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List of journalists killed in Turkey

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Following the killing of Armenian journalist Hrant Dink in Istanbul on 19 January 2007 various lists of journalists killed in Turkey since the early 20th century were published. One such list was published by the Turkish Association of Journalists (tr: Türkiye Gazeteciler Cemiyeti). It contains 68 names of journalists killed between 1909 and 2022.[1] A "Platform of imprisoned journalists" published a list in April 2012 that contained 112 names.[2] Yet, it is difficult to obtain detailed information in particular on early cases, in order to determine whether the deaths had been assassinations directly linked to the profession of the victims.

It also appears that some people were not journalists by profession, but affiliated to certain publications as readers, vendors or even part-time publishers of political comments. These people will not be included in the lists, apart from people who were killed because they distributed certain publications.

In some cases, the state has been seen guilty for assassinating Kurdish journalists.[by whom?]

Killings until September 1980

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Only few cases of journalists killed in Turkey between the foundation of the Republic and the military coup of 12 September 1980 were listed. Yet, some of these killings were high-profile assassinations that contributed to the atmosphere of political violence (often termed "civil war") that the Turkish army used as the main reason for its intervention. A bit more information is available on some of the 15 cases reported for this period:

Name Publication Place Date Remarks
Hikmet Şevket 1930
Sabahattin Ali Marko Paşa Edirne 2 April 1948 listed under writers
Hüseyin Şen KAWA Istanbul 21 March 1978 He was the editor-in-chief of the journal and member of a Kurdish newspaper. He was allegedly tortured and killed in Selimiye (Istanbul) military prison.[3]
Gani Bozarslan Aydınlık 10 May 1978 Translated books from Kurdish to Turkish
Ali İhsan Özgür Politika Istanbul 21 November 1978 Politika was first issued by DİSK and later by the TKP. Ali İhsan Özgür disappeared so that the family had difficulties in identifying him.[4]
Cengiz Polatkan Hafta Sonu Ankara 1 December 1978
Abdi İpekçi Milliyet Istanbul 1 February 1979 Two members of the ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves, Oral Çelik and Mehmet Ali Ağca (who later shot pope John Paul II), murdered Abdi İpekçi in his car on the way back home from his office in front of his apartment building in Istanbul.[5] Ağca was caught due to an informant and was sentenced to life in prison. After serving six months in a military prison in Istanbul, Ağca escaped with the help of military officer.
İlhan Darendelioğlu Ortadoğu Istanbul 19 November 1979 Member of the MHP, see tr:İlhan Egemen Darendelioğlu
İsmail Gerçeksöz Ortadoğu Istanbul 4 April 1980 Also published books[6]
Hayrabet Honca Halkın Birliği Kayseri 1 May 1980 Member of TKP/ML Hareketi, killed by right-wingers
Ümit Kaftancıoğlu TRT Istanbul 11 April 1980 Right-wing Ahmet Mustafa Kıvılcım stated in his interrogation by the police that he killed Ümit Kaftancıoğlu, because he was a "leftist", but later rejected the statement. He remained four months in pre-trial detention and was released. The assailants were not found.[7]
Muzaffer Fevzioğlu Hizmet Trabzon 15 April 1980
Recai Ünal Demokrat Istanbul 22 July 1980 Allegedly kidnapped and tortured[8]

Killings in the 1980s and 1990s with laicist journalists as targets

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Further information: List of assassinated people from Turkey

After the military coup of 1980 fewer journalists were killed in the fight between the radical left and the extreme right. After the end of the 1980s there have been several killings of journalists known for their anti-government attitude and secular (in Turkey also termed laicist). In some cases members of radical Islamic organizations have been prosecuted and condemned for these killings. In one case a militant of the PKK allegedly confessed to such a killing. Other killings in the 1980s and 1990s include:

