Jump to content

Fastest animals

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from List of fastest animals)

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of the fastest animals in the world, by types of animal.

Fastest organism

[edit]

The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird, and the fastest member of the animal kingdom, with a diving speed of over 300 km/h (190 mph).[1] The fastest land animal is the cheetah. Among the fastest animals in the sea is the black marlin, with uncertain and conflicting reports of recorded speeds.[2][3]

When drawing comparisons between different classes of animals, an alternative unit is sometimes used for organisms: body length per second. On this basis the 'fastest' organism on earth, relative to its body length, is the Southern Californian mite, Paratarsotomus macropalpis, which has a speed of 322 body lengths per second.[4] The equivalent speed for a human, running as fast as this mite, would be 1,300 mph (2,092 km/h),[5] or approximately Mach 1.7. The speed of the P. macropalpis is far in excess of the previous record holder, the Australian tiger beetle Rivacindela hudsoni, which is the fastest insect in the world relative to body size, with a recorded speed of 1.86 metres per second (6.7 km/h; 4.2 mph), or 171 body lengths per second.[6] The cheetah, the fastest land mammal, scores at only 16 body lengths per second.[4]

List of animals by speed
Rank Animal Maximum speed Class Notes
1 Peregrine falcon 389 km/h (242 mph)
108 m/s (354 ft/s)
[1][7] 		Flight-diving The peregrine falcon is the fastest aerial animal, fastest animal in flight, fastest bird, and the overall fastest member of the animal kingdom. The peregrine achieves its highest velocity not in horizontal level flight, but during its characteristic hunting stoop (vertical flight). While stooping, the peregrine falcon soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speed of over 320 km/h (200 mph).[1]
Assuming the maximum size at 58 cm (23 in), its relative speed clocks at 186 body lengths per second during its hunting swoop, the equivalent of a human running at 170 m/s (560 ft/s).
2 Golden eagle 240–320 km/h (150–200 mph)
67–89 m/s (220–293 ft/s)
[8] 		Flight-diving Assuming the maximum size at 1.02 m (3 ft 4 in), its relative speed clocks at 66–87 body lengths per second, the equivalent of a human running at 60–80 m/s (197–262 ft/s).
3 Gyrfalcon 209 km/h (130 mph)[9] Flight-diving
4 White-throated needletail swift 169 km/h (105 mph)
[10][11][12] 		Flight
5 Eurasian hobby 160 km/h (100 mph)
[13] 		Flight Can sometimes outfly the swift.
6 Mexican free-tailed bat 160 km/h (100 mph)
[14] 		Flight It has been claimed to have the fastest horizontal speed (as opposed to stoop diving speed) of any animal.
7 Frigatebird 153 km/h (95 mph) Flight The frigatebird's high speed is helped by its having the largest wing-area-to-body-weight ratio of any bird.
8 Rock dove (pigeon) 148.9 km/h (92.5 mph)
[15] 		Flight Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph (148.9 km/h) average speed on a 400-mile (640 km) race.
9 Spur-winged goose 142 km/h (88 mph)
[16] 		Flight
10 Grey-headed albatross 127 km/h (79 mph)
[17][18][note 1] 		Flight
11 Cheetah 109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph)
[a] 		Land Fastest land animal, fastest feline, the cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph) in under three seconds, though endurance is limited.[19]
12 Sailfish 109.19 km/h (67.85 mph)
[citation needed] 		Flight-swimming
13 Anna's hummingbird 98.27 km/h (61.06 mph)
[25] 		Flight
14 Swordfish 97 km/h (60 mph)[citation needed] Swimming
15 Ostrich 97 km/h (60 mph)
[26] 		Land
16 Pronghorn 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph)[b] Land
17 Springbok 88 km/h (55 mph)
[31][32] 		Land
18 Quarter Horse 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph) Land The American Quarter Horse, or Quarter Horse, is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances. Its name came from its ability to outdistance other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less; some have been clocked at speeds up to 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph).
19 Blue wildebeest 80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[c] Land
20 Thomson's gazelle 80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[36] Land


Invertebrates

[edit]
Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
Horsefly 145 km/h (90 mph)
[37][unreliable source?][dubious – discuss] 		The pursuit maneuver used by male Hybomitra hinei wrighti, measured by interpolation of slow-motion cinematography.
Members of Loliginidae and Ommastrephidae 36 km/h (22 mph) Many of these species "fly" out of the water to escape danger. The Japanese flying squid can glide for 3 seconds over 30 metres.
Tiger beetle 6.8 km/h (4.2 mph)
[6] 		The Australian tiger beetle, Rivacindela hudsoni, is one of the fastest running insects in the world relative to body size, which has been recorded at 6.8 km/h (4.2 mph) or 171 body lengths per second. It can fly at 43 km/h (27 mph).
Paratarsotomus macropalpis 22 cm/s (8.7 in/s)
0.8 km/h (0.5 mph) 		0.7 mm long mite endemic to Southern California, tracked running up to 322 body lengths per second, equivalent to a human running at around 2,092 km/h (1,300 mph). Because of this feat, it is ranked the fastest animal on the planet relative to its body size. It can also achieve this speed across a concrete surface at a temperature of 60 °C (140 °F), which is lethal to many animals.[5][38]

