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The following is a list of common metonyms.[n 1] A metonym is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. For instance, "Westminster", a borough of London in the United Kingdom, could be used as a metonym for the country's government.

Objects

[edit]
Word or phrase Original / literal use Metonymic use
bar The bar in a courtroom that separates judges and lawyers from laypeople All the lawyers licensed to practise law in a certain court or jurisdiction[1]
bench The location in a courtroom where a judge sits when presiding over a court All the judges of a court or jurisdiction; members of a judiciary; the presiding officer (judge) in a court[2]
boots on the ground   Footwear worn by soldiers Combat troops deployed in a geographic area (as opposed to those awaiting deployment and/or in aircraft or ships offshore)[3]
box office A place where tickets are sold, in this example, for movies. A term to describe how well a film is doing. "The film is a hit at the box office."[citation needed]
brass A metal alloy (used for or in the manufacture of e.g. buttons, insignia and a family of musical instruments) Military and police officers,[4] often also referring to managers/bosses outside the uniformed[citation needed]
bullpen The area of a baseball field used by relief pitchers to warm up for a game A baseball team's roster of relief pitchers[5]
cap White silk hats given to players each time they played for the England national football team A player's appearance in a game at the international level[6]
china The country China Chinese porcelain or other types of ceramic[4]
city hall A city's chief administrative building Local government or, more pejoratively, government in general[2]
corner office An office on a building corner with more windows Corporate leadership,[7] or the Governor of Massachusetts (see below)[8]
crown / Crown A type of monarchical headwear Monarchy, especially the British monarchy (as "The Crown")[9]
dish An item used for serving food A course of a meal, or the foundation of a course (usually the main course)[10]
gun A firearm An assassin, mercenary or soldier (as in "hired gun")[11]
lead A heavy metal used to manufacture ammunition Bullets[12]
mortal Subject to death Human[13]
pink slip A discharge notice (historically, a pink coloured slip of paper in an employee's pay envelope) A layoff or termination of employment[14]
press A machine used to print newspapers Journalists, reporters, or others who write or announce the news
record label The circular label in the center of a vinyl record displaying the manufacturer's name A music company involved in producing, marketing, and distributing music recordings and music videos[15]
red tape Tape that is coloured red An over-bureaucratic process[16]
shovels in the ground   Digging in the soil using a variety of tools or machines Commencement of a construction project – usually one that is major or infrastructural[17]
slate a writing tablet made of slate a written record of a debt, particularly in a small shop or public house[18]
suits Business attire (plural) Business executives and lawyers[11]
sweat Perspiration Hard (physical) work[19]
tongue Oral muscle A language or dialect[20]

Places

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
Word or phrase Original / literal use Metonymic use
Ikulu The official residence of the president of Tanzania The State House and its administration[21]

Asia

[edit]
Word or phrase Original / literal use Metonymic use
Bangalore A city in Southern India The Indian technology industry[22]
Beijing The capital of China The Chinese government, particularly the leadership[23]
Fukushima A city in Japan The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster[24]
Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two cities in southwestern Japan The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the Allied forces in August 1945[24]
Malacañang Official Residence of the President of the Philippines The Philippine Government, particularly the President, the Cabinet and his advisers, and the officials under Office of the President of the Philippines.
Raisina Hill A Hill in Lutyens' Delhi, New Delhi The seat of the Government of India[25]
Zhongnanhai A former imperial garden adjacent to an eponymous lake in central Beijing, now used as residences The leadership of the Chinese government[26]
Zion A mountain located in Israel The city of Jerusalem or the people associated with it[27]