Name Publication Place Date Remarks
Mevlüt Işıt Türkiye Ankara 1 June 1988
Kamil Başaran Gazete İstanbul 28 February 1989 Shot by the owner of a restaurant, who did not like his way of reporting.
Seracettin Müftüoğlu Hürriyet Nusaybin 29 June 1989
Sami Başaran Gazete İstanbul 7 November 1989 He had an interview with the leader of a Kurdish tribe from Mardin in his office in Aksaray (Istanbul), where he was shot
Çetin Emeç Hürriyet İstanbul 7 March 1990 Two people entered his car and shot him and his driver Sinan Ercan. Four members of the Islamic Movement Organization (tr: İslami Hareket Örgütü were sentenced to life imprisonment, but his brother does not believe that the true killers were caught.[9]
Turan Dursun 2000'e Doğru İstanbul 4 September 1990 A member of the Islamic Movement Organization (tr: İslami Hareket Örgütü was sentenced to life imprisonment, but the person believed to be his killer remains free.[9]
Uğur Mumcu Cumhuriyet Ankara 24 January 1993 While different hypothesis exist on who was behind the killing the prosecutor's office in Ankara maintains that two assassins were sentenced and a case opened against the third suspect, all three of them being members of the Tawhid-Salaam Jerusalem Organization (tr: Tevhid-Selam Kudüs) that was allegedly behind the murder.[10]
Onat Kutlar Cumhuriyet İstanbul 11 January 1995 The brother of the archaeologist Yasemin Cebenoyan, who had died in the same bomb attack, complained that many people thought the murder had not been solved or that an Islamic organization was behind it. He was convicted in 2005, but as a confessor was released after 9.5 years' imprisonment.[11] The attack was later revealed to be carried out by PKK.[12]
Ahmet Taner Kışlalı Cumhuriyet Ankara 21 October 1999 His death as well as the killings of Uğur Mumcu, Prof. Dr. Ahmet Taner Kışlalı, Prof. Dr. Muammer Aksoy and Assistant Professor Dr. Bahriye Üçok were the subject of a trial at Ankara Heavy Penal Court 11 known as the Umut (Hope) case. The court ruled that the defendants had formed an illegal organization by the name of "Kudüs Ordusu" (Jerusalem Army) and "Tevhid Selam" (Tawhid-Salaam) and had committed violent acts in Turkey. On 28 July 2005 one defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment, while seven others received sentences as leaders or members of an illegal organization.[13] The Court of Cassation confirmed the sentence of the main suspect on 11 November 2006.[14]

Journalists and vendors killed in the Kurdish-Turkish conflict

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In the 1990s the Kurdish-Turkish conflict became harsher with a large number of casualties on both sides. At the same time more and more civilians fell victim to extrajudicial killings, murders by unknown assailants (tr: faili meçhul), a term used in Turkish to indicate that the perpetrators were not identified because of them being protected by the State and cases of disappearance. Soon after the pro-Kurdish press had started to publish the first daily newspaper by the name of "Özgür Gündem" (Free Agenda) killings of Kurdish journalists started. In many cases, the state was blamed for murders and in some cases the Turkish variety of the radical Islamic organization Hizbullah was made responsible for the killings, in others the PKK was accused, but the majority remained without a clear indication to the persons behind the fatal attacks. Hardly any of them has been clarified or resulted in sanctions for the assailants. Among the 33 journalists that were killed in the first half of the 1990s are also cases not related to the Kurdish conflict. In 2008, the European Court of Human Right condemned Turkey for executing and assassinating Kurdish journalists and writers. Musa Anter, a prominent Kurdish writer, was killed by JİTEM in 1992.[15]

Among Kurdish patriots (tr: yurtsever, often used as an acronym for sympathizers of the PKK by the state) the "tradition" that started with Özgür Gündem is often called "history of the free press". In this context the figure of 76 victims (called martyrs of the press; tr: basın şehitleri) is often mentioned.[16] In 2008, the ECHR has condemned Turkey for assassinating Musa Anter who was working for Özgur Gundem.[15]

Yet, the number of staff members of the "free press" and volunteers to distribute dailies and weeklies termed "Kurdish free press" that were killed "on duty", particularly during the early stages of reporting on the Kurdish question in Turkey remains high. The list of names of distributors of Özgür Gündem and its successors that were killed (while the perpetrators mostly remained unknown) includes 18 names. Among the 33 journalists that were killed between 1990 and 1995 most were working for the so-called Kurdish Free Press.

