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List of musical instruments

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An assortment of musical instruments in an Istanbul music store.

This is a list of musical instruments, including percussion, wind, stringed, and electronic instruments.

Percussion instruments (idiophones and membranophones)

[edit]
Main article: List of idiophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number
See also: List of percussion instruments and Percussion instrument
Instrument Picture Classification H-S Number Origin Common classification Relation
Afoxé
idiophones 112.122 Edo (Nigeria), Brazil unpitched percussion
Agogô
idiophones 111.242 Yoruba unpitched percussion bell
Agung
idiophones 111.241.2 Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines unpitched percussion slit drum
Angklung
idiophones 111.232 Indonesia pitched percussion
Babendil
idiophones 111.242.1 Philippines unpitched percussion
Bak
idiophones 111.12 Korea
Balafon
idiophones 111.212 Africa, Burkina Faso, Chad, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Senegal pitched percussion keyboard
Batá drum
idiophones 211.242.12 Cuba, Nigeria, Yoruba
Cabasa
idiophones 112.122 Africa percussion
Cajón
idiophones 111.2 Peru unpitched percussion box drum
Carillon
idiophones 111.242.2 Low Countries pitched percussion bell
Castanets (Palillos)
idiophones 111.141 Spain unpitched percussion
Caxirola
idiophones Brazil unpitched percussion
Caxixi
idiophones 111.141 West Africa, Brazil
Chácaras
idiophones Canary Islands unpitched percussion
Clapstick
idiophones Australia unpitched percussion clave sticks
Claves
idiophones 111.11 Australia unpitched percussion clave sticks
Cowbell
idiophones 111.242 Switzerland unpitched percussion bell
Crotales
idiophones 111.22 pitched percussion cymbal
Cymbal
idiophones Romania unpitched percussion
Ferrinho
idiophones Cape Verde unpitched percussion
Flexatone
idiophones 112.12 pitched percussion
Octa-Vibraphone idiophones United States percussion keyboard
Gandingan
idiophones Philippines
Ghatam
idiophones 111.24 India unpitched percussion
Glockenspiel
idiophones 111.212 France/Germany pitched percussion keyboard
Gong
idiophones Brunei, China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Tibet
Güiro
idiophones 112.23 Cuba, Panama unpitched percussion
Handbells idiophones 111.242.222 England, North America pitched percussion
Handpan
idiophones 111.24 pitched percussion steelpan
Hang
idiophones 111.24 pitched percussion
Kalimba idiophones 122.1 Zimbabwe pitched percussion Mbira [1]
Kayamb (Kayamba)
idiophones Africa
Kemanak
idiophones Indonesia unpitched percussion
Khartal
idiophones Mauritius, Réunion cymbals
Kouxian
idiophones 121.2 China
Kulintang
idiophones Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Xylophone
Maraca
idiophones 112.1 Venezuela unpitched percussion
Marimba
idiophones 111.212 Africa, Guatemala, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua, & Costa Rica pitched percussion Xylophone
Mbira
idiophones 122.1 Africa, Equatorial Guinea, Zimbabwe pitched percussion keyboard
Pate
idiophones 111.24 Polynesia slit drum
Qairaq (Kairak)
idiophones 111.1 Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan percussion castanets
Shekere
idiophones 112.122 Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cuba, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal percussion
Slit drum
idiophones 111.24 slit drum
Spoon
idiophones 111.14 Greece, Russia, Turkey unpitched percussion
Steelpan
idiophones 111.24 Trinidad & Tobago pitched percussion drum
Tambourine
idiophones 211.311 Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech, Greece, Hungary, Iran, North Macedonia, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates unpitched percussion frame drum
Teponaztli
idiophones 111.24 El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico slit drum
Triangle
idiophones 111.2 Cajuns unpitched percussion triangle
Trash Tube
idiophones United States unpitched percussion Güiro
Txalaparta
idiophones 111.222 Basque unpitched percussion
Vibraphone
idiophones 111.222 pitched percussion Xylophone
Vibraslap
idiophones 112.12 United States
Washboard
idiophones Cajuns, United States unpitched percussion
Wood block
idiophones 111.24 unpitched percussion drum
Wooden fish
idiophones 111.24 China
Xylophone
idiophones 111.212 Ghana, Uganda, Zambia pitched percussion Xylophone
Zill
idiophones 111.142 Asia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey unpitched percussion cymbals
Sandpaper blocks Idiophones unpitched percussion
Ekwe
Idiophones Nigeria unpitched percussion silt drum
Agida membranophones 201.212 Suriname percussion bass drum
Alfaia
membranophones 211.212.1 Brazil percussion
Apinti membranophones 211.212 Suriname percussion tenor drum
Arobapá membranophones 211.21 Cuba percussion drum
Ashiko
membranophones 211.251.1 Yoruba percussion djembe
Atabaque
membranophones 211.221.1 Brazil percussion
Baboula membranophones 211.221.1 Grenada percussion barrel drum
Balaban (drum) membranophones 211.311 Montserrat percussion frame drum
Balsié membranophones 2 Dominican Republic percussion drum
Bamboula
membranophones 211.211.2 Haiti percussion drum
Bara
membranophones 211.11 Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali percussion
Barrel drum membranophones 211.222 Cuba percussion barrel drum
Barriles

buleador primo repicador subidor

membranophones 211.221.2 Puerto Rico percussion barrel drum
Bass drum
membranophones 211.212 percussion bass drum
Bedug
membranophones 211.212.1 Indonesia percussion
Bodhrán
membranophones 211.321 Ireland, Scotland percussion frame drum
Bongo drums
membranophones 211.251.2 Cuba percussion drum
Boobam membranophones 211.211.1 United States percussion tom-tom
Candombe

chico repique piano

membranophones 211.221.1 Uruguay percussion conga
Chenda (Chande)