Europe

[edit]
Word or phrase Original / literal use Metonymic use
10 Downing Street
("Number 10") 		The official residence of the prime minister of the United Kingdom[n 2] The prime minister and his/her staff,[28] often meaning more broadly the UK Government
Brussels The capital of Belgium The government of the European Union[29]
Buckingham Palace or the Palace A large building in London that is the official residence of the reigning British sovereign The British royal family and its staff[30]
The City The City of London, the part of Central London, England, that has the longest continuous recorded history The financial (and related) institutions in the United Kingdom[31]
Fleet Street A street in the City of London The British national press[32]
The Hague A city in the Netherlands The International Criminal Court or International Court of Justice, both of which have their seat in the city[33][34]
Hillsborough Hillsborough an area of Sheffield, United Kingdom and location of Hillsborough Stadium. The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 where 97 Liverpool F.C. fans died in a human crush. Also used as a word for police corruption and cover-up.[35]
Holyrood An area in Edinburgh The Scottish Parliament, which is located in that area, or more generally the Scottish Government[36]
Horse Guards A cavalry barracks at Whitehall, London Commander-in-chief of the British army and his staff before 1857[37]
Hrad ("The Castle") The Prague Castle and official residence and office of the president of the Czech Republic The president of the Czech Republic and his or her staff, and also the Czech Republic as a whole[38]
Kastilja or Castile Auberge de Castille, an 18th-century auberge in the Maltese capital Valletta The Office of the Prime Minister of Malta[39]
The Kremlin A historic type of Russian fortress or citadel The Moscow Kremlin and/or the Russian presidential administration; historically, any Russian or Soviet government (e.g. Kremlinology)[40]
M25 A motorway circling the London conurbation London, or the Greater London urban area, though the two boundaries do not precisely coincide[41][42]
North of Watford Watford Gap, a low point in a hill range used as a divide between North and South England The North of England[43]
Quai d'Orsay A wharf and adjoining street in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development, which is located at 37 Quai d'Orsay[44]
Savile Row A short street in central London The high-quality bespoke men's suits made by tailors' shops on the street[45]
Scotland Yard The original public entrance (via "Great Scotland Yard") to the headquarters of the London Metropolitan Police Service London or British police, especially detectives[46]
Stormont An estate in County Down, east of Belfast The Northern Ireland Assembly[47]
Sublime Porte A gate giving access to a block of government buildings in Istanbul, Turkey The Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire (sometimes, more specifically, its foreign policies and relations)[48]
Tamminiemi A villa in Helsinki and a former official residence of the president of Finland Historically the president of Finland, mostly associated with Urho Kekkonen[49]
Threadneedle Street A street in the City of London The Bank of England and/or its directors[50]
The Vatican A small sovereign state located in Rome, Italy The Holy See, and the Roman Catholic Church in general[51]
Westminster A part of Central London, England The Parliament of the United Kingdom[52]
Whitehall A street in the City of Westminster borough of London The Civil Service of the United Kingdom, or more generally the Government of the United Kingdom; the term is often used in a similar context to "Westminster" (above)[52][53]

North America

[edit]
Word or phrase Original / literal use Metonymic use
Armonk Armonk, New York, where the headquarters of IBM is located IBM[54]
Bay Street A street in downtown Toronto The Canadian financial sector, since the Toronto Stock Exchange, and the headquarters of the five major Canadian banks, are located there[55]
Beacon Hill A neighborhood in Boston The state government of Massachusetts[56][verification needed]
Beverly Hills Beverly Hills, California, a rich enclave of Los Angeles Rich and famous people[57]
Broadway A street in Manhattan, New York City Broadway theatre; sometimes, although less accurately, commercial American theatre in general[4]
Capitol Hill or the Hill A neighborhood in Washington, D.C. The United States Congress[58]
Cooperstown A village in upstate New York The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, located in Cooperstown, New York[59]
Columbine An unincorporated community in Colorado The Columbine High School massacre, or school shootings generally
Corner office An office on a building corner with more windows Corporate leadership (see above)[7] or the office of the Governor of Massachusetts in the Massachusetts State House[8]
Detroit The largest city in Michigan The American automobile industry[60]
Fifth Avenue A street in Manhattan, New York City The upscale retailers that are generally located along it[61]
The fifth floor The floor of a building above the fourth floor The Mayor of Chicago and his or her staff, since their offices are on that floor of city hall[62]
Foggy Bottom A neighborhood in Washington, D.C. The United States Department of State[63]
Hollywood A district of Los Angeles, California The American film industry[4]
Houston A city in Texas NASA's Johnson Space Center, its Mission Control Center within, or NASA in general (from the call sign used by astronauts to contact Mission Control)[64]
K Street A street in downtown Washington, D.C. The American lobbying industry[65]
Langley A small suburb of Washington, D.C., in Virginia The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency[66]
Madison Avenue A street in Manhattan, New York City The American advertising industry[4]
Main Street Shopping street of a town, traditionally the site of shops, banks, and local businesses Local businesses or the "middle class" generally[67][68]
Nashville The capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee The country music industry[4]
Ottawa The capital of Canada The Government of Canada[citation needed]
Pearl Harbor The natural harbor on the coast of Oahu island, Hawaii The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on 7 December 1941[4]
The Pentagon A pentagonal building in Arlington County, Virginia The United States Department of Defense (whose headquarters is housed by the Pentagon building)[69]
Queen's Park An urban park in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada The Ontario Legislative Building (which is located within the park) and/or the provincial government of Ontario[70]
Sand Hill Road A street in Menlo Park, California The venture capital firms that fund startups in the American high-tech industry[71]
Sandy Hook An elementary school in Newtown, Connecticut The mass shooting at the school on 14 December 2012[72]
Selma Selma, Alabama The U.S. civil rights movement or backlash against the movement[73]
Seventh Avenue A street in Manhattan, New York City The American fashion industry[74]
Silicon Valley San Jose and its suburbs on the southwest side of San Francisco Bay The American high-tech industry[75]
Tin Pan Alley A block along 28th Street in Manhattan The American popular music industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries[76]
Wall Street A street in Manhattan, New York City The American financial markets[4] or "big business" more generally[67]
Washington Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States The federal government of the United States[1]
Watergate The Watergate Hotel and Office Building in Washington, D.C. The political scandal exposed after a burglary at the Watergate Hotel[4]
The White House The official residence of the president of the United States The Executive Office of the President of the United States (the president of the United States and staff)[1]

