Jump to content

List of non-dinosaur fossil specimens with nicknames

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list of nicknamed non-dinosaur fossils is a list of non-dinosaurian fossil specimens given informal names or nicknames, in addition to their institutional catalogue numbers. It excludes informal appellations that are purely descriptive (e.g., "the Fighting Dinosaurs", "the Trachodon Mummy").

For a list of dinosaur fossil specimens, see List of dinosaur specimens with nicknames.

Synapsids

[edit]

Mammals

[edit]

Atlantogenata

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue number Institution Taxon Age Unit Notes Images
Archie University of Nebraska State Museum Columbian Mammoth

(Mammuthus columbi)

Archi the Mammoth
Benny[1] Trailside Museum of Natural History[2][3] Columbian Mammoth

(Mammuthus columbi)

Specimen died in an intraspecific fight with another of the same species, "George". Named after land surveyors Ben Ferguson and George McMillan
Dima Woolly Mammoth

(Mammuthus primigenius)

Fred[4] Science Central American Mastodon
George[1] Trailside Museum of Natural History[2][3] Columbian Mammoth

(Mammuthus columbi)

Specimen died in an intraspecific fight with another of the same species, "Benny". Named after land surveyors Ben Ferguson and George McMillan
Linda [5] City Museum of Bad Vöslau Metaxytherium medium Badenian
Little Stevie[6] Western Science Center
Lyuba Woolly Mammoth

(Mammuthus primigenius)

Mascha Woolly Mammoth

(Mammuthus primigenius)

Max[7] Western Science Center Pacific Mastodon (Mammut pacificus)
Megajeff Megalonyx
Mylo[8] Western Science Center Harlan's Ground Sloth (Paramylodon harlani)
Sasha Woolly Mammoth

(Mammuthus primigenius)

Xena[9] Western Science Center Columbian Mammoth

(Mammuthus columbi)

Yuka Woolly Mammoth

(Mammuthus primigenius)

Zed Columbian Mammoth

(Mammuthus columbi)

Carnivorans

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue number Institution Taxon Age Unit Notes Image
Boris[10] Cave Lion (Panthera spelaea) 44,000 years ago Two to Three-weeks old cub, died due to the collapse of a cave.
Dogor Currently unknown whether it represents a wolf or domestic dog
Sparta[10] Cave Lion (Panthera spelaea) 26,000 years ago Female cub, died of starvation.
Tumat[11] Centre for Palaeogenetics yet to be determined 14,000 years ago Found in Russia nearly 10 years ago, it is a puppy that also contained a piece of Woolly Rhino skin in its belly.
Waldo[12] OCPC 11141 Orange County Paleontology Collection Titanotaria orangensis Late Miocene (6.6 to 5.8 Ma) Capistrano Formation one of the last and best known tuskless walrus
Waldo in dorsal view