Uruttu chenda Veekku chenda Acchan chenda

membranophones 211.212 India percussion drum
Conga (Tumbadora)

ricardo (smallest) requinto quinto conga tumba supertumba (largest)

membranophones 211.221.1 Caribbean percussion drum
Cuíca membranophones 231.11 Brazil percussion friction drum
Culo'e puya
membranophones Venezuela percussion drum
Cultrun
membranophones Chile percussion

drum

Dabakan
membranophones 211.261.2 Philippines percussion goblet drum
Daf (Dap, Def) membranophones 211.311 Iran percussion frame drum
Damaru
membranophones 211.3 India, Nepal, Tibet percussion drum
Davul (dhol, tapan, atabal, tabl) membranophones 211.212 Turkey, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Middle East percussion bass drum
Dayereh membranophones 211.311 Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, North Macedonia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan percussion drum
Den-den daiko
membranophones 2 Japan percussion bell
Dhak
membranophones Bangladesh, India percussion
Dhimay (Dhimaya, Dhime) membranophones 211.212 Nepal percussion drum
Dhol membranophones 211.212 Asia, India, Pakistan percussion bass drum
Dholak (Dholaki)
membranophones 211.222 Asia, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka percussion barrel drum
Dimdi membranophones 211.311 India percussion frame drum
Djembe
membranophones 211.261.1 West Africa, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Senegal percussion goblet drum
Dollu membranophones 211.222.1 India percussion frame drum
Drum kit idiophones and membranophones 1/2 North American percussion drum
Dunun (Dundun, Doundoun) membranophones 211.212.1 West Africa, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Senegal percussion drum
Gran Cassa membranophones 211.212 Italy percussion bass drum
Goblet drum
membranophones 211.26 Egypt, Turkey, Ancient Middle East percussion drum
Gong bass drum
membranophones percussion
Hira-daiko membranophones 1 Japan percussion drum
Idakka
membranophones 211.242.1 Southern India percussion talking drum
Ilimba drum membranophones 211.11 Zimbabwe percussion gourd drum
Ingoma

Shakwe Inyahura Igihumurizo

membranophones 211.212 Rwanda percussion drum
Janggu (Janggo, changgo)
membranophones 211.242 Korea percussion drum
Junjung
membranophones 2 Gambia, Senegal percussion
Kakko membranophones 2 Japan percussion drum
Kanjira
membranophones 211.311 India percussion frame drum
Kebero membranophones 2 Ethiopia percussion
Kendang (Gendang) membranophones 211.222 Brunei, Malaysia and Philippines percussion drum
Khol (Mrdanga) membranophones 211.232 India percussion drum
Krakebs membranophones 2 Algeria, Berbers, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia percussion
Lambeg drum membranophones 211.212 Ireland percussion bass drum
Madhalam membranophones 211.212 India percussion mridangam
Madal membranophones 211.212 India, Nepal percussion drum
Maddale membranophones 211.212 India percussion mridangam
Maktoum (maktoom, katem) membranophones 2 Afro-Arab percussion drum
Maram membranophones India percussion drum
Mirwas membranophones Bahrain, Brunei, Indonesia, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen percussion
Mridangam membranophones 211.212 India percussion drum
Nagara (drum) membranophones 2 Asia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan percussion drum
Naqareh membranophones 2 Azerbaijan, India, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan percussion drum
Ney (flute) membranophones 2 Turkey, Persia, Syria, Middle East woodwind flute
O-daiko membranophones 2 Japan percussion drum
Okedo-daiko membranophones 2 Japan percussion drum
Octaban membranophones 211.211.1 United States percussion boobam
Padayani thappu membranophones 211.311 India percussion frame drum
Pakhavaj membranophones 211.212 India percussion mridangam
Pandeiro membranophones 211.311 Brazil, Portugal percussion frame drum
Pandero membranophones 211.3 Dominican percussion frame drum
Parai membranophones 211.311 India percussion frame drum
Qilaut membranophones 2 North American, Nunavut percussion
Rebana membranophones 211.311 Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia percussion frame drum
Sabar membranophones 2 Gambia, Senegal percussion drum
Sambal membranophones 2 India percussion drum
Samphor membranophones 2 Cambodia percussion barrel drum
Shime-daiko membranophones 2 Japan percussion drum
Snare drum membranophones 211.212.11 percussion drum
Surdo membranophones 2 Brazil percussion bass drum
Tabla membranophones 211.12 Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka percussion drum
Taiko membranophones 211.12 Japan percussion drum
Talking drum membranophones 211.241.2 West Africa, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Yoruba percussion drum
Tsukeshime-daiko membranophones 2 Japan percussion drum
Tambor huacana idiophones or membranophones 1/2 Mexico percussion drum
Tambori membranophones 1/2 Andorra, Catalonia, Spain percussion drum
Tamborim membranophones 211.311 Brazil percussion drum
Tamborita calentana (Mexico) membranophones 1/2 Mexico percussion drum
Tambou bas a dé fas membranophones 211.212.2 Guadeloupe percussion bass drum
Tambou bas a yon fas membranophones 211.221-7 Guadeloupe percussion bass drum
Tan-tan membranophones 2 Brazil percussion drum
Taphon membranophones 2 Thailand percussion drum
Tar membranophones 211.311 Saudi Arabia percussion frame drum
Tbilat membranophones 2 Morocco, Saudi Arabia percussion
Thavil membranophones 2 India percussion drum
Timbales (Pailas)
membranophones 2 Cuba percussion drum
Timpani (kettledrum) membranophones 211.11-922 percussion drum
Tom-tom drum membranophones 211.212.1 percussion drum
Tombak membranophones 2 Iran percussion drum
Tsuzumi membranophones 1/2 Japan percussion drum
Tsuri-daiko membranophones 2 Japan percussion drum
unpitched repique membranophones 2 Brazil percussion drum
Uchiwa-daiko membranophones 2 Japan percussion drum
Celesta
Crystallophone
Glasschord
Glass harmonica
Hydraulophone
Plasmaphone
Pyrophone
Quintephone
Asadullah (Meerut, India)
Shishi odoshi (Japan)
Suikinkutsu (Japanese water zither)
Wobble board (Australia)