Name Publication Place Date Remarks
Gündüz Etil Yeni Günaydın İstanbul 18 September 1991
Halit Güngen 2000'e Doğru Diyarbakır 18 February 1992 Killed by unidentified persons two days after reporting that eyewitnesses and sympathizers of Turkish Hezbollah had said that members of the organization were educated in the headquarters of Turkey's rapid deployment force (Çevik Kuvvet) in Diyarbakır.[17]
Cengiz Altun Yeni Ülke Batman 25 February 1992 Killed by six bullets fired into his back as he was on his way to work.[18]
İzzet Kezer Sabah Cizre, Şırnak Province 23 March 1992 A journalist for the mainstream daily, Sabah; shot and killed by security forces during violence that followed the celebration of the Kurdish New Year. During a state-imposed curfew, Kezer and other journalists emerged from their hotel waving white flags. No shooting was going on at the time. Kezer, at the head of the group, reached an intersection and was shot dead by security forces who fired from an armored personnel carrier. No action was taken against the security forces responsible for his death.[18]
Bülent Ülkü Körfeze Bakış Bursa 1 April 1992 Found wounded near Uludağ on 1 April and died shortly afterwards. The autopsy certified marks of handcuffs and ink on his fingers.[19] Officials claimed that he was the victims of an internal dispute between left-wing organizations, but friends denied this.[20]
Mecit Akgün 2000e Doğru Nusaybin, Mardin 2 June 1992 His body was found hanging from a telephone pole near the village of Colova in Nusaybin. It was claimed that a statement was found on his body saying that he was "punished because he was a traitor", this was allegedly signed by the PKK.[18]
Hafız Akdemir Özgür Gündem Diyarbakır 8 June 1992 Killed by a single bullet into the back of his head, fifty meters from his home in Diyarbakir. Özgür Gündem began publication on 30 May 1992; reporters stated that they had received telephoned threats for several days, several addressed to Akdemir. He had written about the Islamic organization Hezbollah and Turkish counterguerrillas.[21][18]
Çetin Ababay Özgür Halk Batman 29 July 1992 Shot in the head by three unidentified men while on his way home in Batman.[18]
Yahya Orhan Özgür Gündem Gercüş, Batman Province 31 July 1992 Shot and killed by unknown assailants. Özgür Gündem reported that he had been stopped on the street and threatened.[18]
Hüseyin Deniz Özgür Gündem Ceylanpınar, Şanlıurfa Province 9 August 1992 Critically wounded by a bullet fired into his neck. He was also the regional correspondent for the daily, Cumhuriyet.[18]
Musa Anter Özgür Gündem Diyarbakır 20 September 1992 He had written for Özgür Gündem and Yeni Ulke, as well as for the Kurdish newspaper Welat. He was also the chairman of the board of the Mesopotamian Cultural Center in Istanbul. He was reportedly lured from his hotel on false pretenses and shot in the outskirts of Diyarbakir. A relative accompanying him was shot and wounded at the same time.[18]
Mehmet Sait Erten Azadi-Denk Diyarbakır 3 November 1992
Yaşar Aktay free-lanced Hani, Diyarbakır 9 November 1992 Killed during clashes between the PKK militants and government forces.[19]
Hatip Kapçak Serbest/Hürriyet Mazıdağı, Mardin 18 November 1992 Mardin reporter for a local newspaper, Soz, and for the weekly journal, Gercek (Fact). Killed in an armed attack in the Mazidagi district of Mardin on 18 November. He had been researching and reporting on the activities of the Turkish Hezbollah organization, which allegedly has ties to security forces. He had served six years in prison on political charges following the 1980 military coup. After his release, he wrote for the mainstream daily, Gunes, and then for the daily, Hurriyet.[18]
Namık Tarancı Gerçek Diyarbakır 20 November 1992 Shot and killed on his way to work. He reportedly received three bullets in his head after an attack by two assailants and died on the spot.[18]