Primates

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue number Institution Taxon Age Unit Notes Image
Alesi[13] KNM-NP 59050 National Museums of Kenya[14] Nyanzapithecus alesi 13 mya Lake Turkana An infantile cranium.
Ardi[15] ARA-VP-6/500 National Museums of Kenya Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 mya Aramis A partial skeleton, possibly a female.
The Black Skull[16] KNM-WT 17000 National Museums of Kenya[2] Paranthropus aethiopicus 2.5 mya Nachukui Formation A cranium.
Dear Boy,[17] Zinj[18] OH 5 Paranthropus boisei 1.8 ma Olduvai Gorge A cranium and mandible.
Flo, Little Lady of Flores,[19] Hobbit LB-1 Homo floresiensis 50 ka Liang Bua A partial skeleton, including a cranium and mandible.
Ida[20] PMO 214.214 (Slab A) American Museum of Natural History Darwinius masillae 47 mya Messel Pit Two slabs, A and B, comprising a nearly complete individual with part and counterpart.
Devil's Tower Child,[21] Abel Gibraltar 2 Homo neanderthalensis 42 ka Devil's Tower Five cranial fragments belonging to a young boy.
Laia[22] IPS58443 Pliobates cataloniae 11.6 ma Partial skeleton.
Lucy, Dinkinesh,[23] Heelomali AL 288-1 Australopithecus afarensis 3.2 mya Hadar A partial skeleton including cranial fragments.
Mrs. Ples[24] Sts 5 Ditsong National Museum of Natural History Australopithecus africanus 2.1-2.6 mya[25] Sterkfontein A cranium.
Red Lady of Paviland[26] None Various[citation needed] Homo sapiens 33 ka Paviland Cave A partial skeleton of a man.
Taung Child,[27] Taung Baby Taung 1 Wits University[28] Australopithecus 2.8 mya Taung A partial cranium and mandible.
Turkana Boy, Nariokotome Boy[29] KNM-WT 15000 National Museums of Kenya[2] Homo erectus 1.5 mya Nachukui Formation One of the most complete hominin skeletons.
Nandy[30] Shanidar 1 Homo neanderthalensis 45-35 ka Shanidar Cave A set of skeletal remains including a skull.
The Old Man[31] La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Homo neanderthalensis 60 ka La Chapelle-aux-Saints A skeleton.
Egbert[32] Ksar Akil 1 National Museum of Beirut Homo sapiens 40-38 ka[33] Ksar Akil A juvenile skeleton.
Ethelruda[33] Ksar Akil 2 National Museum of Beirut Homo sapiens 42-41 ka Ksar Akil A maxilla.
The Young Prince[34] Arene Candide 1 Various[citation needed] Homo sapiens 23 ka Arene Candide A skeleton of a teenager.
Jonny’s Child[35] OH 7 Homo habilis 1.75 mya Olduvai Gorge A mandible, the holotype.
Pinhead[36] OH 12 Homo erectus Olduvai Gorge A partial cranium.
Cinderella (Cindy)[37] OH 13 Homo habilis Olduvai Gorge A partial cranium and mandible.
Olduvai George (George)[38] OH 16 Homo habilis 1.7 mya Olduvai Gorge A partial neurocranium.
Twiggy[39] OH 24 Homo habilis 1.8 mya Olduvai Gorge A cranium.
Selam, Dikika infant/baby/child, Lucy's Baby[40] DIK-1/1 National Museum, Addis Ababa Australopithecus afarensis 3.3 mya Dikika An infantile skeleton including cranium and mandible.
Samuel/Samu[41] Vsz II Hungarian National Museum Homo heidelbergensis? 325-340 ka Vertesszolos A fragmentary
Mystery Skull[2] KNM-ER 1805 National Museums of Kenya Homo habilis[42] 1.74 mya Kariri Ridge A cranium.
The First Family[43] AL 333 Australopithecus afarensis 3.2 mya Hadar Various skeletal elements.
Moshe[44] KMH2 Homo neanderthalensis 60 ka Kebara Cave A skeleton including cranium.
Agamenón[45] SH 4 Homo neanderthalensis 430 ka Sima de los Huesos A cranium.
Miguelón[46] SH 5 Homo neanderthalensis 430 ka Sima de los Huesos A cranium and mandible.
Benjamina[47] SH 14 Homo neanderthalensis 430 ka Sima de los Huesos An infantile cranium.
Little Foot[48] StW 573 Australopithecus africanus 3.67 mya Sterkfontein A skeleton.
Elvis[49] Pelvis 1 Homo neanderthalensis Sima de los Huesos A pelvis.
Eurydice[50] DNH-7 Paranthropus robustus 2.04-1.95 mya Drimolen A cranium and mandible.
Orpheus[51] DNH-8 Paranthropus robustus Drimolen A mandible.
Khethi[52] DNH 152 Paranthropus robustus 2.04–1.95 mya Drimolen
Simon[53] DNH 134 Homo erectus 2 mya Drimolen A neurocranium.
Abel[54] KT12/H1 Australopithecus bahrelghazali 3.5 mya Koro Toro A mandible.
Toumaï[55] TM 266-01-060-1 Sahelanthropus tchadensis 7-6 mya Djurab Desert A cranium and limb bone
Kadanuumuu, Big Man[56] KSD-VP-1/1 Australopithecus afarensis 3.58 mya
Karabo[57] MH1 Wits University Australopithecus sediba 1.8 mya Malapa Cave A partial skeleton.
Issa[58] MH2 Wits University Australopithecus sediba 1.8 mya Malapa Cave A partial skeleton.
X-woman[59] Denisova 3 Denisovan 76.2–51.6 ka Denisova Cave A finger bone.
Denny[59] Denisova 11 Denisovan x Neanderthal 118.1–79.3 ka Denisova Cave Limb fragments.
Neo[60] NES1 Homo naledi 300 kya Lesedi Chamber A cranium and mandible. frame/ref> Vsz II Hungarian National Museum Homo heidelbergensis? 325-340 ka Vertesszolos A fragmentary Mystery Skullless
Mal’ta Boy[61] MA-1 Homo sapiens 24 ka Mal'ta Skeleton.
Mtoto[62] Panga ya Saidi Homo sapiens 78 ka Panga ya Saidi Skeleton, a burial.
Vera[63] Prado Vargas 1360 Homo neanderthalensis 54.7-39.8 ka Prado Vargas
Pàus[64] St.n.166623 Homo neanderthalensis
La Dame du Cavillon[65] Barma del Caviglione 1 Homo sapiens 24 ka Cavillon Cave Skeleton, a burial.
Ötzi the Iceman[66] South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology Homo sapiens 3300 BC Ötztal Alps A mummified body.
Luzia[67] Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1 Homo sapiens 11.5 ka Lapa Vermelha A fragmentary skeleton.
Naia[citation needed] HN5/48 Homo sapiens 13-12 ka Hoyo Negro A skeleton.
Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi[68] None Homo sapiens 550–300 years Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park A mummified body.
Anzick Boy[69] Anzick-1 Homo sapiens 13-12.85 ka Near Wilsall A skeleton.
Leanderthal Lady[70] Homo sapiens 13-10 ka Wilson-Leonard Brushy Creek Site A skeleton.
El Graeco[71] Graecopithecus freybergi 7.2 mya Pyrgos Vasilissis Dental-mandibular remains.
Madam Buya[72] Buia UA 31 Homo erectus 1 mya Afar A cranium.
Eve[73] Qazeh 9 Homo sapiens 100–90 ka Qafzeh Cave A cranium.
Besséʼ[74] Homo sapiens 7200 years Leang Panninge cave A skeleton.
Roger[75] Boxgrove 1 Homo heidelbergensis 500 ka Boxgrove Limb and dental fragments.
Pau[76] IPS21350 Pierolapithecus catalaunicus 12.5-13 mya Barranc de Can Vila-1 site A skeleton.

