List of mammals of Sri Lanka
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This is a list of the mammal species recorded in Sri Lanka, with their respective names in Sinhala also listed. There are 125 mammal species in Sri Lanka, of which one is critically endangered, ten are endangered, ten are vulnerable, and three are near threatened.[1]
The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature:
| EX | Extinct | No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. |
| EW | Extinct in the wild | Known only to survive in captivity or as naturalized populations well outside its previous range. |
| CR | Critically endangered | The species is in imminent risk of extinction in the wild. |
| EN | Endangered | The species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. |
| VU | Vulnerable | The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. |
| NT | Near threatened | The species does not yet meet any of the criteria that would categorise it as risking extinction, but it is likely to do so in the future. |
| LC | Least concern | There are no current identifiable risks to the species. |
| DD | Data deficient | There is inadequate information to make an assessment of the risks to this species. |
Some species were assessed using an earlier set of criteria. Species assessed using this system have the following instead of near threatened and least concern categories:
| LR/cd | Lower risk/conservation dependent | Species which were the focus of conservation programmes and may have moved into a higher risk category if that programme had been discontinued. |
| LR/nt | Lower risk/near threatened | Species which are close to being classified as vulnerable, but are not the subject of conservation programmes. |
| LR/lc | Lower risk/least concern | Species for which there are no identifiable risks. |
Mammalian diversity
[edit]| Class | Order | Number of species | Endemic species | Endemism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mammals | Sirenia | 1 |
- |
-
|
| Proboscidea | 1 |
- |
-
| |
| Primates | 5 |
3 |
60%
| |
| Rodentia | 23 |
7 |
30.4%
| |
| Lagomorpha | 1 |
- |
-
| |
| Eulipotyphla | 10 |
6 |
60%
| |
| Chiroptera | 30 |
- |
-
| |
| Carnivora | 16 |
3 |
18.75%
| |
| Pholidota | 1 |
- |
-
| |
| Artiodactyla | 8 |
2 |
25%
| |
| Perissodactyla | 2 |
- |
-
| |
| Cetacea | 27 |
- |
-
|
Order: Proboscidea (elephants)
[edit]| Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asian elephant අලියා
|
Elephas maximus | Sri Lankan elephant, Elephas maximus maximus | Endangered[2] |
Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps, and marine wetlands. All four species are endangered.
The order Primates contains humans and their closest relatives: lemurs, lorisoids, monkeys, and apes.
| Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gray slender loris අලු උණහපුලුවා
|
Loris lydekkerianus | • Northern Ceylonese slender loris, Loris lydekkerianus nordicus • Highland slender loris, |
Least concern |
| Red slender loris ශ්රී ලංකා රත් උණහපුලුවා
|
Loris tardigradus | • Mountain slender loris, Loris tardigradus nycticeboides • Lowland slender loris, |
Endangered |
| Toque macaque රිලවා
|
Macaca sinica | • Dryzone toque macaque, Macaca sinica sinica • Wetzone toque macaque, • Highland toque macaque, |
Endangered |
| Tufted gray langur හැලි වඳුරා
|
Semnopithecus priam | • Sri Lanka tufted grey langur, Semnopithecus priam thersites |
Near threatened |
| Purple-faced langur ශ්රී ලංකා කලු වඳුරා
|
Trachypithecus vetulus | • Southern lowland wetzone purple-faced langur, Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus • Western purple-faced langur, • Dryzone purple-faced langur, • Bear monkey, • Northern purple-faced langur, |
Endangered |
Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (99 lb).
| Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lesser bandicoot rat මහ ඌරු මීයා
|
Bandicota bengalensis | Least concern | |
| Greater bandicoot rat හීන් ඌරු මීයා
|
Bandicota indica | Least concern | |
| Layard's palm squirrel ශ්රී ලංකා මූකලන් ලේනා |
Funambulus layardi | Vulnerable | |
| Dusky palm squirrel ශ්රී ලංකා පුංචි ලේනා |
Funambulus obscurus | Vulnerable | |
| Indian palm squirrel ලේනා
|
Funambulus palmarum | • Funambulus palmarum palmarum | Least concern |
| Indian bush rat පදුරු මීයා
|
Golunda ellioti | Least concern | |
| Indian porcupine ඉත්තෑවා
|
Hystrix indica | Least concern | |
| Blanford's rat වලිග සුදු වන මීයා
|
Madromys blanfordi | Least concern | |
| Soft-furred rat කෙස් මුදු කෙත් මීයා |
Millardia meltada | Least concern | |
| Little Indian field mouse වෙල් හීන් මීයා |
Mus booduga | Least concern | |
| Ceylon spiny mouse ශ්රී ලංකා කටු හීන් මීයා |
Mus fernandoni | Endangered | |
| Mayor's mouse ශ්රී ලංකා දෙපැහැ කටු හීන් මීයා |
Mus mayori | Vulnerable | |
| House mouse ගෙවල් මීයා
|
Mus musculus | Mus musculus castaneus | Least concern |
| Indian giant flying squirrel මහ හම්බාවා
|
Petaurista philippensis | Least concern | |
| Travancore flying squirrel හීන් හම්බාවා |
Petinomys fuscocapillus | • Petinomys fuscocapillus layardi | Near threatened |
| Nillu rat නෙලූ මීයා |
Rattus montanus | Endangered | |
| Brown rat පොදු ගේ මීයා
|
Rattus norvegicus | Least concern | |
| Grizzled giant squirrel දඬු ලේනා
|
Ratufa macroura | • Highland giant squirrel, Ratufa macroura macroura • Dryzone giant squirrel, • Intermediate giant squirrel, |
Near threatened |
| Ohiya rat ශ්රී ලංකා දෙපැහැ මීයා |
Srilankamys ohiensis | Vulnerable | |
| Indian gerbil වැලි මීයා
|
Tatera indica | Least concern | |
| Asiatic long-tailed climbing mouse ගස් මීයා
|
Vandeleuria oleracea | Least concern |
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Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)
[edit]The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.
| Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indian hare වල් හාවා
|
Lepus nigricollis | L. n. singhala | LC[4] |
Order: Soricomorpha (shrews, moles, and solenodons)
[edit]The "shrew-forms" are insectivorous mammals. The shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice, while the moles are stout-bodied burrowers.
| Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sinharaja shrew ශ්රී ලංකා සිංහරාජ කුණු හික් මීයා |
Crocidura hikmiya | Endangered | |
| Horsefield's shrew කුණු හික් මීයා |
Crocidura horsfieldii | Data deficient | |
| Sri Lankan long-tailed shrew ශ්රී ලංකා කුණු හික් මීයා |
Crocidura miya | Endangered | |
| Kelaart's long-clawed shrew පිරි හික් මීයා |
Feroculus feroculus | Endangered | |
| Pearson's long-clawed shrew ශ්රී ලංකා නිය දිගු මාහික් මීයා |
Solisorex pearsoni | Endangered | |
| Etruscan shrew පොඩි හික් මීයා
|
Suncus etruscus | Least concern | |
| Sri Lanka shrew ශ්රී ලංකා පොඩි හික් මීයා |
Suncus fellowesgordoni | Endangered | |
| Sri Lanka highland shrew ශ්රී ලංකා කදු හික් මීයා |
Suncus montanus | Vulnerable | |
| Asian house shrew පොදු හික් මීයා
|
Suncus murinus | Least concern | |
| Jungle shrew ශ්රී ලංකා කැලෑ හික් මීයා |
Suncus zeylanicus | Endangered |
Order: Chiroptera (bats)
[edit]The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.
| Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lesser short-nosed fruit bat හීන් තල වවුලා
|
Cynopterus brachyotis | LC[5] | |
| Greater short-nosed fruit bat තල වවුලා
|
Cynopterus sphinx | Least concern | |
| Indian flying fox මා වවුලා
|
Pteropus giganteus | LC[6] | |
| Leschenault's rousette බොර කහ පලා වවුලා |
Rousettus leschenaulti | Least concern | |
| Hardwicke's woolly bat රත් බොර කිරි වවුලා |
Kerivoula hardwickii | Least concern | |
| Painted bat රත් බොර කිරි වවුලා
|
Kerivoula picta | Least concern | |
| Lesser large-footed bat බොර වවුලා |
Myotis hasseltii | Least concern | |
| Chocolate pipistrelle බොර හීන් වවුලා |
Falsistrellus affinis | Least concern | |
| Tickell's bat අවර වවුලා |
Hesperoptenus tickelli | Least concern | |
| Kelaart's pipistrelle රත් බොර කොස්ඇට වවුලා |
Pipistrellus ceylonicus | Least concern | |
| Indian pipistrelle ඉන්දු කොස්ඇට වවුලා
|
Pipistrellus coromandra | Least concern | |
| Greater Asiatic yellow bat මහ කහ වවුලා |
Scotophilus heathii | Least concern | |
| Lesser Asiatic yellow bat හීන් කහ වවුලා
|
Scotophilus kuhlii | Least concern | |
| Round-eared tube-nosed bat නළ නැහැ වවුලා |
Murina cyclotis | Least concern | |
| Eastern bent-wing bat දික්පිය වවුලා |
Miniopterus fuliginosus | Least concern | |
| Wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat පොදු රැලිතොල් වවුලා
|
Chaerephon plicata | Least concern | |
| Egyptian free-tailed bat මහදිව් රැලිතොල් වවුලා
|
Tadarida aegyptiaca | Least concern | |
| Naked-rumped pouched bat පැස්පිරී වවුලා |
Saccolaimus saccolaimus | Least concern | |
| Long-winged tomb bat දික්බා කෙපුලුම් වවුලා
|
Taphozous longimanus | Least concern | |
| Black-bearded tomb bat රැවුලකලු කෙපුලුම් වවුලා
|
Taphozous melanopogon | Least concern | |
| Greater false vampire bat මහ බොරු ලේ වවුලා
|
Megaderma lyra | Least concern | |
| Lesser false vampire bat කන්දිගු බොරු ලේ වවුලා
|
Megaderma spasma | Least concern | |
| Lesser woolly horseshoe bat හීන් අස්ලාඩම් වවුලා
|
Rhinolophus beddomei | Least concern | |
| Woolly horseshoe bat අස්ලාඩම් වවුලා |
Rhinolophus luctus | Least concern | |
| Rufous horseshoe bat බොරත් අස්ලාඩම් වවුලා
|
Rhinolophus rouxi | Least concern | |
| Dusky leaf-nosed bat දෙපැහැ පත්නැහැ වවුලා |
Hipposideros ater | Least concern | |
| Fulvus roundleaf bat මැලෑකහ පත්නැහැ වවුලා
|
Hipposideros fulvus | Least concern | |
| Cantor's roundleaf bat කෙස්දිගු පත්නැහැ වවුලා |
Hipposideros galeritus | Least concern | |
| Indian roundleaf bat මහ පත්නැහැ වවුලා
|
Hipposideros lankadiva | Least concern | |
| Schneider's leaf-nosed bat කෙස්කෙටි පත්නැහැ වවුලා
|
Hipposideros speoris | Least concern |
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The order Pholidota comprises the eight species of pangolin. Pangolins are anteaters and have the powerful claws, elongated snout and long tongue seen in the other unrelated anteater species.
| Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indian pangolin කබල්ලෑවා
|
Manis crassicaudata | EN[7] |
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The order Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater.
| Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Minke whale මින්කි තල්මසා
|
Balaenoptera acutorostrata | Dwarf minke whale | Least concern |
| Bryde's whale බ්ර්ය්ඩ් තල්මසා
|
Balaenoptera edeni | Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale | Data deficient |
| Blue whale නිල් තල්මසා
|
Balaenoptera musculus | Pygmy blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda |
Endangered |
| Fin whale වරල් තල්මසා
|
Balaenoptera physalus | Southern fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus quoyi |