Kemal Kılıç Yeni Ülke Şanlıurfa 18 February 1993 Shot dead with two bullets in the head by four assailants. He had been writing for the newspaper Yeni Ulke since the suspension of publication of Özgür Gündem in January. He was also a member of the board of the Urfa Branch of the Turkish Human Rights Association. Mehmet Senol, the Diyarbakir representative for Özgür Gündem, reported that Kilic had applied for a gun license, but that his application had been rejected.[18] He was shot and killed by unknown assailants in Kulunce Village, near Sanliurfa. Police had questioned him about a news release he had published on the difficulties distributors had faced in selling the newspaper in Sanliurfa Province.[22]
Mehmet İhsan Karakuş Silvan Gazetesi Silvan, Diyarbakır 13 March 1993 Owner of the local newspaper Silvan. Shot by unknown assailants that were not identified until the end of 1993.[23]
Ercan Gürel Hürriyet News Agency Bergama, Izmir Province 20 May 1993 Veysel Özakıncı was detained as his killer and stated that he killed him because of a dispute of the ownership of land.[23]
Ömer Taşar Milli Gazete Sarajevo 26 June 1993 Killed by fire opened from Serbian positions while covering the Bosnian Civil War.[23]
İhsan Uygur Sabah İstanbul 6 July 1993
Rıza Güneşer Halkın Gücü İstanbul 14 July 1993 Owner of the left-wing journal "Halkın Gücü". The murder is believed to have been committed by the "Bedri Yağan group", a split of the Devrimci Sol[23]
Ferhat Tepe Özgür Gündem Bitlis 28 July 1993 Disappeared when he was reportedly forced to get into a car. Although several teams of police were seen patrolling the streets at the time, they denied any knowledge of the incident. On 8 August a body found in Lake Hazar, near Elazığ, was identified as being Tepe's.[24] On 9 May 2003 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the material in the case file does not enable it to conclude beyond all reasonable doubt that the applicant's son was abducted and killed by any State agent or person acting on behalf of the State authorities.[25]
Muzaffer Akkuş Milliyet Bingöl 20 September 1993 Killed by unknown assailants.[2][23]
Ruhi Can Tul TDN[26] Kırıkkale 14 January 1994 Died when a bomb exploded in a bus going from Ankara to Samsun. Three others were killed. The PKK allegedly claimed responsibility for the attack.[27]
Nazım Babaoğlu Gündem Siverek, Şanlıurfa Province 12 March 1994 Presumed dead after disappearing in Siverek, a small town near Sanliurfa. He had traveled there to follow up on a news tip from a colleague, who later denied phoning him.[28]
Kamil Koşapınar Zaman Erzurum 19 March 1994 According to the newspaper he worked for, he was killed by a stray bullet at a photo shop.
İsmail Ağay Özgür Ülke Batman 29 May 1994 Surname might be Ağaya; according to the Bar Association in Batman he is "missing" since December 1994.[29]
Erol Akgün Devrimci Çözüm Gebze, Kocaeli Province 8 September 1994 Editor-in-chief of the left-wing weekly Devrimci Cozum. Killed by unidentified assailants as he left his home in Gebze, near Istanbul. His colleagues at the paper believe a rival left-wing faction killed him because he was the weekly's editor.[30]
Bahri Işık Çağdaş Marmara İstanbul 17 September 1994
Ersin Yıldız Özgür Ülke İstanbul 3 December 1994 Died when the offices of his paper in Istanbul were destroyed by a bomb, planted by unidentified persons, 19 staff members were wounded.[27]
Bekir Kutmangil Yeni Günaydın İstanbul 23 May 1995 Owner of the local newspaper, but was reportedly involved in affairs of organized crime. A rival was made responsible for the killing.[31]
Nail Aydın Son Haber Giresun 28 July 1995
Seyfettin Tepe Yeni Politika Bitlis 28 August 1995 Also spelled Safyettin Tepe, was taken into custody on 22 August. Four days later he was moved to the Bitlis Security Directorate. He died in custody on 29 August. His family was told that he committed suicide but rejects that official explanation.[32]