Wind instruments (aerophones)

[edit]
Main article: List of aerophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number
See also: List of woodwind instruments and Brass instrument
Instrument Picture Classification H-S Number Origin Common classification Relation
Accordina
aerophones 412.132 France free reed instruments accordion
Accordion
aerophones 412.132 Europe free reed instruments accordion
Accordola aerophones 412.132 United States of America free reed instruments mouth organ
Air horn
aerophones 423 Plosive? Trumpet
Alboka
aerophones 422.2 Basque Country reed instruments clarinet
Algaita
aerophones Niger reed instruments
Almpfeiferl aerophones 421.221.12 Austria woodwinds flageolet, baroque recorder
Alphorn
aerophones 423.121.22 Switzerland woodwinds natural trumpet
Alto horn
aerophones 423.232 Belgium brass instruments trumpet
Arghul
aerophones 422.2 Egypt, Syria, Turkey reed instruments clarinet
Atenteben aerophones 422.2 Ghana woodwinds flute
Aulochrome aerophones 422.212 Belgium reed instruments saxophone
Aulos
aerophones reed instruments
Aztec Death Whistle[citation needed]
aerophones x Mexico aerophone whistle
Bagpipe
aerophones 422 Europe reed instruments bagpipe
Balaban
aerophones 422.111.2 Azerbaijan, Iran reed instruments oboe, duduk
Bandoneón
aerophones 412.132 Latin America free reed instruments accordion
Bansuri
aerophones 421.121.12 India woodwinds flute
Baritone horn
aerophones 423.232 Germany brass instruments trumpet
Baritone voice aerophones 43 vocal registers human voice
Bassoon
aerophones 422.112.2–71 Western Europe reed instruments oboe
Bawu
aerophones 412.131 China free reed instruments pitch pipe
Bayan
aerophones 412.132 Russia free reed instruments accordion
Bazooka
aerophones 423.121.11 brass instruments trumpet
Beatboxing
aerophones 43 vocal techniques human voice
Bifora aerophones 422.11 Italy (Sicily) reed instruments oboe
Birbynė
aerophones 422.112.2 Lithuania reed instruments oboe
Blul aerophones 421.111.12 Greece woodwinds end-blown flute, kaval
Blown bottle
aerophones
Bombard
  • Chromatic bombard
aerophones 422.112.2 France reed instruments oboe
Buccina
aerophones 423.121.21 Italy (Ancient Rome) brass instruments trumpet
Bugle
aerophones 423.121.22 Europe brass instruments trumpet
Bukkehorn
aerophones 421.221.42 Norway, Sweden fipple flutes ocarina
Bullroarer
aerophones 41 Ancient civilizations noise makers sirens
Calliope
aerophones 421.222.3 Western Europe/North America fipple flutes organ
Castrato
aerophones 43 vocal registers human voice
Chalumeau
aerophones 422.2 France reed instruments clarinet
Cimbasso
  • F Cimbasso
  • E♭ Cimbasso
  • C Cimbasso
  • B♭ Cimbasso
aerophones 423.232 Italy brass instruments trombone
Clarinets
aerophones 422.2 Germany reed instruments clarinet
Clarytone aerophones 421.221 South Africa fipple flutes tin whistle
Concertina
aerophones 412.132 Europe free reed instruments accordion
Conch
aerophones 423.111 trumpets conch
Cornamuse
aerophones 422.111.2 Europe reed instruments oboe
Cornet
aerophones 423.232 France brass instruments trumpet
Cornett
aerophones 423.2 Northern Europe natural trumpets trumpet
Cornu
aerophones 423.121.21 Italy (Ancient Rome) brass instruments trumpet
Corrugaphone
aerophones 411 noise makers whip
Countertenor aerophones 43 vocal registers human voice
Cromorne
aerophones 422.11 France reed instruments oboe
Crumhorn
  • Soprano
  • Alto
  • Tenor
  • Bass
  • Greatbass
aerophones 422.111.2 Western Europe reed instruments oboe
Danso
aerophones 421.111.12 Korea woodwinds end-blown flute
Death growl aerophones 43 England vocal techniques human voice
Didgeridoo
aerophones 423.121.11 Australia natural trumpets trumpet
Diple (or dvojnice)
aerophones 422.21/22 Croatia reed instruments bagpipe
Dizi
aerophones 421.121.12 China woodwinds flute
Double bell euphonium
aerophones 423.232 United States of America brass instruments trumpet
Doulophone/cuprophone aerophones 423.121.22 United States brass instruments trumpet
Duduk
aerophones 422.111.2 Armenia reed instruments oboe
Dulcian
  • Soprano
  • Alto
  • Tenor
  • Bass
aerophones 422.112.2 Western Europe reed instruments bassoon
Dulzaina
aerophones 422.112.2 Spain reed instruments oboe
Dung-Dkar
aerophones 423.111 Tibet trumpets conch
Dzhamara
aerophones 421.111.12 Greece woodwinds end-blown flute, kaval
English horn
aerophones 422.112.-71 Western Europe reed instruments oboe
Euphonium
aerophones 423.232 Germany brass instruments trumpet
Fife
aerophones 421.121.12 Portugal, Switzerland woodwinds flute
Firebird (trumpet)
aerophones 423.21/22 Canada brass instruments trumpet, slide trumpet
Fiscorn
aerophones 423.231 Spain brass instruments trumpet
Flabiol
aerophones 421.221.12 Aragon, Balearic Islands, Spain fipple flutes recorder
Flageolet
aerophones 421.221.12 France fipple flutes recorder
Flatt trumpet
aerophones 423.21/22 England brass instruments trumpet, slide trumpet
Flugelhorn
aerophones 423.232 Germany brass instruments trumpet
Flumpet
aerophones 423.233 United States brass instruments trumpet
Flutina
aerophones 412.132 Europe free reed instruments accordion
Flute
aerophones France woodwinds flute
Folgerphone
aerophones 422.2 United States of America reed instruments clarinet
French horn
aerophones 423.232 Europe brass instruments trumpet
Fujara
aerophones 421.221.12 Slovakia fipple flutes recorder
Gaida
aerophones 422 Balkans, Southeast Europe reed instruments bagpipe
Gaita gastoreña
aerophones Andalusia hornpipe
Garmon
aerophones 412.132 Russia, Tatarstan free reed instruments accordion
Gemshorn
aerophones 421.221.42 Germany fipple flutes ocarina
Gingras aerophones Phoenicia, and possibly Caria Unknown flute
Gralla
aerophones 422.112 Spain reed instruments oboe, shawm
Guanzi
Houguan
