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List of off-season South Pacific tropical cyclones

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Cyclone Lola at peak strength on 24 October 2023

An off-season South Pacific tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that exists in the South Pacific basin outside of the official tropical cyclone season. The World Meteorological Organization currently defines the season as occurring between November 1 and April 30, of the following year, with approximately 96% of all activity occurring between these months. If a tropical cyclone should develop during the off-season, it is more likely to develop during May or October than any other month of the off-season. The official database provided by the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship, which dates back to 1892, shows that 56 tropical cyclones have existed in the basin during the off-season between May and October, while in addition 36 other systems that are not included in IBTRACS have monitored by the warning centres.

Off-season cyclones are most likely to occur in the Coral Sea, with most impacting either the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. The most recent off-season storm is Tropical Depression 01F, which developed during September 2018 and impacted the Solomon Islands. The strongest tropical cyclone to exist during the off-season was Severe Tropical Cyclone Lola of 2023, with maximum 10–minute sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h), and an estimated value of 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) of central pressure. The deadliest and most damaging system was Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu, which caused over 100 deaths, when it impacted the Solomon Islands during May 1986.

Background

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Tropical cyclones are considered to be non-frontal, low pressure systems that develop, within an environment of warm sea surface temperatures and little vertical wind shear aloft.[1]

Within the South Pacific basin to the east of 160°E, the cyclone season is defined as running between November 1 and April 30 of the following year.[1] During the off-season a total of 91 tropical cyclones have been recorded during the off-season, with a total of 54 of these systems occurring after satellite imagery became regularly available during the 1969–70 season.[nb 1]

The first system to exist in the off-season on record was active during May 17, 1868 and was located near Vanuatu, according to records compiled by Stephen Sargent Visher. However, the official database shows that the first storm to occur in the basin outside of the current season was in 1912.[2] The most recent systems to exist in the off-season were Severe Tropical Cyclone Lola, which developed during October 2023. The strongest tropical cyclones to exist during the off-season in terms of wind speed was Severe Tropical Cyclone Donna of 2017 and Severe Tropical Cyclone Lola of 2023, with maximum 10–minute sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h), while the most intense by central pressure was Severe Tropical Cyclone Xavier of 2006, with a minimum value of 930 hPa (27.46 inHg). The deadliest and most damaging system was Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu, which caused over 100 deaths, when it impacted the Solomon Islands during May 1986.

Of the 57 known tropical systems that have been recorded during the off-season, a total of 33 tropical cyclones have been recorded in May or have persisted into the off-season after developing in April. A total of 18 tropical cyclones have developed during October, while three systems have been recorded in both June and July, while two have been recorded in September. The three systems recorded in June were all named tropical cyclones, with Gina and Keli considered to be a Category 3 severe tropical cyclones on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. In addition Tropical Cyclone Raquel developed in June 2015 and was considered to be the latest system to develop in the South Pacific Ocean.[3] In addition as the system persisted into July 2015, it was unofficially considered to be a part of two tropical cyclone years.[3] Off the two systems recorded in July, Tropical Depression 17F in July 2002 was designated 17F, despite being the first system of the 2002–03 season.[4] Tropical Depression 01F/01P of July 2015, which subsequently persisted into August 2015.[5] The first system that developed during September was an unnamed system that occurred in 1924, which according to a report published by Greenpeace, caused damage to some ships to the west of New Caledonia.[6] The other system was declared to be a tropical depression by the Fiji Meteorological Service during September 1999, but was more likely to be a hybrid system rather than a proper tropical depression.[7]

The season with the most off-season systems was 1999–2000, which had a total of six tropical depressions existing during the off-season. The 1997–98, 2004–05 and 2013–14 seasons had four tropical cyclones during the off-season each, while the 1988–89 and the 1996–97 season had three off-season tropical cyclones.[8][9][10]

Systems

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The wind speeds listed are maximum ten-minute average sustained winds, while the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure, both of which are estimates taken from the archives of either the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, the Fiji Meteorological Service, and New Zealand's MetService. If there are no known estimates of either the winds or pressure then the system is listed as "Not specified" under winds or pressure, if there is no known estimated winds or pressure. For deaths and damages "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities or damages, although such storms may have impacted land. Where it The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm.

Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
Unnamed October 5 – 6, 1847 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Norfolk Island None None [11]
Unnamed May 17, 1868 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Unknown None None [12]
Unnamed October 2, 1874 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Unknown None None [12]
Unnamed May 5 – 8, 1912 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified New Caledonia None None [13]
Unnamed June 20 – 26, 1912 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified French Polynesia None None [14]
Unnamed July 11 – 16, 1912 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Queensland, New Zealand None None [15]
Unnamed May 5 – 11, 1916 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified New Caledonia None None [16]
Unnamed May 24 – 29, 1916 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified New Zealand None None [17]
Unnamed May 14 – 20, 1919 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified New Zealand None None [18]
Unnamed July 28, 1919 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Unknown None None [19]
Unnamed October 28 – 30, 1919 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Unknown None None [19]
Unnamed July 20 – 28, 1921 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Queensland, New Zealand None None [20]
Unnamed October 1 – 6, 1921 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Queensland, New Zealand None None [21]
Unnamed September 1924 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Unknown None None [6]
Unnamed June 1 – 7, 1925 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Queensland None None [22]
Unnamed May 1 – 6, 1926 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Queensland None None [23]
Unnamed May 15 – 20, 1926 Tropical Low Not Specified 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) Queensland None None [24]
Unnamed May 26, 1926 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Fiji Minor None [25]
Unnamed June 1 – 4, 1929 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Queensland None None [26]
Unnamed July 1 – 4, 1931 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Queensland None None [27]
Unnamed July 1 – 4, 1934 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Queensland None None [28]
Unnamed May 24 – 27, 1935 Tropical Low Not Specified 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) None None None [29]
Unnamed August 30 –
September 3, 1935		 Not Specified Not Specified 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) Queensland None None [30]
Unnamed July 1 – 5, 1936 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified None None None [31]
Unnamed July 7 – 10, 1936 Not Specified Not Specified 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) None None None [32]
Unnamed August 19 – 23, 1950 Category 2 tropical cyclone 95 km/h (60 mph) Not Specified None None None [33][34]
Unnamed September 12 – 17, 1950 Category 2 tropical cyclone 110 km/h (70 mph) Not Specified New Caledonia None None [33][35]
Unnamed October 26 – 29, 1952 Not Specified Not Specified 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) None None None [36]
Unnamed June 4 – 15, 1958 Not Specified Not Specified 988 hPa (29.18 inHg) Solomon Islands, New Caledonia
New Zealand		 None None [37]
Unnamed June 4 – 12, 1958 Not Specified Not Specified 986 hPa (29.12 inHg) Queensland None None [38]
Unnamed May 24 – 29, 1960 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Queensland None None [39]
Unnamed May 2 – 9, 1963 Not Specified Not Specified 1007 hPa (29.74 inHg) Solomon Islands, Queensland None None [40]
Unnamed May 7 – 14, 1963 Not Specified Not Specified 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
New Caledonia		 None None [41]
Unnamed May 10 – 12, 1963 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified New Caledonia None None [42]
Unnamed June 22 – 25, 1963 Not Specified Not Specified 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) New Caledonia None None [43]
Unnamed June 23 – July 4, 1963 Not Specified Not Specified 986 hPa (29.12 inHg) New Caledonia None None [44]
Esther April 26 – May 2, 1969 Not Specified Not Specified 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Papua New Guinea None None [45]
Unnamed June 22 – 23, 1970 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified None None None [46]
Nora October 29 – 30, 1970 Tropical depression Not Specified Not Specified Fiji Minor None [6][47]
Ida May 29 – June 5, 1972 Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 120 km/h (75 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
New Caledonia		 70 million 3 [48][49]
Bebe October 19 – 28, 1972 Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Fiji, Kiribati, Tuvalu 22.5 million 27 [50][51][52][53]
Unnamed July 7 – 10, 1973 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified New Caledonia None None [54]
Unnamed July 8 – 14, 1973 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified Queensland None None [55]
Unnamed July 31 – August 4, 1976 Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified None None None [56]
Claudia May 13 – 18, 1981 Category 1 tropical cyclone 75 km/h (45 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Solomon Islands None None [57][58]
Joti October 31 –
November 7, 1982		 Category 2 tropical cyclone 110 km/h (70 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Vanuatu Minor None [59][60][61]
Unnamed May 11, 1983 Tropical depression Not Specified Not Specified None None None [62]
Unnamed May 16, 1983 Tropical depression Not Specified Not Specified None None None [62]
Namu May 15 – 22, 1986 Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 150 km/h (90 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) Solomon Islands 20 million 111 [63][64]
Blanch(e) May 20 – 27, 1987 Category 1 tropical cyclone 75 km/h (45 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Solomon Islands None None [65]
Meena May 1 – 10, 1989 Category 1 tropical cyclone 85 km/h (50 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Cape York Peninsula Minor None [66][67]