At the same time several people distributing pro-Kurdish newspaper in the region under a state of emergency, were also killed.[33]

Killings of journalists since 1995

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The killings of journalists in Turkey since 1995 are more or less individual cases. Most prominent among the victims is Hrant Dink, killed in 2007, but the death of Metin Göktepe also raised great concern, since police officers beat him to death. Since 2014, several Syrian journalists who were working from Turkey and reporting on the rise of Daesh have been assassinated.

The death of Metin Alataş in 2010 is also a source of disagreement – while the autopsy claimed it was suicide, his family and colleagues demanded an investigation. He had formerly received death threats and had been violently assaulted.[34]

Name Publication Place Date Remarks
Metin Göktepe Evrensel Istanbul 8 January 1996 Beaten to death by police, prompting a public outcry among journalists. After several trials, retrials, and appeals, in January 2000, an appeals court upheld seven-and-a-half-year prison sentences for five police officers involved in the killing.[35]
Yemliha Kaya Halkın Gücü Istanbul 27 July 1996 Owner and editor-in-chief of the journal Halkın Gücü (Power of the People). Died as the result of a hunger strike against prison conditions. She was in prison since 1995, charged with membership of the DHKP-C.[36]
Selahattin Turgay Daloğlu Istanbul 9 September 1996 Known as a writer of books about Fatsa (self-administration in Fatsa, see de:Selbstverwaltung in Fatsa). He was killed at his home.
Reşat Aydın AA, TRT 20 June 1997
Abdullah Doğan Candan Fm Konya 13 July 1997
Ünal Mesuloğlu TRT Manisa 8 November 1997
Mehmet Topaloğlu Kurtuluş Adana 28 January 1998 Adana representative of the newspaper Kurtuluş. Killed by police officers in a house raid along with Selahattin Akıncı, a vendor for the same paper and Bülent Dil, on the night of 28 January.[37]
Önder Babat Devrimci Hareket Istanbul 3 March 2004 Shot in the head with a 9 mm pistol after leaving the office of his paper in Beyoğlu (Istanbul) together with three friends. It has not been found out who the attackers were, where they came from and why they shot him.[38] The ECtHR considered that the material in the case file did not enable it to conclude beyond all reasonable doubt that Önder Babat was killed by any State agent or person acting on behalf of the State authorities. Therefore, there had been no violation of Article 2 on that account.[39]
Yaşar Parlak Silvan Mücadele Silvan 18 August 2004 Started as an amateur journalist with Günaydın in 1973. After 1976 he worked for the news agency Akdeniz. His first book "History of Silvan" was released 1980. His research on unsolved killings in Silvan "Şehitler Şehri Silvan" (Town of Martyrs: Silvan) was released in 2004, but the governor banned its distribution. In April 2004 he was detained on allegations that he had kidnapped a girl (a young woman looking after his mother). He was released after one month. Two months later he was shot in his neck with one bullet.The assailants were identified.[40]
Hrant Dink Agos Istanbul 19 January 2007 Managing editor of the bilingual Turkish-Armenian weekly Agos, was shot outside his newspaper's offices in Istanbul. A day later, police arrested the alleged gunman, 17-year-old Ogün Samast, who reportedly confessed to the crime.[41] Amnesty International says that the authorities have failed to address state officials' alleged involvement in his killing. Calls by his family to investigate the collusion and negligence of state officials in the murder, backed by a European Court of Human Rights judgment in 2010, have not been heeded.[42]
İsmail Cihan Hayırsevener Güney Marmara Yaşam Bandırma, Balıkesir Province 19 December 2009 12 people went on trial for his murder in Istanbul. The founder of the newspaper İlk Haber (First News), İhsan Kuruoğlu was accused of having instructed Serkan Erakkuş to kill Hayırsevener.[43] On 1 August 2013, the court sentenced Kuruoğlu to 27 years' imprisonment.[44]
Nuh Köklü Istanbul 17 February 2015 While playing snowball with his friends in Kadıköy, he was stabbed to death during a brawl after the snowball hit the window of a shopkeeper's shop.[45]
Ibrahim Abdulkader Ayn Watan Şanlıurfa 27 December 2015 Syrian refugee. Islamic State claimed responsibility.[46]
Firas Hammadi Ayn Watan Şanlıurfa 27 December 2015 Syrian refugee. Islamic State claimed responsibility.[46]
Naji al Jurf Hentah Gaziantep 27 December 2015 Syrian refugee. Nobody claimed responsibility for the assassination, which happened as his family were seeking asylum in France.[47]