Fish

[edit]

Due to physical constraints, fish may be incapable of exceeding swim speeds of 36 km/h (22 mph).[2][3] The larger reported figures below are therefore highly questionable:

Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
Black marlin 132 km/h (82 mph)[citation needed][dubious – discuss] A hooked black marlin has been recorded stripping line off a fishing reel at 120 feet per second (82 mph; 132 km/h).
Sailfish 109.19 km/h (67.85 mph)[citation needed][dubious – discuss] In a series of tests carried out in a fishing cam at Long Key, Florida, United States, sailfish swam and leapt 91 meters (300 ft) in 3 seconds, equivalent to a speed of 109 km/h (68 mph), although this speed includes leaps out of the water, which do not strictly qualify as swimming speed.
Swordfish 97 km/h (60 mph)[citation needed][dubious – discuss] The 60 mph (97 km/h) figure listed for the swordfish is based on a corrupted version of calculations made by Sir James Gray to estimate the impact speed necessary for a hypothetical 600-pound (270 kg) swordfish to embed its sword 3 feet in the timbers of ships, as has been known to occur; the figure seems to have entered the literature without question as though someone had actually timed a swordfish at that speed.
Yellowfin tuna 76 km/h (47 mph)
[39][dubious – discuss]		 Many tuna species are capable of swimming at fast speeds colloquially cited at around 80 km/h (50 mph). The tails of tuna move fast enough to cause cavitation, which slows them down as vapour accumulates.[3] Tuna have bony fins without nerve endings, which prevents the fish from feeling the pain of cavitation but does not fully protect them from the implosive damage.
Shortfin mako shark 72 km/h (45 mph)[citation needed][dubious – discuss] Underwater and unimpeded by a fishing line, the Shortfin mako has been reliably clocked at 50 km/h (31 mph), and there is a claim that one individual of this species achieved a burst speed of 74 km/h (46 mph). But it is extremely difficult to get a fish in the wild to swim in a straight line over a measured course. Laboratory measurements of numerous kinds of fishes — representing a wide range of body sizes — swimming against an artificial current have revealed a surprisingly uniform maximum burst speed of about 10 times the body length per second. Thus, for an average-sized, 2 m (6.5 ft) shortfin, its theoretical maximum speed might be something on the order of 72 km/h (45 mph). Yet some estimates of the top-speed of a shortfin mako are considerably higher.

Amphibians

[edit]
Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
Nauta salamander 24.14 km/h (15.00 mph)
 Also known as the Andean Salamander, it is the fastest amphibian recorded.[40][41]

Reptiles

[edit]
Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
Perentie 40.23 km/h (25.00 mph) Generally considered the fastest recorded reptile.
Green Iguana 35.41 km/h (22.00 mph)[42] Green Iguanas are large arboreal lizards capable of running at high speed on the ground.
Leatherback sea turtle 35.28 km/h (21.92 mph)[43] These turtles have the most hydrodynamic body design of any sea turtle, with a large, teardrop-shaped body.
Costa Rican spiny-tailed iguana 34.6 km/h (21.5 mph)[44] Often cited as the world's fastest lizard in older sources.
Six-lined racerunner 28.97 km/h (18.00 mph) A small lizard found throughout the Southern United States and Mexico.
Black mamba 22.53 km/h (14.00 mph)[45]
Komodo dragon 20.92 km/h (13.00 mph)[46] Komodo dragons can run briefly up to 21 km/h (13 mph) but prefer to hunt by stealth.[46]

Birds

[edit]
See also: List of birds by flight speed
Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
Peregrine falcon 389 km/h (242 mph)[1][7] The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird, and the fastest member of the animal kingdom. While not the fastest bird at level (horizontal) flight, its great speed is achieved in its hunting dive (vertical flight), the stoop, wherein it soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speeds of over 200 mph (320 km/h).
Golden eagle

240–320 km/h (150–200 mph)[47]

In full stoop, a golden eagle can reach spectacular speeds of up to 240 to 320 km/h (150 to 200 mph) when diving after prey. Although less agile and maneuverable, the golden eagle is apparently quite the equal and possibly even the superior of the peregrine falcon's stooping and gliding speed.
Gyrfalcon 187–209 km/h (116–130 mph)[48]
White-throated needletail 169 km/h (105 mph)[10][11][12] The fastest flying bird in flapping flight.
Eurasian hobby 160 km/h (100 mph)[13] It can sometimes even outfly birds such as the swift when hunting.
Frigatebird 153 km/h (95 mph) The frigatebird's high speed is helped by its having the largest wing-area-to-body-weight ratio of any bird.
Rock dove (pigeon) 148.9 km/h (92.5 mph)[15] Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph (148.9 km/h) average speed on a 400-mile (640 km) race.
Spur-winged goose 142 km/h (88 mph)
Red-breasted merganser 129 km/h (80 mph)[49]
Grey-headed albatross 127 km/h (79 mph)[17][18]
Anna's hummingbird 98.27 km/h (61.06 mph)[25] The stated speed equals 276 body lengths per second, the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate.
Ostrich
(on land) 		80–97 km/h (50–60 mph)[50] The ostrich is the fastest bird on land, as well as the fastest running animal on two legs.[51][52]

