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List of heads of state of Portugal

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This is a list of heads of state of Portugal from 1139 to the present day.

Between 1139 and 1910, Portugal had a Monarchy system, with all monarchs coming from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, although the direct lines were cut during the passing of time due to several events. In the almost 800 years of Monarchy, Portugal had four royal houses ruling the country. These houses were:

On 5 October 1910, a revolution overthrew the Monarchy and a Republic was implemented. Since then, the Republic has had four distinct phases:

Monarchs

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Monarchs of the
Iberian Peninsula
Main article: List of Portuguese monarchs

House of Burgundy (1139–1383)

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The Portuguese House of Burgundy, known as the Afonsine Dynasty, was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Alphonso I Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred and Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed.[1][2]

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Alphonso I
  • The Conqueror; The Great; The Founder
  • Afonso I Henriques
1106/09/11 – 6 December 1185 (aged 73–79)25 July 11396 December 1185previously Count of Portugal, founder of the Kingdom of Portugal
Son of Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal and Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal		Burgundy
Sancho I
  • The Populator
  • Sancho I
11 November 1154 – 26 March 1211 (aged 56)6 December 118526 March 1211Son of Alphonso IBurgundy
Alphonso II
  • The Fat
  • Afonso II
23 April 1185 – 25 March 1223 (aged 37)27 March 121125 March 1223Son of Sancho IBurgundy
Sancho II
  • The Pious
  • Sancho II
8 September 1209 – 4 January 1248 (aged 38)26 March 12234 December 1247Son of Alphonso IIBurgundy
Alphonso III
  • The Boulonnais
  • Afonso III
5 May 1210 – 16 February 1279 (aged 68)4 January 124816 February 1279Son of Alphonso II
Brother of Sancho II		Burgundy
Denis I
9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 (aged 63)6 February 12797 January 1325Son of Alphonso IIIBurgundy
Alphonso IV
  • The Brave
  • Afonso IV
8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 (aged 66)7 January 132528 May 1357Son of Denis IBurgundy
Peter I
8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367 (aged 46)28 May 135718 January 1367Son of Alphonso IVBurgundy
Ferdinand I
31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383 (aged 37)18 January 136722 October 1383Son of Peter IBurgundy
Beatrice
7–13 February 1373 – c. 1420 (aged 46–47)(Disputed) 1383(Disputed) 1385Daughter of Ferdinand IBurgundy

House of Aviz (1385–1580)

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The House of Aviz, known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
John I
  • Of Good Memory; The Good; The Great; The Bastard
  • Portuguese: João I
11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433 (aged 75)6 April 138514 August 1433Illegitimate son of Peter IAviz
Edward
  • The Philosopher-King; The Eloquent
  • Portuguese: Duarte I
31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438 (aged 46)14 August 14339 September 1438Son of John IAviz
Alphonso V
  • The African
  • Afonso V
15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481 (aged 49)13 September 1438
—
15 November 1477		11 November 1477
—
28 August 1481		Son of Edward IAviz
John II
3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495 (aged 40)11 November 1477
—
28 August 1481		15 November 1477
—
25 October 1495		Son of Alphonso VAviz
Emmanuel I
  • The Fortunate
  • Manuel I
31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521 (aged 52)25 October 149513 December 1521Cousin of John II
Grandson of Edward I		Aviz
John III
7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557 (aged 55)13 December 152111 June 1557Son of Emmanuel IAviz
Sebastian
  • The Desired; The Asleep; The Hidden
  • Portuguese: Sebastião
20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578 (aged 24)11 June 15574 August 1578Grandson of John IIIAviz
Henry I
  • The Cardinal-King; The Chaste
  • Portuguese: Henrique I
31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580 (aged 68)4 August 157831 January 1580Son of Emmanuel I
Great-uncle of Sebastian		Aviz
Anthony
1531 – 28 August 1595 (aged 64)(Disputed) 24 July 1580(Disputed) 1583Grandson of Emmanuel IAviz

House of Habsburg (1581–1640)

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The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Philip I
21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598 (aged 71)17 April 158113 September 1598Grandson of Emmanuel IHabsburg
King Philip I
Philip II
14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (aged 42)13 September 159831 March 1621Son of Philip IHabsburg
King Philip II
Philip III
8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665 (aged 60)31 March 16211 December 1640Son of Philip IIHabsburg
King Philip II

House of Braganza (1640–1910)

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The House of Braganza, also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great great grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in the Portuguese Restoration War.