aerophones 422.111.2 China reed instruments oboe
Hano
aerophones 421.111.12 Hawaii woodwinds nose flute
Harmoneon
aerophones 421.132 France free reed instruments accordion
Harmonica
aerophones 412.132 Germany free reed instruments harmonica
Heckelphone
aerophones 422.112.2 Germany reed instruments oboe, English horn
Helicon
aerophones 423.232 Europe brass instruments tuba
Horagai
aerophones 423.111.2 Japan trumpets conch
Hornucopian dronepipe aerophones 423.111.2 America drone instrument didgeridoo
Hosaphone aerophones 423.1 natural trumpets tube trumpet
Hotchiku
aerophones 421.111.12 Japan woodwinds end-blown flute
Hulusi
aerophones 412.132 China free reed instruments harmonica
Hun
aerophones 421.221.42 Korea fipple flutes ocarina
Inci aerophones 421.221.12 Philippines fipple flutes tumpong
Irish flute
aerophones 421.121.12 Ireland woodwinds flute
Jug
aerophones 423.111.1 North America trumpets conch
Kagurabue
aerophones 421.121.12 Japan woodwinds flute
Kalaleng aerophones 421.111.12 Philippines woodwinds nose flute
Kaval
aerophones 421.111.12 Bashkortostan, Turkey woodwinds end-blown flute
Kazoo
aerophones – United States Woodwind Whistle
Kèn bầu
aerophones 422.112.2 Vietnam reed instruments oboe, suona
Keyed bugle
aerophones 423.21 England brass instruments trumpet
Khene
aerophones 412.132 Laos free reed instruments harmonica
Khloy
aerophones 421.221.12 Cambodia fipple flutes recorder
Khlui
aerophones 421.221.12 Thailand fipple flutes recorder
Komabue
aerophones 421.121.12 Japan woodwinds flute
Kombu
aerophones India woodwinds
Koncovka
aerophones 421.221.12 Slovakia fipple flutes recorder
Kortholt
aerophones 421. Europe capped reed crumhorn
Koudi
aerophones 421.121.12 China woodwinds flute
Kuhlohorn
aerophones 423.232 Germany brass instruments trumpet
Kuzhal aerophones India reed instruments
Launeddas
aerophones 422.2 Italy, Sardinia reed instruments clarinet
Lituus
aerophones 423.1 Europe natural trumpets trumpet
Livenka aerophones 412.132 Russia free reed instruments accordion
Lur
aerophones 423.121.22 Denmark, Norway natural trumpets trumpet
Lusheng or Qeej
aerophones 412.132 China free reed instruments harmonica
Martinshorn
aerophones 412.132 Germany free reed instruments harmonica, accordion
Mellophone
aerophones 423.232 Europe brass instruments trumpet
Melodica
  • Vibrandoneon
aerophones 412.132 Italy/Germany free reed instruments reed organ
Melodeon
aerophones 412.132 United States free reed instruments reed organ
Mezzo-soprano aerophones 43 vocal registers human voice
Mijwiz
aerophones 422.2 Saudi Arabia reed instruments clarinet
Mizmar
aerophones 422.112.2 Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia reed instruments oboe
Mizwad
aerophones Saudi Arabia reed instruments bagpipe
Moo box
aerophones noise-makers whistle
Musette de cour
aerophones 422 France reed instruments bagpipe
Nadaswaram
aerophones 422.112.2 South India reed instruments oboe, shehnai
Nagak
aerophones 423.111 Korea trumpets conch
Natural trumpet
aerophones 423.1 Denmark, Norway brass instruments
Ney
aerophones 421.111.12 Iran woodwinds end-blown flute
Nguru
aerophones 421.111.12 New Zealand woodwinds nose flute
Nohkan
aerophones 421.121.12 Iran woodwinds flute
Nose flute
aerophones 421.111.12 Polynesia, Africa, East Asia woodwinds nose flute
Nplooj
aerophones 421.111.12 Hmong people (China) woodwinds leaf
Nulophone aerophones 421.111.12 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) woodwinds flute
Oboes:
aerophones 422.112-71 Western Europe reed instruments oboe
Ocarina
  • Transverse ocarina
  • Pendant ocarina
  • Inline ocarina
  • Multi chambered ocarina
  • Keyed ocarina
  • Slide ocarina
aerophones 421.221.42 Italy fipple flutes ocarina
Octavin
aerophones 422.2 Germany reed instruments clarinet
Ophicleide or Quinticlave
aerophones 423.21 France brass instruments trumpet
Orthotonophonium
aerophones 412.132 Germany free reed aerophones harmonium, reed organ
Paixiao
aerophones 421.112 China woodwinds pan flute
Palendag or pulalu
aerophones 421.111.12 Philippines woodwinds end-blown flute
Pan flute
aerophones 421.112 South America woodwinds pan flute
Pasiyak or water whistle
aerophones 4 Philippines fipple flutes recorder
Pavri
aerophones 421.121.12 India woodwinds flute
Pibgorn
aerophones 422.2 Wales reed instruments clarinet
Picco pipe
aerophones 421.221.12 Western Europe fipple flutes recorder
Piccolo
aerophones 421.121.12 Western Europe woodwinds flute
Piccolo trumpet
aerophones 423.232 Western Europe brass instruments trumpet
Pipe organ (diaphone pipes)
Diaphone pipe
 aerophones 412.132 free reed instruments reed organ/recorder
Pipe organ (flue pipes)
Flue pipes
 aerophones 421.221.11 fipple flutes recorder
Pipe organ (free reed pipes)
aerophones 412.132 free reed instruments reed organ
Pipe organ (reed pipes)
aerophones 422.112 reed instruments organ
Pitch pipe
aerophones 412.131 free reed instruments pitch pipe
Pocket cornet
aerophones 423.232 brass instruments trumpet
Pocket trumpet
aerophones 423.232 United States of America brass instruments trumpet
Post horn
aerophones 423.121.22 Western Europe brass instruments trumpet
Pu
aerophones 423.111 Polynesia trumpets conch
Pump organ or reed organ or harmonium
aerophones 412.132 free reed instruments reed organ
Quena
aerophones 421.111.12 South America woodwinds end-blown flute
Raj aerophones 412.132 Hmong people (China) free reed instruments harmonica
Rackett
aerophones 422.111.2 Western Europe reed instruments oboe
Ralé-poussé aerophones Réunion free reed instruments accordion
Rauschpfeife
aerophones 422.112.2 Europe reed instruments oboe
Recorder
  • Garklein
  • Sopranino
  • Descant
  • Treble or alto
  • Tenor
  • Bass
  • Great bass
  • Contra bass
  • Subcontra bass
  • Sub-subcontrabass