The highest reliably measured running speed for ostriches is 61 km/h (38 mph), obtained by speedometer reading when a car was chasing an ostrich in a straight line chase to force it to move as fast as it could.[53] Although there are reports of speeds of 72–97 km/h (45–60 mph) for ostriches, none are confirmed.[54]

Emu
(on land) 		46–50 km/h (29–31 mph)[55]
Cassowary
(on land) 		46–50 km/h (29–31 mph)[56]
Roadrunner
(running) 		32–43 km/h (20–27 mph)[57]
  1. ^ Sustained ground speed for approximately nine hours with no rest on high tailwinds during an Antarctic storm.

Mammals

[edit]
Animal Maximum speed Notes
Mexican free-tailed bat
(in flight) 		160 km/h (99 mph)
[14] 		They are the fastest mammal in the world and one of the fastest flying animals on level flight.
Cheetah 109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph)
[d] 		The cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph) in under three seconds,[58] though endurance is limited: most cheetahs run for only 60 seconds at a time.[19] When sprinting, cheetahs spend more time in the air than on the ground.[59] See Sarah, the fastest cheetah.

A widely quoted top speed figure of 71 mph (114 km/h) has been discredited due to lax and questionable methodology.[60] The highest speed reliably and rigorously measured in cheetahs in a straight line is 29 m/s (104 km/h), as an average of 3 runs over a 201.2-meter (220 yards) course (starting from start line already running).[61][62]

Top speed data is result of dividing distance by time spent.

Pronghorn 80–96 km/h (50–60 mph)
[19][27][22] 		The pronghorn (American antelope) is the fastest animal over long distances; it can run at 56 km/h (35 mph) for 6 km (3.7 mi), 67 km/h (42 mph) for 1.6 km (0.99 mi), and 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph) for 0.8 km (0.50 mi).[19] Its top speed is estimated at up to 96–98 km/h (60–61 mph) an "alleged top speed of 60 mph (96.6 km/h)" (emphasis added),[28] and 98 km/h (61 mph)[29][30]

Pronghorns can reach a top speed of 60 mph (97 km/h) in good conditions, and a top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) normally.[60] They can reach speeds of 72 km/h (45 mph) in a 2-3 km course.[63] Estimated by observing the odometer when the animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle.[60][63]

Springbok 88 km/h (55 mph)
[31][32] 		The springbok, an antelope of the gazelle tribe in southern Africa,[32] can make long jumps and sharp turns while running.[19]
Tsessebe 70–90 km/h (43–56 mph)
[64][65][66] 		Estimated by observing the odometer when an animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle on a road.
Domestic Horse 70.76–88.5 km/h (43.97–54.99 mph)
[67] 		The fastest horse speed was achieved by a thoroughbred.
Thomson's gazelle 81 km/h (50 mph)
[66][e] 		Thomson's gazelles, being long-distance runners, can escape cheetahs by sheer endurance.[69] Their speed is partially due to their "stotting", or bounding leaps.[68]

Estimated by observing the odometer when an animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle on a road.[66]

Wildebeest 80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)
[66][f] 		The wildebeest, an antelope, exists as two species: the blue wildebeest and the black wildebeest. Both are extremely fast runners, which allows them to flee from predators.[35] They are better at maintaining endurance for long distances than at sprinting.[34]

Estimated by observing the odometer when an animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle on a road.[66]

