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List of countries implementing pool testing strategy against COVID-19

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If not otherwise stated, the virological status of sample pools is evaluated through PCR tests.

Screening strategies

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General population

[edit]
Large-scale screening strategies
Country Institution Date Total sampled Number in pools Specimen Type References
  Switzerland 18/12/2021 >6,000,000 10 Saliva
 United States  Washington University of Washington 7/23/2020 >100,000 4 Nasopharyngeal swab [1]
 United States  California Stanford Medical Center 06/03/2020 2,888 (3 positives) 10 Nasopharyngeal swab [2]
 United States  Nebraska University of Nebraska 20/04/2020 1,700/week 5 Nasopharyngeal swab [3]
 United States  Kansas Clinical Reference Laboratory, Lenexa 31/08/2020 6,000/week 5 Saliva

[4]

 Spain Fundación Biomédica Galicia Sur, CHUVI 10/08/2020 100,000/month 20 Saliva

[5][6]

 Israel Rambam Clinical Microbiology Laboratory 18/03/2020 N.A. up to 64 Nasopharyngeal swab

[7][8] [9]

 Germany Saarland University Medical Center 29/04/2020 22,000 30 Nasopharyngeal swab [10][11]
 China Wuhan Centre for Disease Control 08/06/2020 >1M 5-10 Nasal/Oral swabs

[12] [13]

 China Qingdao 08/06/2020 7M To confirm To confirm

[14]

 China Kashgar City 26/11/2020 4.5M To confirm To confirm

[15]

 China Qingdao City 15/10/2020 11M 10 To confirm

[16]

 Portugal Algarve Biomedical Centre 24/04/2020 17,000 10 Nasopharyngeal swab

[17] [18]

 Australia Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne 25/08/2020 10,312 2-8 Nasopharyngeal swab

[19]

 Singapore Ministry of Health 02/2020 9,000 10 N.A.

[20]

 Ghana Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research 04/2020 30,000 10 Mixed origin

[21] [22]

 Philippines Makati Health Department 15/08/2020 10,000 Unknown Unknown

[23]

 Vietnam Danang Center for Disease Control 05/08/2020 >10,000 Unknown Unknown

[24]

 Ecuador Universidad de Las Americas 05/08/2020 1,500 3 Nasopharyngeal swabs

[25]

 South Korea Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 14/07/20

[26] [27] [28] [29]

 India Uttar Pradesh King George's Medical University, Lucknow [30]

[31]

 India West Bengal [32]
 India Punjab [33]
 India Chhattisgarh [34]
 India Maharashtra [35]
 Malaysia International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 27/04/2020 2,732 (52 positives) 10 Nasopharyngeal swab [36]
 Uruguay Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO). 22/09/2020 10 [37]
 Morocco Casablanca 09/06/2020 5-10

[38]

 Brazil Florianópolis 05/05/2020 19,535 (246 positives) 16 Nasopharyngeal swab

[39]

Campus screening strategies

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Screening strategies in University Campus
Country Campus Date Total sampled Number in pools Specimen Type References
  Switzerland Université de Genève 2021 saliva

[40][41]

 UK University of Nottingham 25/09/2020 self-collected saliva

[41]

 UK Cambridge University 25/09/2020 expected: 16 000/week self-collected nasopharyngeal

[42][41]

 Belgium Université de Liège 26/06/2020 expected: 30,000/week 8 self-collected saliva

[43] [44]

 United States College of Mount Saint Vincent 09/2020 5 to 24 self-collected saliva

[45]

 United States Duke University 08/2020 5 to 10 self-collected nasal

[46]

 United States Michigan State University 08/2020 14,000/week 8 or 10 self-collected saliva

[47]

 United States Syracuse University 07/2020 20,000/week 25 self-collected saliva

[48]

 United States University of South Florida 08/2020 ? 5 to 10 ?

[49]

 United States Colorado School 03/11/2020 (expected: 3,000/week) 8 self-collected saliva

[50]

 United States Shenandoah University 15/10/2020 2,000 self-collected saliva

[51]

SUNY campuses are implementing a pool testing strategy based on saliva samples, including Cornell,[52][53] SUNY Fredonia or SUNY Oneonta.[54]

The University of Tennessee[55] is also implementing a saliva pool testing strategy.

Researchers from Yale University,[56] Georgia Augusta University,[57] the University of Illinois,[58][59] are also considering or implementing pool testing strategies.