  • Venova
aerophones 421.221.12 Germany fipple flutes recorder
Reed contrabass
aerophones 422.112.2 Belgium reed instruments oboe
Rhaita (ghaita)
aerophones 422.112.2 Northern Africa reed instruments oboe
Robero aerophones 422.2 Spain reed instruments clarinet
Roman tuba
aerophones 423.121.11 Etruscan brass instruments trumpet
Rothphones
  • Soprano rothphone
  • Alto rothphone
  • Tenor rothphone
  • Baritone rothphone
  • Bass rothphone
aerophones 422.112.2 Italy reed instruments sarrusophone
Ryuteki
aerophones 421.121.12 Japan woodwinds flute
Sac de gemecs
aerophones Andorra, Catalonia bagpipe
Sackbut
  • Alto sackbut
  • Tenor sackbut
  • Bass sackbut
  • Contrabass sackbut
aerophones 423.22 France brass instruments trombone
Saenghwang
aerophones 412.132 Korea free reed instruments harmonica
Saratovskaya garmonika
aerophones 412.132 Russia free reed instruments accordion
Sarrusophones
aerophones 422.112.2 France reed instruments oboe
Saxophones
aerophones 422.212 Belgium reed instruments clarinet
Saxhorn
aerophones 423.231 Belgium brass instruments trumpet
Saxotromba
aerophones 423.231 Belgium brass instruments trumpet
Saxtuba
aerophones 423.231 Belgium brass instruments trumpet
Scat singing aerophones 43 vocal techniques human voice
Schwyzerörgeli
aerophones 412.132 Switzerland free reed instruments accordion
Serpent
aerophones 423.21 France brass instruments trumpet, cornett
Shakuhachi
aerophones 421.111.12 Japan woodwinds end-blown flute
Shankha
aerophones 423.111 India trumpets conch
Shawm
aerophones 422.112.2 Switzerland reed instruments oboe
Shehnai
aerophones 422.112.2 North India reed instruments oboe
Sheng
aerophones 412.132 China free reed instruments harmonica
Shinobue
aerophones 421.121.12 Japan woodwinds flute
Shofar
aerophones 423.121.21 Levant natural trumpets trumpet
Shō
aerophones 412.132 Japan free reed instruments harmonica
Shvi
aerophones 421.221.12 Armenia fipple flutes recorder
Siku
  • Zampoña
  • Samponia
aerophones 421.112 Bolivia/Peru woodwinds pan flute
Siren
aerophones 41 Scotland noise makers siren
Slide trumpet
  • Medieval slide trumpet
  • Renaissance slide trumpet
  • Baroque slide trumpet
aerophones 423.21/22 Europe brass instruments trumpet
Slide whistle
  • Jazz flute
  • Swanee whistle
aerophones 421.121.312 England fipple flutes whistle
Sneng
aerophones 422.212 Cambodia reed instruments hornpipe
Sodina
aerophones 421.111.12 Madagascar woodwinds end-blown flute
Sopila
aerophones 422.112.2 Croatia reed instruments oboe
Soprano aerophones 43 vocal registers human voice
Sorna
aerophones 422.112.2 Iran reed instruments oboe
Sousaphone
aerophones 423.232 United States brass instruments trumpet, tuba
Sralai
aerophones 422.112.2 Cambodia reed instruments oboe
Sudrophone
aerophones 423.21 France brass instruments trumpet, ophicleide
Suling
aerophones 421.111.12 Indonesia/Philippines woodwinds end-blown flute
Suona
  • Laba
  • Haidi
aerophones 422.112.2 China reed instruments oboe
Superbone
aerophones 423.22 Canada brass instruments trombone
Swordblade aerophones 411 noise makers whip
Tabor pipe
aerophones 421.221.12 Western Europe fipple flutes recorder
Taepyeongso
aerophones 422.112.2 Korea reed instruments oboe, suona,
Tárogató
aerophones 422.112-71 Central Europe reed instruments oboe, suona
Tenor aerophones 43 vocal registers human voice
Tenora
  • Tible
aerophones 422.112 Spain reed instruments oboe, shawm
Throat singing aerophones 43 vocal techniques human voice
Tin whistle
aerophones 421.221.12 Celtic fipple flutes recorder
Toasting aerophones 43 vocal technique human voice
Tonette
aerophones 421.111.12 North America woodwinds end-blown flute
Trikiti
aerophones 412.132 Spain free reed instruments accordion
Trombones
aerophones 423.22 Western Europe brass instruments trombone
Tromboon
aerophones 422.112.2 United States reed instruments bassoon, trombone
Trompeta china
aerophones 422.112.2 Cuba reed instruments oboe, suona,
Trumpets
aerophones 423.232 brass instruments trumpet
Tuba
aerophones 423.232 Germany brass instruments trumpet
Tubax
  • Contrabass (in E♭)
  • Subcontrabass (in B♭)
aerophones 422.212 Germany woodwinds saxophone
Tube trumpet aerophones 423.1 natural trumpets trumpet
Tumpong
aerophones 421.111.12 Philippines woodwinds end-blown flute
Tungso
aerophones 421.111.12 Korea woodwinds end-blown flute
Tutek
aerophones 4 Azerbaijan woodwinds flute
Txistu
aerophones 421.221.12 Spain fipple flutes recorder
Uilleann pipes
aerophones 422 Ireland reed instruments bagpipe
Venova
aerophones 422.2 Japan woodwinds saxophone
Venu
aerophones 421.121.12 South India woodwinds flute
Vienna horn
aerophones 423.232 Austria brass instruments trumpet, French horn
Vocal percussion aerophones 43 vocal techniques human voice
Vuvuzela
aerophones 423.121.22 South-Africa natural trumpets trumpet
Wagner tuba
aerophones 423.232 Germany brass instruments trumpet
Washint aerophones 421.111.12 Ethiopia woodwinds end-blown flute
Western concert flutes
aerophones 421.121.12 Western Europe woodwinds flute
Whip
aerophones 411 noise makers whip
Whistle
aerophones 421.221.11 fipple flutes whistle
Willow flute
aerophones 421.221.11 Scandinavia fipple flutes recorder
Xaphoon
aerophones 422.2 Hawaii woodwinds clarinet
Xeremia
aerophones Balearic Islands bagpipe
Xiao
aerophones 421.111.12 China woodwinds end-blown flute
Xun
aerophones 421.221.42 China fipple flutes ocarina
Yotar aerophones 4 Persia woodwinds flute
Yu
aerophones 412.132 China free reed instruments harmonica
Zhaleika
aerophones 422.2 Russia reed instruments clarinet
Zufolo
aerophones 421.111.12 Italy fipple flutes recorder
Zugtrompete
aerophones 423.21/22 Germany brass instruments trumpet, slide trumpet
Zurna
aerophones 422.112.2 Turkey reed instruments oboe