Blackbuck 80 km/h (50 mph)
[31][70] 		The blackbuck antelope can sustain speeds of 80 km/h (50 mph) for over 1.5 km (0.93 mi) at a time.[70] Each of its strides (i.e., the distance between its hoofprints) is 5.8–6.7 m (19–22 ft).[31]
Grant's gazelle 64–80 km/h (40–50 mph)
[66] 		Estimated by observing the odometer when an animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle on a road.
Hartebeest 70–80 km/h (43–50 mph)
[66] 		Estimated by observing the odometer when an animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle on a road.
Impala 60–80 km/h (37–50 mph)
[66] 		Estimated by observing the odometer when an animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle on a road.
Lion 80 km/h (50 mph)
[66][71] 		While hunting, a lioness can generate top speed up to 80 km/h in short bursts.[71]
Hare 57–80 km/h (35–50 mph) Hares can reach maximum speeds of 35 mph (56 km/h)[72] in short distances of approximately 90 meters, and a top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) for about 20 meters.[73]
Jackrabbit 58–72 km/h (36–45 mph)
[g] 		The jackrabbit's strong hind legs allow it to leap 3 m (9.8 ft) in one bound; some can even reach 6 m (20 ft).[82] Jackrabbits use a combination of leaps and zig-zags to outrun predators.[75]
African wild dog 60–71 km/h (37–44 mph)
[h] 		When hunting, African wild dogs can sprint at 66 km/h (41 mph) in bursts, and they can maintain speeds of 56–60 km/h (35–37 mph) for up to 4.8 km (3 mi).[86][87] Their targeted prey rarely escapes.[84]
Kangaroo 50–71 km/h (31–44 mph)
[i] 		The comfortable hopping speed for a kangaroo is about 21–26 km/h (13–16 mph), but speeds of up to 71 km/h (44 mph) can be attained over short distances, while it can sustain a speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) for nearly 2 km (1.2 mi).[89] The faster a kangaroo hops, the less energy it consumes (up to its cruising speed).[88]
Greyhound (Domestic dog) 60–70 km/h (37–43 mph)
[j] 		Greyhounds are the fastest dogs, and have primarily been bred for coursing game and racing.
Onager 60–70 km/h (37–43 mph)
[k] 		The onager consists of several subspecies, which most likely share the same ability to run at high speeds.[94]
Zebra 56–70 km/h (35–43 mph)
[66][l] 		Zebras have a home range anywhere between 11 and 232 sq mi (28 and 601 km2) and they can travel 10 mi (16 km) a day while grazing.[97]

Estimated by observing the odometer when an animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle on a road.[66]

Eland 55–70 km/h (34–43 mph)
[66] 		Estimated by observing the odometer when an animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle on a road.
Coyote 60–65 km/h (37–40 mph)
[m] 		Coyotes can easily reach 48 km/h (30 mph), and can sprint at 65 km/h (40 mph) when hunting.[99] Even without a front foot, a coyote can still run at around 32 km/h (20 mph).[98]
Big brown bat
(flight) 		56–64 km/h (35–40 mph) Big brown bats are reported to be one of the fastest bats reaching speeds of up to 40 mph.[101]
Common dolphin
(swimming) 		55–64 km/h (34–40 mph)
[n] 		Common dolphins are the fastest marine mammals. When reaching their top speed, they take very short breaths. As an example, fin whales, which are much larger, can empty and refill their lungs in 2 seconds
Tiger 56–64 km/h (35–40 mph)
[o] 		Tigers live in jungles, and have been recorded going anywhere from 30 mph (48 km/h) to 40 mph (64 km/h); much like the cheetah and lion, however, they only maintain this for a short burst.
Hyena 50–60 km/h (31–37 mph)
[p] 		The hyena can run up to 60 km/h (37 mph); some attribute this performance specifically to the spotted hyena.[106] They use their speed to chase their prey, sometimes traveling 15 mi (24 km) in a single chase.
Giraffe 52–60 km/h (32–37 mph)
[66] 		Estimated by observing the odometer when an animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle on a road.
African buffalo 50–56 km/h (31–35 mph)[66] Estimated by observing the odometer when an animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle on a road.
Brown bear (Grizzly bear)

American black bear

48–56 km/h (30–35 mph)
[107][108] 		Although it has been said anecdotally that grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) can run at 56 km/h, the maximum speed reliably recorded at Yellowstone is 48 km/h.[107][108] It has been speculated that American black bears (Ursus americanus) can run at the same speed.[108]
Warthog 48–55 km/h (30–34 mph)
[66] 		Estimated by observing the odometer when an animal ran at its maximum speed, alongside a vehicle on a road.
Human Instantaneous: 44.244 km/h (27.492 mph)

Sprinting (100 m): 37.58 km/h (23.35 mph)

Long distance (marathon): 20.99 km/h (13.04 mph)

Usain Bolt holds the 100 metre world record at 9.58 seconds. His absolute fastest speed during that sprint was 12.29 m/s (44.2 km/h; 27.5 mph) at 67.90 metres. The average speed of this race, including the brief reaction time immediately after the commencement of the race, was 10.44 m/s (37.6 km/h; 23.4 mph).[109]

At distances greater than 400 metres, the human body requires oxygen to sustain such paces, and speed significantly tapers at this point. The mile run world record is held by Hicham El Guerrouj with a time of 3:43.13, corresponding to 26.25 km/h (16.31 mph). The marathon world record is held by Kelvin Kiptum with a time of 2:00:35, corresponding to 20.99 km/h (13.04 mph). The world record for longest distance run continuously is held by Dean Karnazes, who ran 563 km (350 miles) in 80 hours 44 minutes without stopping.