Ungulates

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue number Institution Taxon Age Unit Notes Image
Blue Babe University of Alaska Museum Steppe Bison

(Bison priscus)

Blue Babe frozen mummy
Thor[77] Megacerops Eocene

Marsupials

[edit]

Pelycosaurs

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue number Institution Taxon Age Unit Notes Images
Leidy[78] Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (on loan to Royal Ontario Museum) Dimetrodon borealis Early Permian, 270 Ma (Artinskian) Orby Head Formation Named after Joseph Leidy, the original describer of the specimen

Reptiles

[edit]

Lepidosauria

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue number Institution Taxon Age Unit Notes Images
Bob Tylosaurus
Bruce Tylosaurus
Brutus Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleaotology Prognathodon overtoni Korite Ammolite mine, Bearpaw Formation Named Brutus to describe the Burly nature of its anatomy.[79]
Bunker KUVP 5033 University of Kansas Natural History Museum Tylosaurus Niobrara Formation
Max Tylosaurus
Mister Sinister TMP 2008.036.0001 Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleaotology Mosasaurus missouriensis Late Campanian; Late Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation A Juvenile, named after the comic book character Mister Sinister, in reference to its grin.[80]
Mushy
Omācīw Tylosaurus
Sophie Tylosaurus
Suzy Tylosaurus