Stringed instruments (chordophones)

[edit]
Main article: List of chordophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number
See also: List of string instruments
Instrument Classification H-S Number Origin Common classification Relation
Adungu chordophones 3 Uganda stringed instruments
Aeolian harp chordophones 3 Germany stringed instruments
Ajaeng chordophones 3 Korea stringed instruments
Akkordolia chordophones 3 Austria, Germany stringed instruments
Algerian mandole chordophones 321.322 Algeria, Berbers, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia stringed instruments
Angélique chordophones 321.321 stringed instruments
Appalachian dulcimer chordophones 3 Germany, United States stringed instruments
Arbajo chordophones 321.321-6 Nepal stringed instruments
Archlute chordophones 321.321 Western Europe stringed instruments
Arpeggione chordophones 3 Austria stringed instruments
Autoharp chordophones 3 United States stringed instruments
Bağlama chordophones 321.321 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kurdistan, Macedonia, Turkey, Turkmenistan stringed instruments
Bajo sexto chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Balalaika chordophones 321.321 Russia stringed instruments
Bandola chordophones 321.322 Colombia, Venezuela stringed instruments
Bandolin chordophones 3 Ecuador stringed instruments
Bandolón chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Bandura chordophones 321.321 Ukraine stringed instruments
Bandora chordophones 321.321 stringed instruments
Bandurria chordophones 321.321 Aragon, Philippines, Spain stringed instruments
Banhu chordophones 321.321 China stringed instruments
Banjo
  • Banjo cello
  • Bass banjo
  • Five-stringed banjo
    • Bluegrass banjo
  • Four-stringed banjo
    • Plectrum banjo
  • Six-stringed banjo
  • Tenor banjo
  • Zither banjo
 chordophones 3 North America stringed instruments
Banjo ukulele chordophones 3 United States stringed instruments
Barbat chordophones 321.321 Armenia, Iran stringed instruments
Baryton chordophones 3 England stringed instruments
Berimbau chordophones 3 Brazil stringed instruments
Bipa chordophones 3 Korea stringed instruments
Biwa chordophones 321.321 Japan stringed instruments
Bordonua chordophones 3 Puerto Rico stringed instruments
Bouzouki chordophones 321.321 Greece stringed instruments
Buzuq chordophones 321.321 Saudi Arabia stringed instruments
Carimba chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Cavaquinho chordophones 3 Portugal stringed instruments
Cello (violoncello) chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Chapman stick chordophones 3 United States stringed instruments
Charangos chordophones 321.321 Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, stringed instruments
Chitarra battente chordophones 3 Italy stringed instruments
Chitarra Italiana chordophones 321.322 stringed instruments
Choghur chordophones 3 Azerbaijan stringed instruments
Cimbalom chordophones 3 Central and Eastern Europe stringed instruments
Cimboa chordophones 321.322 Cape Verde stringed instruments
Citole chordophones 3 Western Europe stringed instruments
Cittern chordophones 321.322 England, Scotland, Switzerland stringed instruments
Clavichord chordophones 3 Western Europe stringed instruments
Clavinet chordophones 3 United States stringed instruments
Concheras
  • mandolinos de concheros or mandolina conchera
  • vihuelas de concheros or vihuela conchera
  • guitarras de concheros or guitarra conchera
 chordophones 321.321-6 Mexico stringed instruments charango, mandolin, Mexican vihuela, guitar
Contraguitar chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Crwth (Crowd) chordophones 3 Wales stringed instruments
Cuatro chordophones 3 Latin America stringed instruments
Cümbüş chordophones 3 Turkey stringed instruments
Đàn bầu chordophones 3 Vietnam stringed instruments
Đàn đáy chordophones 3 Vietnam stringed instruments
Đàn gáo chordophones 3 Vietnam stringed instruments
Đàn nguyệt chordophones 3 Vietnam stringed instruments
Đàn tam thập lục chordophones 3 Vietnam stringed instruments
Đàn tranh chordophones 3 Vietnam stringed instruments
Đàn Tre chordophones 3 Vietnam stringed instruments
Đàn tỳ bà chordophones 3 Vietnam stringed instruments
Diddley bow chordophones 3 United States stringed instruments
Dihu chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Dombra chordophones 321.321 Azerbaijan, Bashkortostan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tatarstan, Uzbekistan stringed instruments
Domra chordophones 321.321 Russia stringed instruments
Doshpuluur chordophones 321.322 Tuva stringed instruments
Dotara chordophones 321.321-6 Bangladesh stringed instruments
Double bass
  • Five-string double bass
 chordophones 321.322-71 Western Europe stringed instruments
Dreadnought chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Dulcimer chordophones 3 England stringed instruments
Dutar chordophones 321.322 Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan stringed instruments
Duxianqin chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Ektara chordophones 33-5 India, Pakistan stringed instruments
Erhu chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Erxian chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Esraj chordophones 3 India stringed instruments
Faglong/Fuglung chordophones 3 Philippines stringed instruments
Fegereng chordophones 3 Philippines stringed instruments
Fiddle chordophones 321.322-71 Western Europe stringed instruments
Gaohu chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Gayageum chordophones 3 Korea stringed instruments
Geomungo chordophones 3 Korea stringed instruments
Gittern chordophones 3 Western Europe stringed instruments