In the absence of significant external factors, non-athletic humans tend to walk at about 1.4 m/s (5.0 km/h; 3.1 mph) and run at about 5.1 m/s (18 km/h; 11 mph).[110][111][112] Although humans are capable of walking at speeds from nearly 0 m/s to upwards of 2.5 m/s (9.0 km/h; 5.6 mph) and running one mile (1.6 kilometers) in anywhere between 4–15 minutes, humans typically choose to use only a small range within these speeds.[113]

Compared to other land animals, humans are exceptionally capable of endurance—over very long distances, able to outrun every other species on land except certain dogs.

Wombat 40 km/h (25 mph)
[114] 		Wombats can maintain that speed for 150 metres (490 ft).[114]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Different sources cite different speeds; estimates include 96–120 km/h (60–75 mph),[19] 98 km/h (61 mph),[20] 100 km/h (62 mph),[21] 104 km/h (65 mph),[22] and 104.4 km/h (64.9 mph).[23][24] There is a tendency to overestimate the speed of fast animals, and claims of the cheetah running 114 km/h (71 mph) or faster have been discredited.[19][24]
  2. ^ Estimates include "over 53 miles (86 kilometers) per hour",[27] 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph),[19][22] an "alleged top speed of 60 miles an hour [96.6 km/h]" (emphasis added),[28] 98 km/h (61 mph),[29] and "a top speed of about 100 km/h [62 mph]" (emphasis added).[30]
  3. ^ Estimates include 70 km/h (43 mph) (specifically the black wildebeest),[33] "approximately 80 km/h or 50 mph",[34] and "over 50 miles per hour [80.5 km/h]" (specifically the blue wildebeest).[35]
  4. ^ Different sources cite different speeds; estimates include 96–120 km/h (60–75 mph),[19] 98 km/h (61 mph),[20] 100 km/h (62 mph),[21] 104 km/h (65 mph),[22] and 104.4 km/h (64.9 mph).[23][24] There is a tendency to overestimate the speed of fast animals, and claims of the cheetah running 114 km/h (71 mph) or faster have been discredited.[19][24]
  5. ^ Estimates include 64 km/h (40 mph)[68] and 70 km/h (43 mph).[69]
  6. ^ Estimates include 70 km/h (43 mph) (specifically the black wildebeest),[33] "approximately 80 km/h or 50 mph",[34] and "over 50 miles per hour [80.5 km/h]" (specifically the blue wildebeest).[35]
  7. ^ Estimates include 64 km/h (40 mph),[74][75] 70 km/h (43 mph),[76]: 237 [77] and 72 km/h (45 mph) (some attribute this to the antelope jackrabbit,[78] others to the white-tailed jackrabbit,[79][80] and still others to jackrabbits in general.[81])
  8. ^ Estimates include 66 km/h (41 mph)[83] and 71 km/h (44 mph)[84][85]
  9. ^ Estimates include "more than 30 miles per hour (48 kilometers per hour)"[88] and 71 km/h (44 mph).[89]
  10. ^ Estimates include 67 km/h (42 mph),[90] 68.4 km/h (42.5 mph),[91] and 69 km/h (43 mph).[22]
  11. ^ Estimates include 64 km/h (40 mph),[92]: 169  69 km/h (43 mph) (specifically for the kulan subspecies),[93] and 70 km/h (43 mph) (specifically for the Persian subspecies).[94]
  12. ^ Estimates include 35 mph (56 km/h)[95] and 40 mph (64 km/h) for both the Grévy's zebra and Burchell's zebra.[96][97]
  13. ^ Estimates include 64 km/h (39.8 mph),[98] 64.4 km/h (40 mph),[99] and 65 km/h (40 mph)[100]: 55 
  14. ^ Estimates include 64 km/h (39.8 mph),[102]
  15. ^ Estimates include 40 mph (64 km/h)[103]
  16. ^ Estimates include 30 mph (48 km/h),[104] 25–31 mph (40–50 km/h) (specifically for the brown hyena)[105] and 37 mph (60 km/h)[92]: 160 [106]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Falling with the Falcon | Flight Today | Air & Space Magazine
  2. ^ a b Svendsen, Morten B. S.; Domenici, Paolo; Marras, Stefano; Krause, Jens; Boswell, Kevin M.; Rodriguez-Pinto, Ivan; Wilson, Alexander D. M.; Kurvers, Ralf H. J. M.; Viblanc, Paul E.; Finger, Jean S.; Steffensen, John F. (2016). "Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and three other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time and stride length: a myth revisited". Biology Open. 5 (10): 1415–1419. doi:10.1242/bio.019919. PMC 5087677. PMID 27543056.
  3. ^ a b c Iosilevskii, G; Weihs, D (2008). "Speed limits on swimming of fishes and cetaceans". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 5 (20): 329–338. doi:10.1098/rsif.2007.1073. PMC 2607394. PMID 17580289.
  4. ^ a b PTI (28 April 2014). "Mite runs faster than cheetah, sets record as world's fastest land animal". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  5. ^ a b Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) (27 April 2014). "Mite sets new record as world's fastest land animal". Featured Research. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  6. ^ a b Merritt, Thomas M. (31 July 1999). "Chapter 39: Fastest Runner". Book of Insect Records. University of Florida. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  7. ^ a b Video of peregrine falcon
  8. ^ "The Fastest Birds In The World". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  9. ^ Tucker, V. A.; Cade, T. J.; Tucker, A. E. (July 1998). "Diving speeds and angles of a gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 201: 2061–2070. PMID 9622578.