Endangered |
| Humpback whale මොල්ලි තල්මසා
|
Megaptera novaeangliae | Megaptera novaeangliae (Arabian Sea subpopulation) | Endangered |
| Finless porpoise අවරල් දෙනුවා
|
Neophocaena phocaenoides | Neophocaena phocaenoides phocaenoides | Vulnerable |
| Sperm whale මන්ද තල්මසා
|
Physeter macrocephalus | Vulnerable | |
| Pygmy sperm whale කුරු මන්ද තල්මසා
|
Kogia breviceps | Data deficient | |
| Dwarf sperm whale මිටි මන්ද තල්මසා
|
Kogia sima | Data deficient | |
| Cuvier's beaked whale කුවියර් උල් තල්මසා
|
Ziphius cavirostris | Least concern | |
| Blainville's beaked whale බ්ලේයින් හොබු තල්මසා
|
Mesoplodon densirostris | Data deficient | |
| Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale හොබු තල්මසා |
Mesoplodon ginkgodens | Data deficient | |
| Deraniyagala's beaked whale දැරණිලගලගේ උල්හොට තල්මසා |
Mesoplodon hotaula | - | |
| Risso's dolphin අළු මුල්ලා
|
Grampus griseus | Least concern | |
| Fraser's dolphin කෙටිහොට මුල්ලා
|
Lagenodelphis hosei | Least concern | |
| Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin ඉන්දු ශාන්තිකර මොල්ලි මුල්ලා
|
Sousa chinensis | Near threatened | |
| Pantropical spotted dolphin තිත් මුල්ලා
|
Stenella attenuata | Stenella attenuata attenuata | Least concern |
| Striped dolphin වෛරම් මුල්ලා
|
Stenella coeruleoalba | Least concern | |
| Spinner dolphin බමන මුල්ලා
|
Stenella longirostris | Stenella longirostris longirostris | Data deficient |
| Rough-toothed dolphin රලුදත් මුල්ලා
|
Steno bredanensis | Data deficient | |
| Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin ඉන්දු පැසිෆික් බෝතල්නාස මුල්ලා
|
Tursiops aduncus | Data deficient | |
| Bottlenose dolphin බෝතල්නාස මුල්ලා
|
Tursiops truncatus | Tursiops truncatus (Mediterranean subpopulation) | Least concern |
| Melon-headed whale පුහුල් ඔළු මුල්ලා
|
Peponocephala electra | Least concern | |
| Pygmy killer whale කුරු මිනී තල්මසා
|
Feresa attenuata | Data deficient | |
| False killer whale බොරු මිනී තල්මසා
|
Pseudorca crassidens | Data deficient | |
| Killer whale මිනී තල්මසා
|
Orcinus orca | Data deficient | |
| Short-finned pilot whale නියමු තල්මසා
|
Globicephala macrorhynchus | Data deficient |
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There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition.
| Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Golden jackal හිවලා
|
Canis aureus | Sri Lankan jackal, C. a. naria | LC[8] |
| Jungle cat වල් බළලා / වල් බාවා
|
Felis chaus | Sri Lankan jungle cat, F. c. kelaarti | LC[9] |
| Indian grey mongoose මුගටියා
|
Urva edwardsii | LC[10] | |
| Indian brown mongoose බොර මුගටියා
|
Urva fusca | LC | |
| Ruddy mongoose හෝතබුවා
|
Urva smithii | LC[11] | |
| Stripe-necked mongoose මහ මුගටියා
|
Urva vitticolla | U. v. vitticolla | LC[12] |
| Eurasian otter දිය බල්ලා
|
Lutra lutra | L. l. nair | NT[13] |
| Sloth bear මන්ද වලහා
|
Melursus ursinus | Sri Lankan sloth bear, M. u. inornatus | VU[14] |
| Leopard කොටියා
|
Panthera pardus | Sri Lankan leopard, P. p. kotiya |
Endangered |
| Asian palm civet කලවැද්දා
|
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus | LC[15] | |
| Golden palm civet ශ්රී ලංකා බොර කලවැද්දා
|
Paradoxurus zeylonensis | VU[16] | |
| Rusty-spotted cat කොල දිවියා
|
Prionailurus rubiginosus | P. r. phillipsi | NT[17] |
| Fishing cat හදුන් දිවියා
|
Prionailurus viverrinus | VU[18] | |
| Small Indian civet උරුලෑවා
|
Viverricula indica | V. i. mayori | LC[19] |
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Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)
[edit]The even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans.