The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though this view is not widely held.

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
John IV
19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656 (aged 53)1 December 16406 November 1656Great-great-grandson of Emmanuel IBraganza
Alphonso VI
  • The Victorious
  • Afonso VI
21 August 1643 – 12 September 1683 (aged 40)6 November 165612 September 1683Son of John IVBraganza
Peter II
26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706 (aged 58)6 November 16839 December 1706Son of John IV
Brother of Afonso VI		Braganza
John V
  • The Magnanimous; The Portuguese Sun-King
  • Portuguese: João V
22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750 (aged 60)9 December 170631 July 1750Son of Peter IIBraganza
Joseph I
6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777 (age 62)31 July 175024 February 1777Son of John VBraganza
Mary I
(1734-12-17)17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816(1816-03-20) (aged 81)24 February 177720 March 1816Daughter of Joseph IBraganza
Peter III
  • The Builder; The Sacristan; The Enabler
  • Portuguese: Pedro III
(1717-07-05)5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786(1786-05-25) (aged 68)24 February 177725 May 1786Husband of Mary I
Son of John V
jure uxoris king		Braganza
John VI
13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826 (aged 58)20 March 181610 March 1826Son of Mary I and Peter IIIBraganza
Peter IV
  • The Soldier King; The Liberator
  • Portuguese: Pedro IV
12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834 (aged 35)10 March 18262 May 1826Son of John VIBraganza
Mary II
4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34)2 May 182623 June 1828Daughter of Peter IVBraganza
Michael I
  • The Absolutist; The Traditionalist; The Usurper
  • Portuguese: Miguel I
26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866 (aged 64)26 February 18286 May 1834Son of John VIBraganza
Mary II
4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34)26 May 183415 November 1853Daughter of Peter IVBraganza
Ferdinand II
29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885 (aged 69)16 September 183715 November 1853Husband of Mary II
jure uxoris king		Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry
Peter V
16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861 (aged 24)15 November 185311 November 1861Son of Mary II and Ferdinand IIBraganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[3]
Louis I
31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889 (aged 50)11 November 186119 October 1889Son of Mary II and Ferdinand IIBraganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[3]
Charles I
28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908 (aged 44)19 October 18891 February 1908Son of Louis IBraganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[3]
Emmanuel II
  • The Sorrowful; The Unfortunate; The Patriot
  • Portuguese: Manuel II
15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932 (aged 42)1 February 19085 October 1910Son of Charles I
Last King of Portugal.		Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[3][4]

Presidents

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Main article: List of presidents of Portugal

The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910.

     Republican
     Democratic
     National Republican/Sidonist
     Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
     National Union/Popular National Action
     Democratic Renewal
     Socialist
     Social Democratic
     No party/Independent

First Republic (1910–1926)

[edit]
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911)
- Teófilo Braga[5]
(1843–1924) 		— 5 October 1910 24 August 1911 Republican [6]
Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926)
1 Manuel de Arriaga
(1840–1917) 		1911 24 August 1911 26 May 1915[R] Republican
later Democratic[7] 		[8][7]
2 Teófilo Braga
(1843–1924) 		May
1915 		29 May 1915 5 October 1915 Democratic[9] [8][9]
3 Bernardino Machado
(1851–1944) 		August
1915 		5 October 1915 5 December 1917[C] Democratic[10] [8][10]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Sidónio Pais 		— 12 December 1917 28 April 1918 – [8][11]
4 Sidónio Pais[12]
(1872–1918) 		April
1918 		28 April 1918 14 December 1918[A] National Republican
or "Sidonist"[11] 		[8][11]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: João do Canto e Castro 		— 14 December 1918 16 December 1918 – [13]
5 João do Canto e Castro[14]
(1862–1934) 		December
1918 		16 December 1918 5 October 1919 National Republican
or "Sidonist"[15] 		[8][15]
6 António José de Almeida
(1866–1929) 		1919 5 October 1919 5 October 1923 Evolutionist Party
later Republican Liberal[16] 		[8][16]
7 Manuel Teixeira Gomes
(1860–1941) 		1923 5 October 1923 11 December 1925[R] Democratic[17] [8][17]
8 Bernardino Machado
(1851–1944)
2nd time 		1925 11 December 1925 31 May 1926[C] Democratic[10] [8][10]