  10. ^ a b "trails.com". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  11. ^ a b "travelalmanac.com". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  12. ^ a b "Newton". Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  13. ^ a b Seago, Michael J. "Birds of Britain – Hobby, Falco subbuteo". Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  14. ^ a b "Brazilian free-tailed bat is the fastest flyer in the animal kingdom".
  15. ^ a b "fbipigeons.com, PIGEON FACTS". Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  16. ^ "Spur-winged Goose | Speed of Animals".
  17. ^ a b "Guinness Records – Fastest Bird Level Flight". Guinness World Records Limited. 15 March 2003. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  18. ^ a b Catry, Paulo; Phillips, Richard (13 May 2004). "Sustained fast travel by a gray-headed albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma) riding an antarctic storm". The Auk. 121 (4): 1208. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1208:SFTBAG]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86330527.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Carwardine, Mark (2008). Animal Records. New York: Sterling. pp. 11, 43. ISBN 9781402756238.
  20. ^ a b Smith, Roff (2 August 2012). "Cheetah Breaks Speed Record—Beats Usain Bolt by Seconds". National Geographic Daily News. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012.
  21. ^ a b Sears, Edward S. (2001). Running Through the Ages. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 5. ISBN 9780786409716.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Even Rohan Harikumar can't beat greyhounds, cheetahs...or pronghorn antelope". ScienceDaily. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  23. ^ a b "Speed sensation". Nature Video Collections. BBC Nature. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  24. ^ a b c d Sharp, N. C. C. (1 March 1997). "Timed running speed of a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)". Journal of Zoology. 241 (3): 493–494. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb04840.x.
  25. ^ a b Courtship dives of Anna's hummingbird offer insights into flight performance limits
  26. ^ "Explained: How Fast Can An Ostrich Run | BirdJoy". Bird Joy. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  27. ^ a b "Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)". National Geographic. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  28. ^ a b Nowak, Rachel (1 December 1992). "The Pronghorn's Prowess". Discover Magazine. Kalmbach Publishing Co. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  29. ^ a b Krejci, Kandace; Dewey, Tanya. "Antilocarpa americana: pronghorn". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  30. ^ a b McKean, Tom; Ben Walker (September 1974). "Comparison of selected cardiopulmonary parameters between the pronghorn and the goat". Respiration Physiology. 21 (3): 365–370. doi:10.1016/0034-5687(74)90066-8. ISSN 0034-5687. PMID 4417857.
  31. ^ a b c d Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (1 January 2002). International Wildlife Encyclopedia Set. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 226, 2499. ISBN 9780761472667.
  32. ^ a b c Estes, Richard. "springbok". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  33. ^ a b Kohn, Tertius Abraham; Curry, Jennifer Wendy; Noakes, Timothy David (1 December 2011). "Black wildebeest skeletal muscle exhibits high oxidative capacity and a high proportion of type IIx fibres". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 214 (23): 4041–4047. doi:10.1242/jeb.061572. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 22071196.
  34. ^ a b c McGowan, Christopher (28 February 1999). A Practical Guide to Vertebrate Mechanics. Cambridge University Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780521576734.
  35. ^ a b c PBS. "Animal Guide: Blue Wildebeest". Nature. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  36. ^ Natural History Magazine (March 1974). The American Museum of Natural History; and James G. Doherty, general curator, The Wildlife Conservation Society
  37. ^ Chapter 1: Fastest Flyer, Book of Insect Records, University of California, 31 May 1994. Retrieved October 2017.
  38. ^ Mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis is World’s Fastest Terrestrial Animal, Study Says, Sci-News.com, 28 April 2014. Retrieved May 2014.
  39. ^ Block, Barbara A.; Booth, David; Carey, Francis G. (1992). "Direct measurement of swimming speeds and depth of blue marlin" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 166. Company of Biologists Ltd.: 267–284. doi:10.1242/jeb.166.1.267. ISSN 0022-0949. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  40. ^ "Amphibian Facts by World Animal Foundation".
  41. ^ "Animal Olympics: Who's the Fastest?". 11 July 2016.
  42. ^ "Is a Gilamonster faster than an Iguana? | Purely Facts".
  43. ^ McFarlan, Donald (1991). Guinness Book of Records 1992. New York: Guinness.
  44. ^ "Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard: an allometric approach" (PDF).
  45. ^ Spawls, Stephen; Howell, Kim; Drewes, Robert; Ashe, James (2017). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury. pp. 1201–1202. ISBN 978-1-4729-3561-8.
  46. ^ a b "Komodo Dragon Facts". Live Science. 17 October 2014.
  47. ^ Tucker, V. A.; Cade, T. J.; Tucker, A. E. (July 1998). "Diving speeds and angles of a gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 201: 2061–2070. PMID 9622578.