South America

[edit]
Word or phrase Original / literal use Metonymic use
Itamaraty Itamaraty Palace in Brasília, former headquarters of the Ministry of External Relations of Brazil. The Brazilian ministry of Foreign Affairs and its diplomats[77]
Jonestown A remote settlement established by the Peoples Temple cult in northwestern Guyana The massacre which occurred on 18 November 1978 in which 918 people died[78]

Oceania

[edit]
Word or phrase Original / literal use Metonymic use
Canberra The capital of Australia The Government of Australia[79]

Numbers

[edit]
Word or phrase Original / literal use Metonymic use
9/11 The date September 11 (in American date format) The September 11 attacks[72]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Since metonymy – the process by which metonyms are formed – is a productive process, new metonyms can always be created. This list cannot include all metonyms, but only some of those that are identified as common.
  2. ^ Technically, 10 Downing Street is the official residence of the First Lord of the Treasury, not the prime minister. However, the two offices have been held by the same person since the early 20th century.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Traugott, Elizabeth Closs; Dasher, Richard B. (2002). Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-43115-6. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  2. ^ a b Harris, Judith A. (1985). "Recognizing legal tropes: Metonymy as manipulative mode". The American University Law Review. 34: 1215–1229.
  3. ^ Safire, William (5 December 2008). "Synecdoche". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ruhl, Charles (1989). Acts of Arguing: A Rhetorical Model of Argument. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1827-8. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  5. ^ Le, Tien (29 October 2021). "PETA wants MLB to rename the 'bullpen' to 'arm barn'". NPR. Retrieved 7 November 2022. In baseball, a bullpen refers to both the group of relief pitchers and the physical area where the pitchers warm up.
  6. ^ "What does the term 'Cap' mean in sport?". albionsports.wordpress.com. 4 February 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  7. ^ a b Frankel, Dr Lois P. Nice Girls Don't Get the Corner Office: 101 Unconscious Mistakes Women Make That Sabotage Their Careers. Business Plus, 2004
  8. ^ a b Walker, Ryan. "A Brief History: Governors of Massachusetts". www.sutori.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021. Since the Governor has no official residence, the expression "corner office," rather than "Governor's mansion," is commonly used in the press as a metonym for the office of Governor.
  9. ^ Hogg, Richard M.; van Bergen, Linda (1998). Historical Linguistics 1995: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Manchester, August 1995. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3667-8. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  10. ^ Paprotté, Wolf; Dirven, René (1985). The Ubiquity of Metaphor: Metaphor in Language and Thought. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3521-3. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  11. ^ a b Killingsworth, M. Jimmie (2005). Appeals in Modern Rhetoric: An Ordinary-language Approach. SIU Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-8826-4. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  12. ^ Chandler, Daniel (2007). Semiotics: The Basics. Routledge. p. 124. ISBN 978-1134324767.
  13. ^ Panther, Klaus-Uwe; Radden, Günter (1999). Metonymy in Language and Thought. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-2356-2. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  14. ^ Greisdorf, Howard; O'Connor, Brian (2002). "Modelling what users see when they look at images: A cognitive viewpoint". Journal of Documentation. 58 (1): 6–30. doi:10.1108/00220410210425386.
  15. ^ "label (n.)". Online Etymological Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  16. ^ Hood, Christopher (1998). The Art of the State : Culture, Rhetoric, and Public Management. Clarendon Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780191521126. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  17. ^ unknown, unknown (19 January 2020). "Time to put shovels in the ground on Trans Mountain". The Edmonton Sun. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  18. ^ "slate n12.d.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  19. ^ Hanks, Patrick (1 January 2013). Lexical Analysis: Norms and Exploitations. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01857-9. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  20. ^ Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José; Pérez Hernández, Lorena (2003). "Cognitive operations and pragmatic implication". In Klaus-Uwe Panther, Linda L. Thornburg (ed.). Metonymy and Pragmatic Inferencing. John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-5355-2. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  21. ^ Thomas Molony (1 June 2014). Nyerere: The Early Years. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-1-84701-090-2.
  22. ^ Cornish, Chloe (7 April 2022). "Bangalore keeps its crown as India's high-growth tech hub". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
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  27. ^ Rom-Shiloni, Dalit (2013). Exclusive Inclusivity: Identity Conflicts Between the Exiles and the People who Remained (6th–5th Centuries BCE). A&C Black. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-567-12244-5.
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  29. ^ "EU Governments Must Decide on New Russia Sanctions, Brussels Says". Retrieved 12 September 2018.