Pseudosuchians

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue number Institution Taxon Age Unit Notes Images
Big Bert SMNH P2411.1 Royal Saskatchewan Museum Terminonaris robusta Late Cretaceous (Turonian) Favel Formation Most complete specimen of the genus
Black Sun[81] THOR16_100BS Crocodylus anthropophagus Pleistocene Olduvai Gorge Named due to the fact that it was discovered during an annual solar eclipse on September 1, 2016
Edgar[82] NHMUK P9/3a Natural History Museum, London Aenigmaspina pantyffynnonensis Late Triassic (Rhaetian)
Mo Terminonaris ponteixensis Late Cretacaeous
Scarface[83] LPRP 0697 Laboratório de

Paleontologia de Ribeirão Preto

Aphaurosuchus escharafacies Late Cretaceois (Coniacian-Campanian) Bauru Group of Vale do Rio do Peixe

Formation

A cut on the left jugal and dentary made by the rock saw during the collection of the specimen, promptly gave the fossil its nickname “Scarface.”

Pterosauria

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue number Institution Taxon Age Unit Notes Images
Butch AODF 876 Australian Age of Dinosaurs Ferrodraco Cenomanian; Late Cretaceous Winton Formation Holotype of Ferrodraco
Dark Wing Rhamphorhynchus
Dracula undescribed azhdarchid
Ian undescribed wukongopterid
Mrs. T Darwinopterus

Sauropterygia

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue number Institution Taxon Age Unit Notes Images
Albert[84] Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology possibly Albertonectes Late Cretcaeois Bearpaw Formation Named after Albertonectes, because it might possibly belong to that genus.
Britney Ophthalmothule Tithonian-Berriasian
Doris Pliosaurus carpenteri
Harold[85] GPM 5001 [86] Paleon Museum Serpentisuchops pfisterae Late Cretaceous, (Lower Maastrichtian) Pierre Shale
Ichabod TMP 2007.011.0001 Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleaotology Albertonectes vanderveldei Late Campanian; Late Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation Named after Ichabod Crane from the Legend of the Sleepy Hollow, in reference to the missing skull of the specimen.

Misc Reptiles

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue number Institution Taxon Age Unit Notes Images
Brigitta[87] Natural History Museum, Vienna Archelon Campanian Pierre Shale the largest known specimen of Archelon and second largest individual turtle fossil after specimen CIAAP-2002-01 of Stupendemys geographica[88]
Delilah Pareisaurus
Jim 2[89] LACM DI 157871 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Cymbospondylus youngorum Anisian Favret Formation holotype specimen of C. youngorum, the largest known member of the genus with a skull length of almost 2 meters [90]
Oldie / Gamla Keilhauia nui

Misc. Tetrapods

[edit]

Fish

[edit]

Arthropods

[edit]