Gottuvadhyam chordophones 3 India stringed instruments
Guitars: chordophones 3 Spain, et al stringed instruments
Guitarra de golpe chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Guitarra panzona chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Guitarra séptima chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Guitarro chordophones 3 Andalusia, Aragon, Spain stringed instruments
Gusli chordophones 3 Russia stringed instruments
Guqin chordophones 312.22 China stringed instruments
Guzheng chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Haegeum chordophones 3 Korea stringed instruments
Hammered dulcimer chordophones 3 Austria, England, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Saudi Arabia, United States stringed instruments
Hardanger fiddle chordophones 3 Norway stringed instruments
Harmonico chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Harp chordophones 3 Worldwide stringed instruments
Harp guitar chordophones 3 France stringed instruments
Harpsichord chordophones 3 Western Europe stringed instruments
Hegelong chordophones 3 Philippines stringed instruments
Huapanguera chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Huluhu chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Huqin chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Hurdy-gurdy chordophones 3 Austria, Belarus, Czech, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine stringed instruments
Icelandic fiddle (fiðla) chordophones 321.321-6 Iceland stringed instruments
Igil chordophones 321.321 Tuva stringed instruments
Irish bouzouki chordophones 321.322 Greece, Ireland stringed instruments
Janzi chordophones 3 Uganda stringed instruments
Jarana jarocho chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Jarana huasteca chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Jarana mosquito chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Jarana segunda chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Jarana tercera chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Jiaohu chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Kabosy chordophones 3 Madagascar stringed instruments
Kadlong chordophones 3 Philippines stringed instruments
Kamancha chordophones 3 Persia stringed instruments
Kantele chordophones 314.122-5 Finland stringed instruments
Kemenche chordophones 3 Turkey stringed instruments
Khim chordophones 3 Thailand/Cambodia stringed instruments
Kobza chordophones 3 Ukraine stringed instruments
Kokle chordophones 314.122-5 Latvia stringed instruments
Kokyū chordophones 3 Japan stringed instruments
Komuz chordophones 3 Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Hungary, Khakassia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan stringed instruments
Kora chordophones 3 West Africa stringed instruments
Koto chordophones 3 Japan stringed instruments
Kubing chordophones 3 Philippines stringed instruments
Kudyapi chordophones 3 Philippines stringed instruments
Kwitra chordophones 3 Algeria, Saudi Arabia stringed instruments
Langeleik chordophones 3 Norway stringed instruments
Laouto chordophones 321.321-6 Greece stringed instruments
Laruan chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Laúd chordophones 321.321 Cuba, Philippines, Spain stringed instruments
Lavta chordophones 321.321-6 Armenia, Greece, Turkey stringed instruments
Leiqin chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Leona chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Lirone chordophones 3 Italy stringed instruments
Liuqin chordophones 321.321 China stringed instruments
Lokanga chordophones 3 Madagascar stringed instruments
Lute chordophones 3 Western Europe stringed instruments
Lute guitar chordophones 3 Germany stringed instruments
Lyra (Cretan) chordophones 3 Greece stringed instruments
Lyra (Byzantine) chordophones 3 Byzantine Empire stringed instruments
Lyre chordophones 321.2 England, Greece stringed instruments
Maguhu chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Mandobass chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Mandola chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Mandolin chordophones 321.321-6 or 321.322-6 Bashkortostan, Brazil, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Ukraine, United States, Venezuela stringed instruments
Mandolute chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Mandora chordophones 321.321 Central Europe stringed instruments
Mandore chordophones 321.321 France stringed instruments
Marovany chordophones 3 Madagascar stringed instruments
Mejoranera chordophones 321.322 Panama stringed instruments
Mexican vihuela chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Mohan veena chordophones 3 India stringed instruments
Moraharpa chordophones Sweden stringed instruments
Morin khuur chordophones 3 Mongolia, Tuva stringed instruments
Musical bow chordophones 3 South Africa stringed instruments
Nyckelharpa chordophones 321.322-71 Sweden stringed instruments
Octobass chordophones 3 France stringed instruments
Oud chordophones 321.321-6 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Greece, Iran, Kurdistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey stringed instruments
Paqin chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Piano (pianoforte) chordophones 3 Italy stringed instruments
Pipa chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Piwancha chordophones 3 Nepal stringed instruments
Pochette chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Portuguese guitar chordophones 3 Portugal stringed instruments
Psaltery chordophones 3 Greece stringed instruments
Qanun chordophones 3 Armenia, Egypt, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Turkey stringed instruments