  48. ^ Tucker, V. A.; Cade, T. J.; Tucker, A. E. (July 1998). "Diving speeds and angles of a gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 201: 2061–2070. PMID 9622578.
  49. ^ "Red-breasted Merganser | Speed of Animals".
  50. ^ Peng, Ke-Mei; Feng, Yueping; Zhang, Gaoying; Liu, Huazhen; Song, Hui (1 January 2010). "Anatomical study of the brain of the African ostrich". Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences: 240. doi:10.3906/vet-0806-19. S2CID 86000532. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  51. ^ Desert USA (1996). "Ostrich". Digital West Media. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  52. ^ Doherty, James G. (March 1974). "Speed of animals". Natural History.
  53. ^ Alexander, R. McN.; Maloiy, G. M. O.; Njau, R.; Jayes, A. S. (1979). "Mechanics of running of the ostrich (Strutio camelus)". Journal of Zoology. 187 (2): 169–178. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03941.x.
  54. ^ Daley, Monica A.; Channon, Anthony J.; Nolan, Grant S.; Hall, Jade (2016). "Preferred gait and walk-run transition speeds in ostriches measured using GPS-IMU sensors". Journal of Experimental Biology. 219 (20): 3301–3308. doi:10.1242/jeb.142588. PMID 27802152. S2CID 23271227.
  55. ^ Stephen Davies (2002). Ratites and Tinamous. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854996-3.
  56. ^ Harmer, S.F.; Shipley, A.F. (1899). The Cambridge Natural History. Macmillan. pp. 35–36.
  57. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  58. ^ Williams, Terrie M.; Dobson, G. P.; Mathieu-Costello, O.; Morsbach, D.; Worley, M. B.; Phillips, J. A. (1997). "Skeletal muscle histology and biochemistry of an elite sprinter, the African cheetah". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 167 (8): 527–535. doi:10.1007/s003600050105. PMID 9404014. S2CID 22543782 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  59. ^ Bardo, Matt (8 September 2012). "Cheetah's speed secrets revealed". BBC Nature. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  60. ^ a b c Hildebrand, Milton (1959). "Motions of the running cheetah and horse" (PDF). American Society of Mammalogists. 40 (4): 481–495 – via JSTOR.
  61. ^ Sharp, Craig N. C. (1997). "Timed running speed of a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)". Journal of Zoology. 241 (3): 493–494. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb04840.x.
  62. ^ Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (1999). "Fake flies and cheating cheetahs". Australia Broadcasting Corporation.
  63. ^ a b Byers, John A. (1997). American Pronghorn: Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators Past. University of Chicago Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780226086996.
  64. ^ van den Berg, Ingrid (2015). Kruger self-drive. van den Berg, Philip, van den Berg, Heinrich. Cascades, South Africa: HPH Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 9780994675125. OCLC 934195661.
  65. ^ "Tsessebe | Botswana Wildlife Guide". www.botswana.co.za. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Schaller, George B. (1976). The Serengeti lion [electronic resource] a study of predator-prey relations. Drawings by Richard Keane. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-226-73640-2.
  67. ^ "Fastest speed for a race horse". Guinness World Records. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  68. ^ a b "Thomson's Gazelle: Gazella thomsonii". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. 11 November 2010. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  69. ^ a b Auman, Amy; Fye, Rachael; Dewey, Tanya. "Eudorcas thomsonii: Thomson's gazelle". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  70. ^ a b Nowak, Ronald M. (7 April 1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. JHU Press. p. 1193. ISBN 9780801857898.
  71. ^ a b "Everything you need to know about lions". CBS. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  72. ^ "Lepus europaeus (European hare)". Animal Diversity Web.
  73. ^ Chapman, Joseph; Flux, John (1990). Rabbits, Hares and Pikas : Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), Lagomorph Specialist Group. p. 2. ISBN 2831700191.
  74. ^ Virchow, Dallas; Hygnstrom, Scott; Ferraro, Dennis (1 January 2003). "G03-1526 Prevention and Control of Rabbit Damage". Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension.
  75. ^ a b "Jackrabbit: Lepus californicus". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. 11 April 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  76. ^ Vaughan, Terry; Ryan, James; Czaplewski, Nicholas (21 April 2011). Mammalogy. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 9780763762995.
  77. ^ Mares, Michael A.; Oklahoma Museum of Natural History (199). Deserts. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 310. ISBN 9780806131467.
  78. ^ Feldhamer, George A.; Bruce C., Thompson; Chapman, Joseph A., eds. (21 October 2003). Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation (2nd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 65, 140, 909. ISBN 978-0801874161.