Mollusks

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "How Two Rival Mammoths Lost an Epic Duel 12,000 Years Ago". HowStuffWorks. 29 August 2018. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Exhibits". Trailside Museum - University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  3. ^ a b Mancini M (29 August 2018). "How Two Rival Mammoths Lost an Epic Duel 12,000 Years Ago". Howstuffworks. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  4. ^ "Science Central - Fred the Mastodon Exhibit". www.exhibitsalive.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  5. ^ "Seekuh Linda". Stadtmuseum Bad Vöslau. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  6. ^ Western Science Center [@WesternCenter] (26 February 2016). "Max isn't the only mastodon at the Western Science Center. Happy #FossilFriday Little Stevie! https://t.co/ODaF5IHJ8w" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via Twitter.
  7. ^ Switek B. "Mastodons to the Max". Scientific American Blog Network. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  8. ^ Western Science Center [@WesternCenter] (5 April 2021). "We asked you to #NametheWSCSloth last week & staff picked their favorite submission: say hello to Mylo! Mylo is short for Paramylodon, the genus name for the Harlan's Ground Sloth. We can't wait for you to meet Mylo in person again when we reopen to the public later this year! https://t.co/QTPPM6XWZL" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via Twitter.
  9. ^ Western Science Center [@WesternCenter] (12 August 2015). "Xena the mammoth wants everyone to recognize #WorldElephantDay and to support the conservation of living elephants. http://t.co/Cy0ikWRPOn" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via Twitter.
  10. ^ a b "Stunning pictures of the world's only uniquely preserved cave lion cubs as new secrets revealed". siberiantimes.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  11. ^ Centre for Palaeogenetics [@CpgSthlm] (17 August 2020). "Follow this thread for an almost unbelievable story, hiding in the SI of this paper: https://t.co/2wnZTGVwVg Ten years ago, a roughly 14,000 year old frozen #dog or #wolf #puppy was found in Russia. It's been named Tumat. Subsequently, an autopsy of Tumat was conducted (1/n). https://t.co/FtV3SIZmjL" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via Twitter.
  12. ^ Boessenecker R (1 January 2019). "2018 in review: advances in marine mammal paleontology". The Coastal Paleontologist. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  13. ^ Switek B. "Meet Alesi, the Prehistoric Infant Ape". Scientific American Blog Network. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  14. ^ Nengo I, Tafforeau P, Gilbert CC, Fleagle JG, Miller ER, Feibel C, et al. (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution". Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28796200. S2CID 4397839. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  15. ^ "ARA-VP-6/500". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1 January 1994. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  16. ^ "KNM-WT 17000". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1 January 1985. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  17. ^ Cracraft J, Donoghue MJ, American Museum of Natural History, eds. (2004). Assembling the tree of life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517234-8.
  18. ^ "OH 5". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1 January 1959. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  19. ^ Brown P, Sutikna T, Morwood MJ, Soejono RP, Jatmiko, Wayhu Saptomo E, et al. (2004). "A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia". Nature. 431 (7012): 1055–1061. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1055B. doi:10.1038/nature02999. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15514638. S2CID 26441. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  20. ^ Randerson J, Pilkington E (19 May 2009). "Deal in Hamburg bar led scientist to Ida fossil, the 'eighth wonder of the world'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  21. ^ "A new look at the Gibraltar Neanderthals". www.nhm.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 25 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  22. ^ Bouchet F, Urciuoli A, Beaudet A, Pina M, Moyà-Solà S, Alba DM (1 December 2021). "Comparative anatomy of the carotid canal in the Miocene small-bodied catarrhine Pliobates cataloniae". Journal of Human Evolution. 161: 103073. Bibcode:2021JHumE.16103073B. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103073. hdl:2263/82958. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 34628300. S2CID 238581331.
  23. ^ "AL 288-1". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1 January 1974. Archived from the original on 10 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  24. ^ ".: DITSONG MUSEUMS OF SOUTH AFRICA :". 30 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  25. ^ Herries AI, Shaw J (1 May 2011). "Palaeomagnetic analysis of the Sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: Implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries". Journal of Human Evolution. 60 (5): 523–539. Bibcode:2011JHumE..60..523H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 21392817.