Qinqin chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Rabeca chordophones 3 Brazil stringed instruments
Rajão chordophones 3 Portugal stringed instruments
Ravanahatha chordophones 4 Sri Lanka, India stringed instruments
Rebab chordophones 3 Afghanistan stringed instruments
Rebec chordophones 321.21-71 Italy, Switzerland stringed instruments
Requinto jarocho chordophones 3 Mexico stringed instruments
Rubab chordophones 3 Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan stringed instruments
Ruan
  • Gaoyinruan
  • Xiaoruan
  • Zhongruan
  • Daruan
  • Diyinruan
 chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Rudra vina chordophones 3 India stringed instruments
Sallameh chordophones 3 Iran stringed instruments
Sanshin chordophones 3 Okinawa stringed instruments
Santoor chordophones 3 Iran stringed instruments
Sanxian chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Sarangi chordophones 3 India stringed instruments
Šargija chordophones 321.321 Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia stringed instruments
Sarod chordophones 3 India stringed instruments
Saung chordophones 3 Burma stringed instruments
Saw sam sai chordophones 3 Thailand stringed instruments
Se chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Seul chordophones 3 Korea stringed instruments
Setar (lute) chordophones 321.321 Azerbaijan, Iran stringed instruments
Shamisen chordophones 3 Japan stringed instruments
Sintir chordophones 3 Algeria, Morocco stringed instruments
Sitar chordophones 321.321 India stringed instruments
Sitarla chordophones 3 Japan stringed instruments
Surbahar chordophones 321.321 India stringed instruments
Swarmandal chordophones 3 India stringed instruments
Tamburica chordophones 321.321 Croatia/Serbia stringed instruments
Tambur chordophones 3 Iran, Kurdistan, stringed instruments
Tanpura chordophones 3 India stringed instruments
Tar (lute) chordophones 3 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kurdistan, stringed instruments
Tea chest bass chordophones 3 Western Europe stringed instruments
Tembûr chordophones 3 curdo-persiano stringed instruments
Theorbo chordophones 321.321 Europe stringed instruments
Timple chordophones 3 Canary Islands stringed instruments
Tiple chordophones 321.322 Colombia, Cuba, Peru, Puerto Rico, Spain stringed instruments
Tovshuur chordophones 321.321 Altai, Khakassia, Mongolia, Tuva stringed instruments
Tres
  • Tres Cubano
  • Tres Puerto Rico
 chordophones 321.322 Cuba stringed instruments
Tricordia chordophones 321.321 stringed instruments
Tro chordophones 3 Cambodia stringed instruments
Trumpet marine/tromba marina chordophones 3 Western Europe stringed instruments
Tsymbaly chordophones 3 Ukraine, Belarus stringed instruments
Tuhu chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Tzouras chordophones 321.321 Greece stringed instruments
Ukulele chordophones 321.322 Portugal/Hawaii stringed instruments
Ukelin chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Valiha chordophones 3 Madagascar stringed instruments
Veena chordophones 3 India stringed instruments
Vertical viola (and other members of the violin octet family) chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Vichitra veena chordophones 3 India stringed instruments
Vielle chordophones 3 Western Europe stringed instruments
Vihuela chordophones 3 Spain stringed instruments
Viol chordophones 321.322-71 Spain stringed instruments
Viola da gamba (see Viol) chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Viola amarantina chordophones 3 Portugal stringed instruments
Viola bastarda chordophones 3 Portugal stringed instruments
Viola beiroa chordophones 3 Portugal stringed instruments
Viola caipira chordophones 3 Brazil stringed instruments
Viola d'amore chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Viola da terra chordophones 3 Portugal stringed instruments
Viola de arame chordophones 3 Portugal stringed instruments
Viola de cocho chordophones 3 Brazil stringed instruments
Viola organista chordophones 3 Italy (Da Vinci) stringed instruments
Viola profonda chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Violin chordophones 321.322-71 Italy and Western Europe stringed instruments
Violone chordophones 3 stringed instruments
Violotta chordophones 3 Germany stringed instruments
Walaycho chordophones 321.321-5 stringed instruments
Waldzither chordophones 321.322 Germany stringed instruments
Washtub bass chordophones 3 United States stringed instruments
Whamola chordophones 3 United States stringed instruments
Wheelharp chordophones 3 United States stringed instruments
Xalam/Khalam chordophones 3 West Africa stringed instruments
Yaylı tambur chordophones 3 Turkey stringed instruments
Yangqin chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Yazheng chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Yehu chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Yelatáj chos woley chordophones 3 Argentina stringed instruments Musical bow
Yueqin chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Zhongruan chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Zhonghu chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Zhu (string instrument) chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Zhengni chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Zhuihu chordophones 3 China stringed instruments
Zither chordophones 314.122 Belarus, Croatia, Czech, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, stringed instruments

Electronic instruments (electrophones)

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "History of the Kalimba".
  2. ^ Ken (July 15, 2019). "Concert Ukulele Guitar". Retrieved September 17, 2019.
[edit]
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