| Name | Binomial | Subspecies | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chital තිත් මුවා
|
Axis axis | Sri Lankan axis deer, Axis axis ceylonensis |
Least concern |
| Indian hog deer විල් මුවා
|
Axis porcinus | Axis porcinus porcinus | Endangered; possibly introduced |
| Gaur ගවරා
|
Bos gaurus | Extirpated | |
| Wild water buffalo කුළු මීහරකා
|
Bubalus arnee | Bubalus arnee migona | Endangered |
| Sri Lankan yellow-striped chevrotain ශ්රී ලංකා කහ ඉරි මීමින්නා |
Moschiola kathygre | Least concern | |
| Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ශ්රී ලංකා සුදු තිත් මීමින්නා
|
Moschiola meminna | Least concern | |
| Indian muntjac ඕලු මුවා / වැලි මුවා
|
Muntiacus muntjak | Muntiacus muntjak malabaricus | Least concern |
| Sambar deer ගෝනා
|
Rusa unicolor | Sri Lankan sambar deer, Rusa unicolor unicolor |
Vulnerable |
| Wild boar වල් ඌරා
|
Sus scrofa | Indian boar, Sus scrofa cristatus |
Least concern |
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See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Mammals of Sri Lanka by Asoka Yapa and Gamini Ratnavira, ISBN 978-955-8576-32-8
Notes
[edit]- ^ This list is derived from the IUCN Red List which lists species of mammals and includes those mammals that have recently been classified as extinct (since 1500 AD). The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles as of 21 May 2007 and supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN, Smithsonian Institution, or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available.
- ^ Williams, C.; Tiwari, S.K.; Goswami, V.R.; de Silva, S.; Easa, P.S.; Kumar, A.; Baskaran, N.; Yoganand, K. & Menon, V. (2020). "Elephas maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T7140A45818198.
- ^ Marsh, H. & Sobtzick, S. (2019). "Dugong dugon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6909A160756767.
- ^ Nameer, P.O. & Smith, A.T. (2019). "Lepus nigricollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41282A45188041.
- ^ Csorba, G.; Bumrungsri, S.; Bates, P.; Gumal, M.; Kingston, T.; Molur, S. & Srinivasulu, C. (2019). "Cynopterus brachyotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6103A22113381.
- ^ Tsang, S.M. (2021) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Pteropus giganteus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18725A194134899. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18725A194134899.en. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ Mahmood, T.; Challender, D.; Khatiwada, A.; Andleeb, S.; Perera, P.; Trageser, S.; Ghose, A. & Mohapatra, R. (2019). "Manis crassicaudata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T12761A123583998.
- ^ Hoffmann, M.; Arnold, J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Jhala, Y.; Kamler, J. F. & Krofel, M. (2018). "Canis aureus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T118264161A46194820.
- ^ Gray, T.N.E.; Timmins, R.J.; Jathana, D.; Duckworth, J.W.; Baral, H. & Mukherjee, S. (2016). "Felis chaus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8540A50651463.
- ^ Mudappa, D. & Choudhury, A. (2016). "Herpestes edwardsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41611A45206787.
- ^ Mudappa, D. & Choudhury, A. (2016). "Herpestes smithii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41617A45208195.
- ^ Muddapa, D.; Choudhury, A.; Punjabi, G. A. (2016). "Herpestes vitticollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41619A45208503.
- ^ Roos, A.; Loy, A.; de Silva, P.; Hajkova, P. & Zemanová, B. (2015). "Lutra lutra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12419A21935287.
- ^ Dharaiya, N.; Bargali, H. S. & Sharp, T. (2020). "Melursus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13143A166519315.
- ^ Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R.J.; Choudhury, A.; Chutipong, W.; Willcox, D.H.A.; Mudappa, D.; Rahman, H.; Widmann, P.; Wilting, A. & Xu, W. (2016). "Paradoxurus hermaphroditus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41693A45217835.
- ^ Duckworth, J. W.; Mudappa, D.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Woolgar, J.; de Silva Wijeyeratne, G. & Hall, J. (2016). "Paradoxurus zeylonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41694A45218119.
- ^ Mukherjee, S.; Duckworth, J. W.; Silva, A.; Appel, A. & Kittle, A. (2016). "Prionailurus rubiginosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18149A50662471. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ Mukherjee, S.; Appel, A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Sanderson, J.; Dahal, S.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Herranz Muñoz, V.; Malla, G.; Ratnayaka, A.; Kantimahanti, M.; Thudugala, A.; Thaung, R.; Rahman, H. (2016). "Prionailurus viverrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18150A50662615.
- ^ Choudhury, A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R.; Chutipong, W.; Willcox, D.H.A.; Rahman, H.; Ghimirey, Y. & Mudappa, D. (2015). "Viverricula indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41710A45220632.
References
[edit]- "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mammals of Sri Lanka". IUCN. 2001. Retrieved 22 May 2007. [dead link]
- "Mammal Species of the World". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
- "Animal Diversity Web". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 1995–2006. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