  79. ^ "Whitetailed jackrabbit". Nevada Wildlife: Fact Sheets. Nevada Department of Wildlife. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  80. ^ "White-tailed Jackrabbit" (PDF). Iowa Department of Natural Resources. March 2004.
  81. ^ Deal, Kevin H. (1 June 2002). Wildlife & Natural Resource Management. Cengage Learning. p. 129. ISBN 9780766826816.
  82. ^ Ballenger, Liz. "Lepus californicus: black-tailed jackrabbit". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  83. ^ Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World: Dee-fox. Marshall Cavendish. 2001. p. 458. ISBN 9780761471981.
  84. ^ a b World Wildlife Fund. "African Wild Dog". Species. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  85. ^ Hart, Donna L.; Sussman, Robert W. (2005). Man The Hunted: Primates, Predators, and Human Evolution. Basic Books. p. 105. ISBN 9780813339368.
  86. ^ African Wildlife Foundation. "African Wild Dog". Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  87. ^ "African Wild Dog". Animal Bytes. San Diego Zoo. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  88. ^ a b Zoological Society of San Diego. "Animal Bytes: Kangaroo and Wallaby". San Diego Zoo. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  89. ^ a b Penny, Malcolm (2002). The Secret Life of Kangaroos. Austin TX: Raintree Steck-Vaughn. ISBN 978-0739849866.
  90. ^ Branigan, Cynthia A. (14 April 2004). Adopting the Racing Greyhound. John Wiley & Sons. p. 17. ISBN 9780764558986.
  91. ^ Knight, Kathryn (15 July 2012). "How Cheetahs Outpace Greyhounds". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (14): i. doi:10.1242/jeb.075788. ISSN 0022-0949.
  92. ^ a b Cooke, Fred; Bruce, Jenni (1 October 2004). The Encyclopedia of Animals: A Complete Visual Guide. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520244061.
  93. ^ Reuter, Bradley. "Equus hemionus: kulan". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  94. ^ a b Grogan, Jill. "Equus hemionus onager: onager". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  95. ^ Zoological Society of San Diego. "Animal Bytes: Zebra". San Diego Zoo. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  96. ^ African Wildlife Foundation. "Grevy's Zebra". Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  97. ^ a b "Damara zebra". Oregon Zoo. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  98. ^ a b Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (1998). Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California Press. p. 360. ISBN 9780520211995.
  99. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service. "The Coyote". Big Bend National Park. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  100. ^ North American Wildlife. Marshall Cavendish. 1 September 2010. ISBN 9780761479383.
  101. ^ "Big Brown Bat Fact Sheet".
  102. ^ "Marine Mammals – Descriptions & Behavior". MarineBio.org. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  103. ^ Environmental Graffiti activist site. "50 Fun Facts About Tigers". Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  104. ^ Zoological Society of San Diego. "Animal Bytes: Spotted Hyena". San Diego Zoo. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  105. ^ Schmidtke, Mike. "Hyaena brunnea: brown hyena". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan: Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  106. ^ a b Mills, M. G. L.; Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN. p. 33. ISBN 9782831704425.
  107. ^ a b Kearns, William E. (January–February 1937). "THE SPEED OF GRIZZLY BEARS. Yellowstone National Park (Nature Notes)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  108. ^ a b c Garland, Theodore (1983). "The relation between maximal running speed and body mass in terrestrial mammals". Journal of Zoology. 199 (2): 157–170. doi:10.1111/J.1469-7998.1983.TB02087.X.
  109. ^ Biomechanical Analysis of the Sprint and Hurdles events at the 2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics (Rolf Graubner & Eberhard Nixdorf, New Studies in Athletics (2011) 26: 1/2
  110. ^ Browning, Raymond C.; Baker, Emily A.; Herron, Jessica A.; Kram, Rodger (2006). "Effects of obesity and sex on the energetic cost and preferred speed of walking". Journal of Applied Physiology. 100 (2): 390–398. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.940.7503. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00767.2005. PMID 16210434. S2CID 16149098.
  111. ^ Mohler, B. J.; Thompson, W. B.; Creem-Regehr, S. H.; Pick, H. L. Jr; Warren, W. H. Jr. (2007). "Visual flow influences gait transition speed and preferred walking speed". Experimental Brain Research. 181 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1007/s00221-007-0917-0. PMID 17372727. S2CID 7032232.
  112. ^ Levine, R. V.; Norenzayan, A. (1999). "The Pace of Life in 31 Countries" (PDF). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 30 (2): 178–205. doi:10.1177/0022022199030002003. hdl:2027.42/67419. S2CID 5799354.
  113. ^ Minetti, A. E. (2000). "The three modes of terrestrial locomotion". In Benno Maurus Nigg; Brian R. MacIntosh; Joachim Mester (eds.). Biomechanics and Biology of Movement. Human Kinetics. pp. 67–78. ISBN 978-0-7360-0331-5.
  114. ^ a b Humble, Gary (1 June 2006). "The Uncommon Wombat". Scribbly Gum. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fastest_animals&oldid=1260556351"