Second Republic (1926–1974)

[edit]
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932)
9 José Mendes Cabeçadas[18]
(1883–1965) 		— 31 May 1926 17 June 1926[C] Military officer[19] [8][19]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Manuel Gomes da Costa 		— 17 June 1926 29 June 1926 – [20]
10 Manuel Gomes da Costa[18]
(1863–1929) 		— 29 June 1926 9 July 1926[C] Military officer[21] [8][21]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Óscar Carmona 		— 9 July 1926 16 November 1926 – [8][22]
11 Óscar Carmona[18][23]
(1869–1951) 		— 16 November 1926 15 April 1928 Military officer [8][22]
Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974)
Óscar Carmona
(1869–1951) 		1928 15 April 1928 26 April 1935 Military officer
from 1932
National Union 		[8][22]
1935 26 April 1935 15 April 1942
1942 15 April 1942 20 April 1949
1949 20 April 1949 18 April 1951[D]
- António de Oliveira Salazar[24]
(1889–1970)
(interim) 		— 18 April 1951 21 July 1951 National Union [25]
12 Francisco Craveiro Lopes
(1894–1964) 		1951 21 July 1951 9 August 1958 National Union [8][26]
13 Américo Tomás
(1894–1987) 		1958 9 August 1958 9 August 1965 National Union
from 1970
People's National Action 		[8][27]
1965 9 August 1965 9 August 1972
1972 9 August 1972 25 April 1974[C]

Third Republic (1974–present)