Rohat Aktaş Azadiya Welat Cizre, Şırnak 24 February 2016 Caught in the crossfire between the Turkish military and the PKK.[48][49]
Zaher al-Shurqat Aleppo Today Gaziantep 12 April 2016 Syrian journalist died in hospital on April 12, 2016 after being shot in the head by a masked man on April 10 on a street in Gaziantep. He was 36 years old. Islamic State claimed responsibility for the killing.[50]
Mustafa Cambaz Yeni Şafak Istanbul 15 July 2016 During the 2016 military coup attempt, the photojournalist and recording photographer died when rebel soldiers opened fire near Çengelköy Police Station.[51]
Halla Barakat ABC News Istanbul 21 September 2017 Authorities arrested and secured a confession from a distant relative for the murder of Halla and her mother due to financial reasons, but her family, friends and colleagues suspect that "her work may have threatened powerful figures with the motive and means to silence them." Outside experts familiar with the case, said that the documents reveal several inconsistencies and outright contradictions in the official narrative.[52]
Jamal Khashoggi The Washington Post Istanbul 2 October 2018 Murdered by Saudi agents in the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul.[53]
Güngör Arslan Ses Kocaeli İzmit, Kocaeli Province 19 February 2022 Publisher and news editor of the local online newspaper Ses Kocaeli. Was shot in the right leg and chest in his office. Arslan was hospitalized but could not be saved. According to the indictment, prosecutors claim that Arslan was killed because of his journalistic activities, including his columns on alleged corruption in local government activities.[54]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Öldürülen Gazeteciler". www.tgc.org.tr. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b "103 yılda 112 gazeteci ve yazar öldürüldü" (in Turkish). 4 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  3. ^ See an article written by his friends at Newroz Şehidi Hüseyin Şen Yoldaş!! Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine; here the date of death is given as 21 March 1979; Retrieved 31 October 2012
  4. ^ Aras, Turgay. "Ali İhsan Özgür ve Politika Gazetesi". Politika Gazetesi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  5. ^ Ganser, Daniele, NATO's secret armies: operation Gladio and terrorism in Western Europe, (Routledge, 2005), 238.
  6. ^ "biyografi.net - İsmail Gerçeksöz". www.biyografi.net. Archived from the original on 27 August 2002. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  7. ^ Pelek, Semra (10 April 2010). "Kaftancıoğlu'nun Katili 30 Yıl Sonra Hala Cezasız". Bianet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  8. ^ Temelkuran, Ece. "'Söz gerillası yapıyoruz sıkıysa durdurun!'". birgun.net (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  9. ^ a b "Turan Dursun'un katili nerede?". İstanbul Gerçeği (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  10. ^ "Wall around Murder of Journalist Mumcu Holds". Bianet. 12 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  11. ^ CEBENOYAN, CÜNEYT. "Onat Kutlar cinayeti ve PKK". birgun.net (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  12. ^ "Archive.ph". Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  13. ^ "Wochenbericht 30/2005 – DTF". www.tuerkeiforum.net. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  14. ^ "Wochenbericht 46/2006 – DTF". www.tuerkeiforum.net. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  15. ^ a b "JİTEM's illegal actions cost Turkey a fortune". Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  16. ^ See a film produced on the 20th anniversary of Özgür Gündem reproduced on the Wiki "B-Ob8ungen" under Freie Presse oder Partei im Kurdenkonflikt? Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine (text in Turkish and German); accessed on 30 October 2012
  17. ^ "What is Turkey's Hizbullah?". Human Rights Watch. 16 February 2000. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The report of Human Rights Watch: The Kurds of Turkey: Killings, Disappearances and Torture of March 1993 can be found as google-books or as a PDF file Archived 16 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 31 October 2012
  19. ^ a b See the annual report of the Human Rights Foundation for 1992 (Turkish), Ankara January 1993, pages 143-148
  20. ^ See an article of 22 September 2011 Archived 20 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine and a comment in "sosyalist barikat" of September 1992 Basına Saldırılar Sistemleşiyor Archived 6 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 1 November 2012
