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Medieval music
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Movements and schools
Major figures
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Medieval music is the music of the Western Europe during the Middle Ages, from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries.[1] The first and longest era of Western classical music, Medieval music saw the presence of various music theorists, such as Boethius, Hucbald, Guido of Arezzo, Johannes Cotto, Franco of Cologne and Philippe de Vitry.

Medieval music theorists

[edit]
For theorists of this period around the world, see List of music theorists § 6th–14th centuries.
See also: List of medieval composers and List of Byzantine composers

   Also a composer    May have been a composer

Medieval music theorists
Name Lifetime Nationality Music theory works Ref(s)
Boethius c. 480 – 524 Roman De institutione musica [2][3]
Cassiodorus c. 485 – 585 Roman Institutiones [2][4]
Isidore of Seville c. 559 – 636 Spanish Etymologiarum sive Originum libri xx and De ecclesiasticis officiis [2][5]
Alcuin c. 735 – 804 Anglo-Saxon De octo tonis and an unknown music treatise (both of uncertain authorship) [2][6]
Rabanus Maurus c. 780 – 856 Frankish Throughout various works [2][7]
Johannes Scottus Eriugena c. 810 – c. 877 Irish De divisione naturae and De divisione naturae [8]
Aurelian of Réôme fl. 840–850 Frankish Musica disciplina [2][9]
Regino of Prüm c. 842 – 915 German De synodalibus causis and Epistola de armonica institutione; Octo toni de musicae artis [10][11]
Hucbald c. 850 – 930 Benedictine (De) Musica [2][12]
Remigius of Auxerre fl. 862–c. 900 Latin The ninth book of De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii [2][13]
Odo of Cluny c. 878 – 942 French Dialogus? [10][14]
Odo of Arezzo fl. Late 10th century Italian [15]
Notker Labeo c. 950 – 1022 Benedictine Five short essays [16][17]
Guido of Arezzo
(Guido da Arezzo; Guido Aretinus) 		c. 991 – after 1033 Italian Micrologus, Prologus in antiphonarium [16][18]
Wulfstan the Cantor fl. 992–6 English Brevilioquium super musicam [19]
Odo de Saint-Maur-des-Fossés [sv]? fl. 992–1029 ? Dialogus? Enchiridion musices? [20]
Otloh of Sankt Emmeram c. 1010 – 1070 Benedictine None surviving; cited in William of Hirsau's De musica [21]
Hermann of Reichenau 1013 – 1054 Benedictine Musica [16][22]
Berno of Reichenau before 1014 – 1048 Probably German De quibusdam rebus ad misse officium pertinentibus and De consona tonorum diversitate [16][23]
William of Hirsau c. 1030 – 1091 Benedictine De musica[n 1] [16][24]
Aribo Scholasticus fl. c. 1068–78 Unknown De musica [25]
Frutolf of Michelsberg mid-11th century – 1103 Unknown Breviarium [26]
Theogerus of Metz c. 1050 – 1120 German Musica [27]
Hugh of St Victor c. 1096 – 1141 Augustinian A chapter in the Didascalicon [28]
Johannes Cotto fl. c. 1100 Unknown De musica [16][29]
Guido of Eu fl. mid-12th century Cistercian Regule de arte musica [30]
Theinred of Dover fl. 12th century English De legitimis ordinibus pentachordorum et tetrachordorum [31]
Bartholomeus Anglicus before 1200 – 1272 English Throughout De proprietatibus rerum [32]
Roger Bacon c. 1214 – c. 1292 English Throughout various works [33]
Petrus de Picardia fl. 1250 French Ars motettorum compilata breviter [34]
Elias Salomo fl. 2nd half of the 13th century French Scientia artis musice [35]
Egidius de Zamora fl. c. 1260–1280 Spanish Ars musica [36]
Magister Lambertus fl. c. 1270 Unknown Tractatus de musica [37]
Amerus fl. 1271 English Practica artis musice [38]
Hieronymus de Moravia died after 1271 Unknown Tractatus de Musica [39]
Franco of Cologne fl. mid to late 13th century German Ars cantus mensurabilis [40]
Engelbert of Admont c. 1250 – 1331 Austrian De musica [41]
Jacobus of Liège c. 1260 – after 1330 Franco-Flemish Speculum musice [42]
Johannes de Garlandia fl. c. 1270 – 1320 French De Plana Musica and De Mensurabili Musica [43]
Johannes Balox fl. late 13th century Unknown Abbreviatio magistri Franconis a[uctore] Johanne dicto Baloce [44]
Hugo Spechtshart [de] c. 1285 – 1359/60 German Flores musicae omnis cantus Gregoriani and Chronicon Hugonis sacerdotis de Rutelinga ad annum [45]
Petrus de Cruce fl. c. 1290 French Tractatus de tonis[n 2] [46]
Petrus Le Viser fl. c. 1290–1300 ? [47]
Johannes de Muris c. 1290–95 – 1344 French Notitia artis musicae, Compendium musicae practicae, Musica speculativa secundum Boetium, Libellus cantus mensurabilis, and Ars contrapuncti [48]
Philippe de Vitry 1291–1361 French Ars nova [49]
Walter Odington fl. 1298–1316 English Summa de speculatione musice [50]
Henricus de Zeelandia fl. 14th century South Netherlandish Tractatus de cantu perfecto et imperfecto [51]
Johannes Vetulus de Anagnia fl. 14th century Italian Liber de musica [52]
Willelmus fl. 14th century Unknown Breviarium regulare musice [53]
Johannes de Grocheio fl. c. 1300 French De musica [54]
Johannes Boen early 14th century – 1367 Dutch Ars [musicae] and Musica [55]
Marchetto da Padova fl. 1305–19 Italian Lucidarium in arte musice plane and Pomerium in arte musice mensurate [56]
Simon Tunsted c. 1310 – 1369 English Quatuor Principalia Musicae [57]
Robert de Handlo fl. 1326 English Regule cum maximis magistri Franconis cum additionibus aliorum musicorum [58]
Henricus Helene fl. 1335 French Summula musice [59]
Petrus frater dictus Palma ociosa fl. 1336 French Compendium de discantu mensurabili [60]
Egidius de Francia fl. mid-14th century French De motettis componendis [61]
John of Tewkesbury fl. 1351–92 English Quatuor principalia musice[n 3] [62]
John Hanboys fl. c. 1370 English Summa [63]
Philippus de Caserta fl. c. 1370 Italian? Incipiunt regule contrapuncti secundum magistrum phylippotum de Caserta: Sciendum est quod contrapunctum est fundamentum biscanti[n 4] [64]
Johannes Ciconia c. 1370 – 1412 Franco-Flemish Nova musica [65]
Ugolino of Forlì c. 1380–1452 Italian Declaratio musicae disciplinae [66]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ A second work, De musica et tonis, may be attributed to him, although it is now lost.
  2. ^ Ars motettorum of Petrus de Picardia and Ars musicae mensurabilis secundum Franconem are attributed to him by some modern scholars.
  3. ^ Contains long excerpts from other music theorists, including: Boethius, Isidore of Seville, Guido d’Arezzo, Magister Lambertus and Franco of Cologne.