[edit]
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Ref.
Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976)
- National Salvation Junta[28]
President: António de Spínola 		— 25 April 1974 15 May 1974 – [29]
14
António de Spínola (1974).png
 António de Spínola
(1910–1996) 		— 15 May 1974 30 September 1974[R] Military officer [8][29]
15
Francisco Costa Gomes Roma 1975.jpg
 Francisco da Costa Gomes
(1914–2001) 		— 30 September 1974 14 July 1976 Military officer [8][30]
Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present)
16
Ramalho Eanes (1983-09-14) (cropped).png
 António Ramalho Eanes
(born 1935) 		1976 14 July 1976 14 January 1981 Military officer
from 1985
Democratic Renewal 		[8][31]
1980 14 January 1981 9 March 1986
17
Mário Soares par Claude Truong-Ngoc 1978.png
 Mário Soares
(1924–2017) 		1986 9 March 1986 9 March 1991 Socialist [8][32]
1991 9 March 1991 9 March 1996
18
Jorge Sampaio 3.jpg
 Jorge Sampaio
(1939–2021) 		1996 9 March 1996 9 March 2001 Socialist [8][33]
2001 9 March 2001 9 March 2006
19
Cavaco Silva (2014-06-05), cropped.png
 Aníbal Cavaco Silva
(born 1939) 		2006 9 March 2006 9 March 2011 Social Democratic [8][34]
2011 9 March 2011 9 March 2016
20
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (Web Summit).jpg
 Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
(born 1948) 		2016 9 March 2016 9 March 2021 Social Democratic [35]
2021 9 March 2021 Incumbent
  • Left office early:
[A] Assassinated.
[D] Died in office of natural causes.
[R] Resigned.
[C] Forced to resign due to a coup d'état.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ David Williamson, «Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe»,1988,Webb & Bower, Exeter, ISBN 0-86350-194-X; César Olivera Serrano, «Beatriz de Portugal»
  2. ^ García de Cortázar, Fernando (1999), Breve historia de España, Alianza Editorial, page 712; Armindo de Sousa, in História de Portugal coordinated by José Mattoso, Editorial Estampa, vol. II, ISBN 972-33-0919-X, pages 494/95
  3. ^ a b c d Also referred as the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. "While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha, Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza"
  4. ^ Some historians consider that Manuel II was preceded by his elder brother Luís Filipe, not by his father Carlos. In fact, while king Carlos died instantly under the bullets of the anarchists on 1 February 1908, his son Luís Filipe, the crown prince, survived for at least twenty-five minutes, enough to allow governmental officials to name him king. This act is, however, usually considered as historically irrelevant, given that the crown prince never recovered from his coma. His younger brother Manuel (who was also injured, though not seriously) is therefore considered to have been the direct successor of the murdered king Carlos I.
  5. ^ Teófilo Braga served as President of the Provisional Government, the de facto head of government and head of state, from the republican revolution of 1910 to the election of Manuel de Arriaga, the 1st President of Portugal.
  6. ^ "MRP - Teófilo Braga". www.museu.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  7. ^ a b "Manuel de Arriaga - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Braga, Paulo Drumond 1965- (2010). "Os Presidentes da República Portuguesa : sociologia de uma função".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b "Teófilo Braga". PRESIDENCY OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  10. ^ a b c d "Bernardino Machado - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  11. ^ a b c "Sidónio Pais - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  12. ^ After leading a coup d'état, Sidónio Pais became President of the Revolutionary Junta and later Prime Minister (President of the Ministry). He then abolished the post of Prime Minister, assuming himself as the head of government as President of the Republic. He was assassinated in 1918.
  13. ^ "Lei Nº 833, de 16 de Dezembro de 1918" (PDF). www.parlamento.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  14. ^ Canto e Castro was head of the Council of Ministers that served as the head of state of Portugal after the assassination of Sidónio Pais in 1918, from December 14 to December 16. He then became interim president until the election of António José de Almeida.
  15. ^ a b "Canto e Castro - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  16. ^ a b "António José de Almeida - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  17. ^ a b "Teixeira Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  18. ^ a b c Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa and Óscar Carmona were the heads of the revolutionary provisional governments during the year of 1926. Although not called Presidents, they were de facto heads of state.
  19. ^ a b "Mendes Cabeçadas - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  20. ^ "MRP - Manuel Gomes da Costa". www.museu.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  21. ^ a b "Gomes da Costa - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  22. ^ a b c "Óscar Carmona - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  23. ^ Óscar Carmona served initially as head of the revolutionary government after a counter-coup deposed Gomes da Costa. He was de facto head of state between July 9 and November 16, 1926. However he officially took office as President of the Republic on November 16, 1926. Six years later, in 1932, the Estado Novo was proclaimed and the National Union, the only legal party, was formed by António de Oliveira Salazar. Carmona joined the party and was the party's candidate for every presidential election (that were considered fraudulent) until 1951, when he died.
  24. ^ António de Oliveira Salazar, the dictatorial President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) occupied the post of president interim between the death of Óscar Carmona and the election of Francisco Craveiro Lopes.
  25. ^ Alves, Maria Teixeira (2016-12-28). "Site da Presidência exclui Salazar da lista de Presidentes da República". www.jornaleconomico.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal Económico. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  26. ^ "Craveiro Lopes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  27. ^ "Américo Tomás - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  28. ^ Between the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974 and May 15 of the same year, António de Spínola was the head of the National Salvation Junta, being the de facto head of state and government. After May 15 Adelino da Palma Carlos became the Prime Minister, and Spínola continued as de jure head of state as President of the Republic.
  29. ^ a b "António de Spínola - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  30. ^ "Costa Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  31. ^ "Ramalho Eanes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  32. ^ "Mário Soares - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  33. ^ "Jorge Sampaio - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  34. ^ "Aníbal Cavaco Silva - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  35. ^ "Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.

References

[edit]
  • Jornal de Notícias (January–May 2006). Museu da Presidência da República/Jornal de Notícias (ed.). Presidents de Portugal - Fotobiografias (1st ed.). Porto.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • "Portal da História". Biografias dos Presidentes. Retrieved February 8, 2006.
[edit]
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