  21. ^ "Hafiz Akdemir – Journalists Killed – Committee to Protect Journalists". Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  22. ^ "Kemal Kilic". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  23. ^ a b c d e See the annual report of the Human Rights Foundation for 1993 (Turkish), Ankara June 1995, pages 230-238
  24. ^ "Ferhat Tepe". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  25. ^ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". hudoc.echr.coe.int. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  26. ^ Turkish Daily News (TDN) later became Hürriyet Daily News.
  27. ^ a b See the annual report of the Human Rights Foundation for 1992 (English), Ankara September 1995, ISBN 975 7217 04 2, pages 247-249
  28. ^ "Nazim Babaoglu". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  29. ^ Gazetesi, Batman Haberler Çağdaş. "Nihat Ekinci - KMM VE KAYIPLAR" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  30. ^ "Erol Akgun". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  31. ^ See an article in Zaman of 2 June 1995 Kutmangil cinayeti aydınlandı; accessed on 1 November 2012 and a comment of Tuncay Özkan in Radikal of 30 June 2000 Cici oldu, sorularsa ortada; accessed on 1 November 2012
  32. ^ "Sayfettin Tepe". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  33. ^ Information was taken from a page called Onlarin Sayesinde -4 Archived 5 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Because of them -4), a page at Newededersim called Kürt basını 114 yaşında Archived 30 January 2013 at archive.today (Kurdish press aged 114) and annual reports of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey.
  34. ^ "Metin Alataş – Journalists Killed – Committee to Protect Journalists". Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  35. ^ "Metin Göktepe". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  36. ^ See the annual report of the Human Rights Foundation for 1996 (Turkish), Ankara September 1998, ISBN 975 7217 19 0, page 371
  37. ^ See the annual report of the Human Rights Foundation for 1998 (Turkish), Ankara 2000 ISBN 975 7217 25 5, page 148/149
  38. ^ See an Article in Bianet of 13 January 2010 Turkey Sentenced by ECHR for Önder Babat Murder Case Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 1 November 2012
  39. ^ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". hudoc.echr.coe.int. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  40. ^ Yazıcıoğlu, Ümit. "Yaşar Parlak olayındaki faili meçhul parmak - Ümit Yazıcıoğlu". Yüksekova Haber Portalı (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  41. ^ "Hrant Dink". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  42. ^ "Turkey fails to deliver justice for murdered Armenian journalist as trial ends". Amnesty International. 16 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  43. ^ Haberleri, Balıkesir. "Gazeteci cinayetinde sona gelindi" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  44. ^ See the article in Bianet of 26 January 2015 BİA Medya Gözlem Raporu – Tam Metin Archived 31 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine; accessed on 26 January 2015
  45. ^ DHA. "Gazeteci Nuh Köklü öldürüldü". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  46. ^ a b Services, Compiled from Wire (30 October 2015). "Two pro-FSA Syrian journalists killed in Turkey's Şanlıurfa province". Daily Sabah. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  47. ^ "Anti-Islamic State journalist murdered in Turkey". BBC News. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  48. ^ "Cizre'de cenazesi tamamen yananlardan biri gazeteci Rohat Aktaş çıktı – Diken". 24 February 2016. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  49. ^ "Rohat Aktaş – Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  50. ^ "Zaher al-Shurqat". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  51. ^ Şafak, Yeni (18 October 2016). "Mustafa Cambaz kimdir? 15 Temmuz Şehidi - 15 Temmuz'un Dijital Kütüphanesi". Yeni Şafak. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  52. ^ "An American journalist was murdered in Turkey. Why didn't the US investigate?". abcnews. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  53. ^ "Jamal Khashoggi: An unauthorized Turkey source says journalist was murdered in Saudi consulate". BBC News. 7 October 2018. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  54. ^ "Güngör Arslan". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
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