  26. ^ Richards MP, Trinkaus E (22 September 2009). "Isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (38): 16034–16039. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616034R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903821106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2752538. PMID 19706482.
  27. ^ "Taung Child". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1 January 1924. Archived from the original on 21 July 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  28. ^ "Taung Child's brain development not human-like? CT scan casts doubt on similarity to that of modern humans". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  29. ^ Schiess R, Haeusler M (2013). "No skeletal dysplasia in the nariokotome boy KNM-WT 15000 ( homo erectus )-A reassessment of congenital pathologies of the vertebral column". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 150 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22211. PMID 23283736. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  30. ^ "Shanidar 1". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1 January 1957. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  31. ^ "La Chapelle-aux-Saints". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1 January 1908. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  32. ^ Bergman CA, Stringer CB (1989). "Fifty years after: Egbert, an early Upper Palaeolithic juvenile from Ksar Akil, Lebanon". Paléorient. 15 (2): 99–111. doi:10.3406/paleo.1989.4512. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  33. ^ a b Douka K, Bergman CA, Hedges RE, Wesselingh FP, Higham TF (11 September 2013). Lalueza-Fox C (ed.). "Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by Anatomically Modern Humans". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e72931. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...872931D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072931. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3770606. PMID 24039825.
  34. ^ "Arene Candide - Upper Paleolithic Burial of Arene Candide". 23 February 2017. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  35. ^ "Homo habilis". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. Archived from the original on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  36. ^ Tobias PV (1991). "The species Homo habilis: example of a premature discovery". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 28 (3/4): 371–380. ISSN 0003-455X. JSTOR 23735461. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  37. ^ "OH 13". CODI. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  38. ^ "OH 16". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1 January 1963. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  39. ^ "OH 24". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1 January 1968. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  40. ^ Alemseged Z, Spoor F, Kimbel WH, Bobe R, Geraads D, Reed D, et al. (2006). "A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia". Nature. 443 (7109): 296–301. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..296A. doi:10.1038/nature05047. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16988704. S2CID 4418369. Archived from the original on 23 August 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  41. ^ Soukup V, Mechurová Z (14 December 2018). "Mysterious Prehistoric Samuel: Homo erectus paleohungaricus in the Context of Anthropogenesis". Anthropologia Integra. 9 (2): 7–19. doi:10.5817/AI2018-2-7. ISSN 1804-6665. Archived from the original on 29 August 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  42. ^ Antón SC, Middleton ER (1 June 2023). "Making meaning from fragmentary fossils: Early Homo in the Early to early Middle Pleistocene". Journal of Human Evolution. 179: 103307. Bibcode:2023JHumE.17903307A. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103307. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 37030994. S2CID 258014849.
  43. ^ Switek B. "What Killed the Hominins of AL 333?". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  44. ^ Mithen S (31 October 2007). The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02559-2. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  45. ^ ""Agamenón", el homínido más famoso de Atapuerca, no estaba sordo". historia.nationalgeographic.com.es (in Spanish). 11 October 2019. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  46. ^ Fernández J (7 February 2008). "El cráneo de Miguelón" (PDF). Tribuna Complutense (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  47. ^ "Benjamina, "la más querida": el fósil de Atapuerca que mostró el paso del afecto al amor". Agencia SINC (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  48. ^ Clarke RJ, Tobias PV (28 July 1995). "Sterkfontein member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid". Science. 269 (5223): 521–524. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..521C. doi:10.1126/science.7624772. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 7624772. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  49. ^ ""Elvis" Pelvis - Museo de la Evolución Humana". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  50. ^ "DNH 7". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 1 January 1994. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  51. ^ Keyser A, Menter C, Moggi-Cecchi J, Rayne Pickering T, Berger L (2000). "Drimolen: a new hominid-bearing site in Gauteng, South Africa". South African Journal of Science. 96.