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  34. ^ Banda, Mabvuto (17 May 2017). "Malawi plans to take lake dispute with Tanzania to The Hague". Business Day. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  35. ^ "The Guardian view on checking abuse of public power: after Hillsborough, count the value, not the cost". The Guardian. The Guardian. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  36. ^ Higgins, Michael (2016). "Putting the Nation in the News: the Role of Location Formulation in a Selection of Scottish Newspapers". Discourse & Society. 15 (5): 633–648. doi:10.1177/0957926504045035. S2CID 144778466.
  37. ^ "horse guard". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/9365369578. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  38. ^ Zantovské Murray, Irena. "Our Slav Acropolis: Language and Architecture in the Prague Castle under Masaryk". McGill University. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  39. ^ "Deputat tal-PN tallega li hemm 'direct link' bejn Kastilja u l-MEPA". inewsmalta.com (in Maltese). 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  40. ^ Lakoff, George (2008). "Metonymic models". Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. University of Chicago Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-226-47101-3. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  41. ^ "M25: 10 ways it has changed lives". BBC. 29 October 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  42. ^ "Do you really live in London? No one is sure where the boundary to the city is…". Metro. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  43. ^ "north of Watford | meaning of north of Watford in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English | LDOCE".
  44. ^ "French Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Directorate of Economic and Financial Affairs". Global Hand. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  45. ^ "What Makes a Savile Row Suit?". Birchbox. July 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2015.[dead link‍]
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  47. ^ "May's plan to give Stormont a backstop veto enrages EU envoys". The Guardian Weekly. 24 September 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
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  55. ^ Pomosrki, Chris (24 November 2014). "The Dragon's Den: Flashy Canadian Financier Takes Wing from Tribeca Pad for $4.08 M". The New York Observer. Retrieved 1 August 2015. It's easy to forget that before 'Wall Street' became a metonym for all things investment banking-related, in the United States and beyond, it was merely a narrow east-west thoroughfare eight blocks long. It's still that, of course, in addition to all the rest, and other cities in other countries have their own Wall Streets, as well. Located in downtown Toronto, Bay Street represents Canada's equivalent.
  56. ^ "Beacon Hill has a money problem: too much of it". The Boston Globe. 30 August 2022.
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  64. ^ Wall, Mike (19 January 2018). "Johnson Space Center (JSC): NASA's 'Houston'". space.com. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  65. ^ Zak, Dan (5 February 2012). "K Street: The route of all evil, or just the main drag?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  66. ^ Knight, Gladys L. (2014). Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 484. ISBN 9780313398834. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  67. ^ a b Lempert, Michael; Silverstein, Michael (2012). Creatures of Politics: Media, Message, and the American Presidency. Indiana University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-253-00745-2.
  68. ^ Eichengreen, Barry (23 September 2008). "And Now the Great Depression". The Street. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  69. ^ "Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  70. ^ "Legacy of a People's Park". Education Portal. Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  71. ^ Gungey, Ergin. "The Loop (Stanford)". Bay Area Mountain Bike Roads. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  72. ^ a b Paulas, Rick (16 January 2015). "The Linguistics of Tragedy". Pacific Standard.
  73. ^ Hinton, Laura (2016). Jayne Cortez, Adrienne Rich, and the Feminist Superhero: Voice, Vision, Politics, and Performance in U.S. Contemporary Women's Poetics. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4985-2874-0.
  74. ^ Ledbetter, James (2003). Starving to Death on $200 Million: The Short, Absurd Life of The Industry Standard. PublicAffairs. p. 251. ISBN 9781586481292. Retrieved 11 June 2015. I doubt that many people among the Standards Silicon Valley readership would recognize that 'Seventh Avenue' is code for the fashion industry
  75. ^ "The New Start-up Scene: From Silicon Strip to Silicon Mitten". Forbes.com. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  76. ^ Suisman, David (2012). Selling Sounds: The Commercial Revolution in American Music. Harvard University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780674054684. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  77. ^ "Itamaraty and the Foreign Service Careers". [Brazil] Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2018. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Until 1970, the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was the Itamaraty Palace, in Rio de Janeiro – and, informally, the Ministry came to be known by the name of the building that housed it.
  78. ^ "What Happened After Jonestown?". Rolling Stone. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  79. ^ "Canberra, Unloved City". Meanjin. 2017. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. For many of them, their only experience of Canberra is as a metonym in the news for the government, Labor or Coalition, alongside some dubious decision of policy.
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