Ernie May 6 – 12, 1989 Category 1 tropical cyclone 85 km/h (50 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) None None None [68][69]
Unnamed May 28 – 30, 1989 Tropical depression Not Specified Not Specified Fiji None None [70]
Lisa May 7 – 19, 1991 Category 2 tropical cyclone 110 km/h (70 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu None None [71][72]
Innis April 27 – May 6, 1992 Category 2 tropical cyclone 95 km/h (60 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu None None [73][74]
June May 2 – 11, 1997 Category 2 tropical cyclone 95 km/h (60 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Fiji 60 million None [75]
37P May 28 – 30, 1997 Tropical cyclone Not Specified 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) Vanuatu None None [nb 2][76]
Keli June 7 – 17, 1997 Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 150 km/h (90 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) Tuvalu, Fiji, Samoan islands 10,000 None [77][78]
Lusi October 8 – 12, 1997 Category 2 tropical cyclone 100 km/h (65 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Vanuatu, Fiji None None [79][80]
03P October 26 – 28, 1997 Tropical depression Not Specified 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) None None None [81][82]
Martin October 27 –
November 5, 1997		 Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Cook Islands, French Polynesia $8 million 28 [79][83][84][85]
Bart April 28 – May 3, 1998 Category 1 tropical cyclone 85 km/h (50 mph) 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) French Polynesia Minor 10 [79][86][87]
26F May 20 – 26, 1999 Tropical depression 75 km/h (45 mph) 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) Queensland, New Zealand None None [88][89]
20F April 26 – May 2, 2000 Tropical depression 95 km/h (60 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Queensland None None [90][91][92]
21F April 28 – May 2, 2000 Tropical depression 65 km/h (40 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Queensland None None [90][91][92]
22F May 3 – 8, 2000 Tropical depression 75 km/h (45 mph) 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) None None None [93][94]
23F May 6, 2000 Tropical depression Not Specified Not Specified None None None [93]
24F May 20 – 23, 2000 Tropical depression 75 km/h (45 mph) 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) None None None [93][94]
14F May 1 – 3, 2001 Tropical depression 75 km/h (45 mph) 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None [95]
15F May 7 – 9, 2001 Tropical depression 65 km/h (40 mph) 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) None None None [95]
17F July 3 – 4, 2002 Tropical depression Not Specified 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) None None None [4]
01F October 21 – 22, 2002 Tropical depression Not Specified 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) Vanuatu None None [96][97]
Gina June 4 – 9, 2003 Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 150 km/h (90 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Solomon Islands None None [98][99]
01F October 28 – 30, 2004 Tropical depression Not Specified 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) Solomon Islands None None [100][101]
14F April 14 – May 1, 2005 Tropical depression Not Specified 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) None None None [102][103]
17F April 26 – May 1, 2005 Tropical depression Not Specified 1007 hPa (29.74 inHg) None None None [102][103]
18F April 29 – May 1, 2005 Tropical depression Not Specified 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) None None None [102][103]
Xavier October 20 – 26, 2006 Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu Minimal None [104][105]
02F October 24 – 29, 2006 Tropical depression Not Specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None [106]
01F October 16 – 19, 2007 Tropical depression Not Specified 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Solomon Islands None None [107]
17F May 10 – 11, 2011 Tropical depression Not Specified 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) None None None [108]
22F April 28 – May 1, 2013 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 993 hPa (29.32 inHg) Fiji None None [109]
01F October 19 – 20, 2013 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Solomon Islands None None [110]
02F October 19 – 23, 2013 Tropical depression Not Specified 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) Vanuatu Minor None [110][111][112]
03F October 21 – 22, 2013 Tropical depression Not Specified 1005 hPa (29.68 inHg) Solomon Islands None None [110]
04F October 25 – 27, 2013 Tropical depression Not Specified 1007 hPa (29.74 inHg) Solomon Islands None None [110]
Raquel June 28 – July 5, 2015 Category 1 tropical cyclone 65 km/h (40 mph) 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) Solomon Islands Significant 1 [113][114][115]
01F July 29 – August 4, 2015 Tropical depression Not Specified 1007 hPa (29.74 inHg) Solomon Islands None None [5]
02F October 12 – 18, 2015 Tropical depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) Vanuatu None None [116]
Donna May 1 – 10, 2017 Category 5 severe tropical cyclone 205 km/h (125 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, New Zealand		 Significant 2 [117][118]
Ella May 7 – 14, 2017 Category 2 tropical cyclone 110 km/h (70 mph) 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) Samoan Islands, Tonga
Wallis and Futuna, Fiji		 Minor None [119][120]
Liua September 26 – 28, 2018 Category 1 tropical cyclone 75 km/h (45 mph) 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) Solomon Islands None 0 [121]
12F May 16 – 21, 2019 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None 0
Gina May 16 – 21, 2022 Category 1 tropical cyclone 75 km/h (45 mph) 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) Vanuatu Unknown Unknown
Lola October 19 –27, 2023 Category 5 severe tropical cyclone 215 km/h (130 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu [122]