  52. ^ Herries AI, Martin JM, Leece AB, Adams JW, Boschian G, Joannes-Boyau R, et al. (3 April 2020). "Contemporaneity of Australopithecus , Paranthropus , and early Homo erectus in South Africa". Science. 368 (6486). doi:10.1126/science.aaw7293. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32241925. S2CID 214763272.
  53. ^ "Direct human ancestor Homo erectus is older than we thought". phys.org. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  54. ^ Brunet M, Beauvilain A, Coppens Y, Heintz E, Moutaye AH, Pilbeam D (1995). "The first australopithecine 2,500 kilometres west of the Rift Valley (Chad)". Nature. 378 (6554): 273–275. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..273B. doi:10.1038/378273a0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 7477344. S2CID 4365908. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  55. ^ Brunet M, Guy F, Pilbeam D, Mackaye HT, Likius A, Ahounta D, et al. (1 July 2002). "A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa". Nature. 418 (6894): 145–151. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..145B. doi:10.1038/nature00879. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 12110880. S2CID 1316969. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  56. ^ "3.6 million-year-old relative of 'Lucy' discovered: Early hominid skeleton confirms human-like walking is ancient". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  57. ^ "Australopithecus sediba named by 17-year-old Johannesburg student – News – Origins Centre". 25 March 2012. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  58. ^ Brits E (5 December 2021). "Ancient human relative walked like a human, but climbed like an ape". Nature Africa. doi:10.1038/d44148-021-00117-x. S2CID 244915779.
  59. ^ a b Douka K, Slon V, Jacobs Z, Ramsey CB, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, et al. (2019). "Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave". Nature. 565 (7741): 640–644. Bibcode:2019Natur.565..640D. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0870-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 30700871. S2CID 256767509. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  60. ^ Hawks J, Elliott M, Schmid P, Churchill SE, Ruiter DJ, Roberts EM, et al. (9 May 2017). Perry GH (ed.). "New fossil remains of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber, South Africa". eLife. 6: e24232. doi:10.7554/eLife.24232. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 5423776. PMID 28483039.
  61. ^ Wade N (20 November 2013). "24,000-Year-Old Body Shows Kinship to Europeans and American Indians (Published 2013)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  62. ^ Martinón-Torres M, d'Errico F, Santos E, Álvaro Gallo A, Amano N, Archer W, et al. (2021). "Earliest known human burial in Africa". Nature. 593 (7857): 95–100. Bibcode:2021Natur.593...95M. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03457-8. hdl:10072/413039. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33953416. S2CID 233871256. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  63. ^ Ruiz MN, Benito-Calvo A, Alonso-Alcalde R, Alonso P, de la Fuente H, Santamaría M, et al. (15 February 2021). "Late Neanderthal subsistence strategies and cultural traditions in the northern Iberia Peninsula: Insights from Prado Vargas, Burgos, Spain". Quaternary Science Reviews. 254: 106795. Bibcode:2021QSRv..25406795R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106795. hdl:10259/6203. ISSN 0277-3791. S2CID 233924074.
  64. ^ "European Society for the study of Human Evolution (ESHE) 4th Annual Meeting" (PDF). Proceedings of the European Society for the Study of Human Evolution 3. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  65. ^ "Dame du Cavillon". Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (in French). Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  66. ^ "The Incredible Age of the Find | Ötzi - South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology". 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  67. ^ "WHO WAS FIRST -- Ancient Immigrants Into The Americas - LUZIA WOMAN". 24 December 2007. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  68. ^ Brooke J (25 August 1999). "Body of Ancient Man Found in West Canada Glacier (Published 1999)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  69. ^ Rasmussen M, Anzick SL, Waters MR, Skoglund P, DeGiorgio M, Stafford TW, et al. (2014). "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana". Nature. 506 (7487): 225–229. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..225R. doi:10.1038/nature13025. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 4878442. PMID 24522598.
