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List of mountains in Lebanon

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Satellite image of Lebanon showing snow-covered prominences

The geomorphology of Lebanon consists of the coastal plain, the western mountain range (Mount Lebanon), an interior valley (the Beqaa Valley), and the eastern mountain range (the Anti-Lebanon). The Mount Lebanon range stretches from the northern region of Jabal Akkar southward, reaching elevations of 3,088 m (10,131 ft) at Qurnat as Sawda, Mount Makmel's highest peak, down to 1,091 m (3,579 ft) in Jabal Niha. The hills of Jabal Amel begin after Jabal Niha.[1] This total length of the Mount Lebanon range is 160 km (99 mi) with a width ranging from 45 km (28 mi) in its northern section, and 25 km (16 mi) in its central part. Numerous smaller hills create a transitional zone between the sea and the peaks. The western face of the Mount Lebanon range features a series of narrow valleys that run parallel to each other, sloping westward towards the sea, and channeling various watercourses. The eastern slopes descend toward the Beqaa Valley and are steeper compared to their western counterparts. During winter, seasonal rivers emerge from the eastern face snowmelt.[2][3]

The Anti-Lebanon mountain range begins in Yanta and ends in Shebaa, and measure more than 100 km (62 mi) long and 30 km (19 mi) wide. Unlike Mount Lebanon, the Anti-Lebanon is devoid of deep valleys.[2] This page contains a sortable table listing mountains of Lebanon in both the eastern and western mountain ranges.

List

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Mountains in Lebanon[4]
Mountain Height (m) Height (ft) Coordinates Range Governorate Notes
Jabal al-Makmel (Mount Makmel) 3,088[1][5] 10,131 34°18′05″N 36°06′54″E / 34.301272°N 36.115134°E / 34.301272; 36.115134 Mount Lebanon North and Baalbek-Hermel Highest peak: Qurnat as Sawda
Jabal el-Mnaitra 2,911 9,547 34°04′30″N 35°52′45″E / 34.075102°N 35.8792225°E / 34.075102; 35.8792225 Mount Lebanon Keserwan-Jbeil
Jabal esh-Sheikh (Mount Hermon) 2,814[6] 9,232 33°25′29″N 35°51′41″E / 33.4247255°N 35.8614104°E / 33.4247255; 35.8614104 Anti-Lebanon mountains Nabatieh Highest peak: Sharet Haramoun (aka Qasr Antar)
Jabal Sannine (Mount Sannine) 2,695[7] 8,839 33°57′00″N 35°50′28″E / 33.9499934°N 35.8410312°E / 33.9499934; 35.8410312 Mount Lebanon Mount Lebanon and Beqaa
Jabal el-Knayseh 2,093 6,868 33°50′44″N 35°47′55″E / 33.8454671°N 35.7987422°E / 33.8454671; 35.7987422 Mount Lebanon Mount Lebanon and Beqaa
Jabal al-Barouk 1,930 6,332 33°43′35″N 35°43′08″E / 33.7263242°N 35.7190146°E / 33.7263242; 35.7190146 Mount Lebanon Mount Lebanon
Jabal Niha 1,809[2] 5,938. 33°34′00″N 35°37′23″E / 33.5666658°N 35.6230336°E / 33.5666658; 35.6230336 Mount Lebanon Mount Lebanon
Jabal Akkar 1,748 5,735 34°24′47″N 36°05′04″E / 34.4130819°N 36.0843154°E / 34.4130819; 36.0843154 Mount Lebanon Akkar, North and Baalbek-Hermel
Jabal al-Rihane (‘Arid Zannar)[8] ~1,400[8] ~4,593 33°26′44″N 35°33′07″E / 33.4456788°N 35.5519397°E / 33.4456788; 35.5519397 Mount Lebanon South
Jabal Safi (Mount Saphon)[a][8] 1,300[11] 4,265 33°30′38″N 35°26′59″E / 33.5106008°N 35.4497278°E / 33.5106008; 35.4497278 Mount Lebanon South and Beqaa
Jabal Amel Mount Lebanon Nabatieh
Aarid Maql Saab 1462 34°29′29″N 36°16′33″E / 34.49139°N 36.27583°E / 34.49139; 36.27583 North

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Also Sapanu,[9] Zaphon.[10]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Kehdy 2023, p. 94.
  2. ^ a b c Central Administration of Statistics, Lebanon 2008, p. 1.
  3. ^ Awad 2019.
  4. ^ Kehdy 2023, p. 87.
  5. ^ Machaka-Houri & Houri 2012, p. 117.
  6. ^ al-Musa 2012.
  7. ^ Collelo 1987, p. 44.
  8. ^ a b c Abuzayd 2003.
  9. ^ Pardee 2000, p. 1200.
  10. ^ Krahmalkov 2000, pp. 419–420.
  11. ^ UNESCO 2012.

Sources

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  • Abuzayd, Shafiq (2003). "Mlikh" [Mlikh: A Preliminary Historical Study]. ARAM Periodical (in French). 15. Oxford: ARAM Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies: 275–286. doi:10.2143/ARAM.15.0.504540. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023.
  • al-Musa, Suhail (2012). "جبـل الشيخ – الحرمـون". Baath Party. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  • Awad, Christine (2019). "كل ما تريد معرفته عن الجمهورية اللبنانية الشقيقة " الجزء الأول"". جريدة الأهرام الجديد الكندية (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  • Central Administration of Statistics, Lebanon (2008). "Morphology, climatology, hydrology, vegetation, and environment" (PDF). Central Administration of Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  • Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1987). Lebanon : a country study. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Archived (pdf) from the original on 4 April 2023.
  • Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). "Qurnat al-Sawdāʾ | mountain, Lebanon | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  • Geoview. "جبل المنيطرة, Mont-Liban, Lebanon". lb.geoview.info. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  • Geoview. "Jabal 'Akkār mountains, Lebanon". lb.geoview.info. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  • Kehdy, Naji (2023). "Slope's similarity of the Eastern and the Western steeps of the two Lebanese mountain ranges" (PDF). Études Universitaires en Littératures et Sciences Humaines. 13. Beirut: Lebanese University: 85–100. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2023.
  • Krahmalkov, Charles Richard (2000). Phoenician-Punic dictionary. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-0770-6.
  • Koussa, Karim El (1998). Blooming Planes: A Quest for a Historical and Spritiual Identity. p. 82.
  • Machaka-Houri, Nisrine; Houri, Ahmad (2012). "Impact of global warming on Eastern Mediterranean high altitude plant biodiversity". In Efe, Recep; Ghazanfar, Shahina; Ozturk, Munir (eds.). Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-3803-0.
  • Pardee, Dennis (2000). Les textes rituels en 2 volumes (in French). Paris: Etudes et Recherche sur les Civilisations. ISBN 978-2-86538-276-7.
  • Sanlaville, Paul (1969). "La personnalité géographique du Liban" [Lebanon's geographical personality]. Géocarrefour (in French). 44 (4): 375–394. doi:10.3406/geoca.1969.2648.
  • UNESCO (2012). "Jabal Al Rihane | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
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