Systems by month

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Off-season systems are most likely to occur in May, with a total of 43 systems developing or persisting into the month, during October, when 22 have formed. By contrast, only 2 systems have developed in August and 4 in September.

Number of recorded off-season cyclones by month
Month Number of cyclones
April[nb 3]
9
May
36
June
12
July
12
August
2
September
4
October
22

Notes

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  1. ^ Regular satellite imagery of the basin became available during the 1969–70 season, thus the 1969–70 season is considered the start of the satellite era.
  2. ^ Data on 37P was taken from the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  3. ^ The April statistic only show those systems that formed during the month and either dissipated on 30 April, or persisted into the off-season.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2024). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2024 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  2. ^ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1912 Missing (1912127S18164). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  3. ^ a b Vagell, Quincy. "Top 10 Most Unusual Tropical Weather Events of 2015 #10: Earliest and Latest Cyclone on Record in the South Pacific". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  4. ^ a b Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: July 2002". Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  5. ^ a b Young, Steve (August 31, 2015). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: July 2015". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Occurrence of Tropical Cyclones in the Southwest Pacific Region 1920–1994 (PDF). Greenpeace International. 1996. p. 18. ISBN 9073361303. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  7. ^ Padgett, Gary. Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary September 1999 (Report). Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
  8. ^ Chappel Lori-Carmen; Bate Peter W (June 2, 2000). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1997–98" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 49. Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 135–136. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  9. ^ Drosdowsky, L; Woodcock, F. "The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean Cyclone Season 1988–89" (PDF). Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal (39). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 113–129. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
  10. ^ Hanstrum, Barry N; Reader, Grahame; Bate Peter W (September 3, 1999). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1996–97" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 48 (3). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 121–138. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  11. ^ d'Aubert, AnaMaria; Nunn, Patrick D (March 2012). "Database 1: Tropical Cyclones (1558 - 1970)". Furious Winds and Parched Islands: Tropical Cyclones (1558–1970) and Droughts (1722–1987) in the Pacific. Xlibris. ISBN 978-1-4691-7008-4.
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  32. ^ "1936 NOT NAMED (1935188S18151)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  33. ^ a b Hutchings, J.W (April 1953). "Tropical Cyclones in the Southwest Pacific". New Zealand Geographer. 9 (1): 37–57. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7939.1953.tb01823.x.
  34. ^ "1951 01P (1950231S18193)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  35. ^ "1951 02P (1950255S16163)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  36. ^ "1953 NOT NAMED (1952301S15150)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  37. ^ "1958 32P (1958155S11161)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  38. ^ "1958 33P (1958170S28155)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  39. ^ "1960 24P (1960146S17153)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  40. ^ "1963 49P:HSK3663 (1963123S13163)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  41. ^ "1963 52P:HSK3863 (1963129S24158)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  42. ^ "1963 53P (1963130S21166)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  43. ^ "1963 54P (1963173S16155)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  44. ^ "1963 55P:HSK3963 (1963174S19159)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  45. ^ "1969 Tropical Cyclone Esther (1969116S09153)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  46. ^ "1970 32P:HSK3170 (1970174S11176))". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
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  48. ^ "1972 Severe Tropical Cyclone Ida (1972151S05156)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  49. ^ "Météo Nouvelle-Calédonie - Historique des cyclones".
  50. ^ Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.
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  62. ^ a b Pacific ENSO Update – Quarter 1, 1998. Pacific ENSO Update (Report). Vol. 4. The Pacific ENSO Applications Climate Centre. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
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