  70. ^ "Leander Man Thinks He May Have Found Fossilized Human Skull In Backyard". Austin, TX Patch. 23 September 2017. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  71. ^ Knapton S (22 May 2017). "Europe was the birthplace of mankind, not Africa, scientists find". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  72. ^ "New Skull from Eritrea - Archaeology Magazine Archive". archive.archaeology.org. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  73. ^ Coutinho-Nogueira D, Coqueugniot H, Tillier AM (21 December 2021). "Qafzeh 9 Early Modern Human from Southwest Asia: age at death and sex estimation re-assessed". Homo: Internationale Zeitschrift Fur die Vergleichende Forschung Am Menschen. 72 (4): 293–305. doi:10.1127/homo/2021/1513. ISSN 1618-1301. PMID 34505621. S2CID 237469414. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  74. ^ Lu D (25 August 2021). "'Genetic fossil': intact DNA from woman who lived 7,200 years ago discovered in Indonesia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  75. ^ "The History Press | From Boxgrove Man to Stonehenge: England's prehistory explored". www.thehistorypress.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  76. ^ Bezanson M, MacKinnon KC, Riley E, Campbell CJ, Nekaris KA, Estrada A, Di Fiore AF, Ross S, Jones-Engel LE, eds. (14 June 2016). The International Encyclopedia of Primatology (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0216. ISBN 978-0-470-67337-9. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  77. ^ Bamforth, Emily [@EL_Bamforth] (24 June 2020). "@TomHoltzPaleo I recognize this beasty! This is 'Thor', a near complete #bronotothere collected near #EastendSK. There are casts of it at the #TrexDiscoveryCentre, @royalsaskmuseum and the @RoyalTyrrell" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via Twitter.
  78. ^ "Natural History | PEI Museum and Heritage Foundation". www.peimuseum.ca. Archived from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  79. ^ Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology [@RoyalTyrrell] (22 March 2021). "Up next in our #MonikerMonday series is the Prognathodon specimen on display in our Fossils in Focus exhibit. Collected in 2018 from the Korite Ammolite mine in southern Alberta, this mosasaur swam in the Bearpaw Sea during the Late Cretaceous Period. https://t.co/k0uyTGCCkl" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 6 April 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via Twitter.
  80. ^ Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology [@RoyalTyrrell] (15 February 2021). "This juvenile Mosasaurus is smaller than many of the marine reptiles in our collection. The specimen preserves gut contents, including a metre-long lizardfish! After death, sharks scavenged the mosasaur. The fossil was recovered from the Korite ammonite mine in 2008. https://t.co/GRZKrE8yOL" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via Twitter.
  81. ^ Azarra B, Boschian G, Brochu C, Delfino M, Iurino DA, Kimambo JS, et al. (2021). "A new cranium of Crocodylus anthropophagus from Olduvai Gorge, northern Tanzania". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy). 127 (2): 275–295. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/15771. S2CID 237962496.
  82. ^ Patrick EL, Whiteside DI, Benton MJ (2019). "A new crurotarsan archosaur from the Late Triassic of South Wales" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (3): e1645147. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E5147P. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1645147. S2CID 202848499. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2019.
  83. ^ Darlim G, Montefeltro FC, Langer MC (18 April 2021). "3D skull modelling and description of a new baurusuchid (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous (Bauru Basin) of Brazil". Journal of Anatomy. 239 (3): 622–662. doi:10.1111/joa.13442. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 8349455. PMID 33870512.
  84. ^ Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology [@RoyalTyrrell] (19 April 2021). "Our technician Darren Tanke found this plesiosaur specimen near Manyberries, AB in 2012. The partial skeleton is about 10 metres long, and is currently being studied by Dr. James Campbell. #MonikerMonday https://t.co/BWtA9tbkPy" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via Twitter.
  85. ^ Tarlach G (28 September 2022). "A 'Weird' Ancient Marine Reptile Surfaces Thanks to the 'Bone Biddies'". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  86. ^ Persons WS, Street HP, Kelley A (2022). "A long-snouted and long-necked polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America". iScience. 25 (10). 105033. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j5033P. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105033. PMC 9617461. PMID 36317161.
  87. ^ Eaton JG (18 March 1993). "Therian mammals from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) Dakota Formation, southwestern Utah". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 13 (1): 105–124. Bibcode:1993JVPal..13..105E. doi:10.1080/02724634.1993.10011491. ISSN 0272-4634.
  88. ^ Cadena EA, Scheyer T, Carrillo-Briceño J, Sánchez R, Aguilera-Socorro O, Vanegas A, et al. (12 February 2020). "The anatomy, paleobiology, and evolutionary relationships of the largest extinct side-necked turtle". Science Advances. 6 (7): eaay4593. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4593C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay4593. PMC 7015691. PMID 32095528.
  89. ^ "Ichthyosaur: New Discoveries". National History Museum Los Angeles County. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2022. ... While dinosaurs dominated land during the Mesozoic Era (252-66 million years ago), marine reptiles like this giant ichthyosaur—nicknamed Jim 2—ruled the sea. Come see the complete skull on display for the very first time. ...'
  90. ^ Sander P, Griebeler E, Klein N, Juarbe J, Wintrich T, Revell L, et al. (2021). "Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans". Science. 374 (6575): eabf5787. doi:10.1126/science.abf5787. PMID 34941418. S2CID 245444783.