ib | [33][34] |
WR 93b | 17h 32m 03.3s | −35° 04′ 32″ | Scorpius | 8700+1900 −1300[4] |
WO3 | Wolf–Rayet star | Ib/Ic | |
WR 102 | 17h 45m 47.5s | −26° 10′ 27″ | Sagittarius | 9410+840 −710[4] |
WO2 | Wolf–Rayet star | Ib/Ic | |
HD 179821 | 19h 13m 58.6s | +00° 07′ 32″ | Aquila | 10500+2100 −1500[4] |
G5Ia | Yellow hypergiant | IIL | [35][36] |
T Pyxidis | 09h 04m 41.5s | −32° 22′ 48″ | Pyxis | 10700+1700 −1300[4] |
White dwarf | Ia | [37][38] | |
WR 104 | 18h 02m 04.1s | –23° 37′ 41″ | Sagittarius | 13400+9200 −3900[4] |
WC9d/OB | Wolf–Rayet star | Ib/Ic with Grb? | [39][40] |
V445 Puppis | 07h 37m 56.9s | –25° 56′ 59″ | Puppis | 16000+5200 −4600[41] |
White dwarf | Ia | [42] | |
WR 30a | 10h 51m 38.9s | −60° 56′ 35.2″ | Carina | 38900+18500 −9500[4] |
WO4/O5((f)) | Wolf–Rayet star | ||
Sher 25 | 11h 15m 07.8s | −61° 15′ 17″ | Carina | 43500+5200 −4200[4] |
B1.5Iab | Blue supergiant | [43] | |
U Scorpii | 16h 22m 30.7s | –17° 52′ 42″ | Scorpius | 63900+68500 −17300[44] |
White dwarf | Ia | [45] | |
LMC195-1 | 05h 18m 10.3s | −69° 13′ 03″ | Dorado | 160000[4] | WO2 | Wolf–Rayet star | Ib/Ic | |
S Doradus | 05h 18m 14.4s | −69° 15′ 01″ | Dorado | 169000 | LBV | Luminous blue variable | [46] | |
SMC AB8 | 01h 31m 04.1s | −73° 25′ 04″ | Hydrus | 200000[4] | WO4/O4 | Wolf–Rayet star | Ib/Ic |
Notes
[edit]- ^ The Kitt Peak Downes star.
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