  4. ^ Two other surviving works by Caserta – Secundum magistrum Philipotum de caserta: Contrapunctus est fundamentum biscanti and Regula contrapunctus secundum philippotum de Caserta: Nota quod novem sunt speties contrapuncti – overlap heavily with Incipiunt. Some musicologists attribute De contrapuncto quaedam regulae utiles to Caserta.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Wolinski & Borders 2020, § "Introduction".
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Reese 1940, p. 125.
  3. ^ Bower, Calvin (2001). "Boethius". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03386. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 19 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  4. ^ Bower, Calvin (2001). "Cassiodorus". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05108. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 19 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  5. ^ Randel, Don M.; Nadeau, Nils (2001). "Isidore of Seville". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13934. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 19 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  6. ^ Bower, Calvin (2001). "Cassiodorus". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00495. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 19 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  7. ^ Steiner, Ruth (2001). "Hrabanus [Rabanus, Rhabanus] (Magnentius) Maurus". Grove Music Online. Revised by Bradley Jon Tucker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13443. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 28 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  8. ^ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Johannes Scottus Eriugena". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14396. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 28 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  9. ^ Bellingham, Jane (2001). "Aurelian of Réôme". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01536. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 28 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  10. ^ a b Reese 1940, p. 126.
  11. ^ Chartier, Yves (2001). "Regino of Prüm". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23070. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  12. ^ Chartier, Yves (2001). "Hucbald of St Amand". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13475. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  13. ^ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Remigius [Remy] of Auxerre". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23191. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  14. ^ Brockett, Clyde; Huglo, Michel (2001). "Odo of Arezzo". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  15. ^ Brockett, Clyde; Huglo, Michel (2001). "Odo of Arezzo". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  16. ^ a b c d e f Reese 1940, p. 127.
  17. ^ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Notker Labeo". Grove Music Online. Revised by Bradley Jon Tucker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20129. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 22 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  18. ^ Palisca, Claude V. (2001). "Guido of Arezzo". In Pesce, Dolores (ed.). Grove Music Online. Revised by Dolores Pesce. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11968. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 19 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  19. ^ Teviotdale, Elizabeth C. (2001). "Wulfstan [Wulstan, Wolstan] of Winchester". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30612. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  20. ^ Treitler, Leo (Summer 1965). "Tone System in the Secular Works of Guillaume Dufay". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 18 (2). University of California Press: 131–169 (132). doi:10.2307/830681. JSTOR 830681.
  21. ^ Hiley, David (2001). "Otloh of St Emmeram". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52834. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 20 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  22. ^ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Hermannus Contractus". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12864. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  23. ^ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Berno of Reichenau". In Pesce, Dolores (ed.). Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02878. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  24. ^ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Wilhelm of Hirsau". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30319. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 22 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  25. ^ Hughes, Andrew (2001). "Aribo". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01233. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  26. ^ Huglo, Michel (2001). "Frutolfus of Michelsberg". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10324. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  27. ^ Lochner, Fabian (2001). "Theogerus of Metz". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27804. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  28. ^ Hughes, Andrew (2001). "Hugh of St Victor". Grove Music Online. Revised by Randall Rosenfeld. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13515. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  29. ^ Palisca, Claude (2001). "Johannes Cotto". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14349. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  30. ^ Fuller, Sarah (2001). "Guido of Eu". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12068. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  31. ^ Snyder, John L. (2001). "Theinred of Dover". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27784. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  32. ^ Hughes, Andrew (2001). "Bartholomeus Anglicus". In Rosenfeld, Randall; Loewen, Peter (eds.). Grove Music Online. Revised by Randall Rosenfeld. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02153. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  33. ^ Berry, Mary (2001). "Bacon [Baco], Roger". In Loewen, Peter (ed.). Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01727. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  34. ^ Seay, Albert (2019). "Petrus de Picardia". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21493. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  35. ^ Dyer, Joseph (2001). "Salomo, Elias". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08714. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  36. ^ Hughes, Andrew (2001). "Egidius [Johannes Aegidius; Juan Gil] de Zamora". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08614. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  37. ^ Baltzer, Rebecca A. (2001). "Lambertus, Magisterc". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.15893. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  38. ^ Gallo, F. Alberto (2001). "Amerus". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00791. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  39. ^ Hammond, Frederick (2001). "Hieronymus de Moravia". Grove Music Online. Revised by Edward H. Roesner. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14275. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  40. ^ Hughes, Andrew (2001). "Franco of Cologne". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10138. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  41. ^ Hughes, Andrew (2001). "Engelbert of Admont". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08803. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 4 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  42. ^ Hammond, Frederick (2001). "Jacobus of Liège". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14079. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 6 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  43. ^ Baltzer, Rebecca A. (2001). "Johannes de Garlandia". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14358. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 6 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  44. ^ Hughes, Andrew (2001). "Balox, Johannes". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01915. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  45. ^ Adkins, Cecil (2001). "Spechtshart, Hugo". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26377. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  46. ^ Sanders, Ernest H. (2001). "Petrus de Cruce". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21491. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  47. ^ Sanders, Ernest H. (2001). "Petrus Le Viser". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21496. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 28 August 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  48. ^ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Muris, Johannes de". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14237. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  49. ^ Bent, Margaret (2001). "Vitry, Philippe de". In Wathey, Andrew (ed.). Grove Music Online. Revised by Andrew Wathey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29535. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  50. ^ Hammond, Frederick (2001). "Odington, Walter". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20252. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  51. ^ Seay, Albert (2001). "Henricus de Zeelandia". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12802. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 28 August 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  52. ^ Gallo, F. Alberto (2001). "Vetulus de Anagnia, Johannes". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29271. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  53. ^ Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Willelmus". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30332. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 19 August 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  54. ^ Page, Christopher (2001). "Grocheio [Grocheo], Johannes de". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14359. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  55. ^ Anderson, Gordon A. (2001). "Boen [Boon], Johannes". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03379. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  56. ^ Herlinger, Jan (2001). "Marchetto da Padova". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17738. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  57. ^ Crowest, Frederick James. The Story of British Music. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 291.
  58. ^ Lefferts, Peter M. (2001). "Robert de Handlo". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23565. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  59. ^ Seay, Albert (2001). "Henricus Helene". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12803. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 24 July 2022. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  60. ^ Leech-Wilkinson, Daniel (2001). "Petrus frater dictus Palma ociosa". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21495. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  61. ^ Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Egidius [Aegidius] de Murino". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08612. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 26 November 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  62. ^ Florea, Luminita (2001). "John of Tewkesbury". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40513. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  63. ^ Lefferts, Peter M. (2001). "Hanboys [Hauboys], John". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12300. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  64. ^ Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Caserta, Philippus de". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43682. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  65. ^ Bent, Margaret; Fallows, David; Di Bacco, Giuliano; Nádas, John (2001). "Ciconia, Johannes". In Nádas, John; Bent, Margaret; Fallows, David (eds.). Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40689. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 7 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  66. ^ Fallows, David; Blackburn, Bonnie J. (2001). "Ugolino of Orvieto". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40462. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)

Sources

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