Small-scale screening or experimental protocols

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Smaller scale screening or experimental protocols
Country Institution Date Total sampled Number in pools Specimen Type References
 France Hôpital Bichat 03/06/2020 448 16 nasopharyngeal swab [60]
 Spain Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute for Research, Valencia 04/05/2020 N.A. 5-10 nasopharyngeal swab

[6]

 Spain Universidade de Santiago, Santiago 02/06/2020 N.A. 5-20 nasopharyngeal swab

[61]

 Chile Universidad Austral de Chile 06/2020 610 20 nasopharyngeal swab

[62]

 Kenya Pwani University & Oxford 13/08/2020 0 1500 6 nasopharyngeal swab

[63]

 Thailand Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 13/08/2020 N.A. 10 nasopharyngeal swab [64]
 Rwanda University of Rwanda, Kigali 30/04/2020 N.A. 20-100 oropharyngeal swab

[65]

 Italy Sant'Andrea Hospital and Sapienza University, Rome 03/08/2020 >2035 5 naso-oropharyngeal swab

[66]

 Thailand Mahidol University, Bangkok 25/08/2020 N.A. 5-10 saliva

[67]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Perchetti, Garrett A.; Sullivan, Ka-Wing; Pepper, Greg; Huang, Meei-Li; Breit, Nathan; Mathias, Patrick; Jerome, Keith R.; Greninger, Alexander L. (2020-10-01). "Pooling of SARS-CoV-2 samples to increase molecular testing throughput". Journal of Clinical Virology. 131: 104570. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104570. ISSN 1386-6532. PMC 7396208. PMID 32805524.
  2. ^ Hogan CA, Sahoo MK, Pinsky BA (2020). "Sample Pooling as a Strategy to Detect Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2". JAMA. 323 (19): 1967–1969. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5445. PMC 7136853. PMID 32250394.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Abdalhamid B, Bilder CR, McCutchen EL, Hinrichs SH, Koepsell SA, Iwen PC (2020). "Assessment of Specimen Pooling to Conserve SARS CoV-2 Testing Resources". Am J Clin Pathol. 153 (6): 715–718. doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa064. PMC 7188150. PMID 32304208.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "Lenexa company ramps up saliva testing for COVID-19". KSHB Kanasa. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  5. ^ "Vigo opens the new laboratory for COVID-19 screening by pooling". La Voz de Galicia. 26 September 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  6. ^ a b Cabrera, Jorge J.; Rey, Sonia; Perez, Sonia; Martinez-Lamas, Lucia; Cores-Calvo, Olaia; Torres, Julio; Porteiro, Jacobo; Garcia-Comesana, Julio; Regueiro, Benito J. (June 2, 2020). "Pooling for SARS-CoV-2 Control in Care Institutions". medRxiv 10.1101/2020.05.30.20108597v1.
  7. ^ "Israeli Researchers Introduce Pooling Method for COVID-19 Testing of Over 60 Patients Simultaneously". HospiMedica International staff writers. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  8. ^ Yelin I, Aharony N, Shaer Tamar E, Argoetti A, Messer E, Berenbaum D; et al. (2020). "Evaluation of COVID-19 RT-qPCR test in multi-sample pools". Clin Infect Dis. 71 (16): 2073–2078. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa531. PMC 7197588. PMID 32358960.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Israeli team has coronavirus test kit to test dozens of people at once". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  10. ^ "Homburger Virologen steigern mit Poolverfahren die Kapazitäten für Coronavirus-Massentests". Universität des Saarlandes. 29 May 2020. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
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  12. ^ "Wuhan tested millions of people for COVID-19 in just days. Could US cities do the same?". LiveScience.com. May 28, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  13. ^ "Coronavirus: China's plan to test everyone in Wuhan". BBC. June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  14. ^ "Slovakia to test all adults for SARS-CoV-2". The Lancet. October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  15. ^ "China's Kashgar had a coronavirus outbreak. Within two days, 4.5 million people were tested". The Washington Post. October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  16. ^ "Xinhua Headlines: China's Qingdao tests 11 million after local COVID-19 cases emerge". Xinhua Headlines. October 15, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  17. ^ "Portugal ramps up coronavirus testing at care homes". Reuters. April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
  18. ^ "Covid-19: Algarve uses 'pool testing' to test over 20,000 people". Portugal Resident. July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  19. ^ Chong BSW, Tran T, Druce J, Ballard SA, Simpson JA, Catton M (2020). "Sample pooling is a viable strategy for SARS-CoV-2 detection in low-prevalence settings". Pathology. 52 (7): 796–800. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2020.09.005. PMC 7508550. PMID 33036772.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Singapore pilots 'pooled testing' on nursing home staff". The Newspaper. May 12, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
  21. ^ "We 'pool' coronavirus samples to test 1,000s at a go; we've done 30,000 since Sunday – Noguchi". GhanaWeb. April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  22. ^ "Pooling samples boosts Ghana's COVID-19 testing". WHO Africa. July 31, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  23. ^ "Makati's COVID-19 pool testing to prioritize PUV drivers, vendors". INQUIRER.net. August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
  24. ^ "Danang, Vietnam's Covid-19 epicenter, carries out coronavirus pool testing". Hanoi Times. August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  25. ^ Freire-Paspuel, Byron; Vega-Marino, Patricio Alejandro; Velez, Alberto; Cruz, Marilyn; Garcia Bereguiain, Miguel Angel (July 3, 2020). "Sample pooling on triplets to speed up SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis using CDC FDA EUA RT-qPCR kit". medRxiv 10.1101/2020.06.29.20142836v1.
  26. ^ "[Coronavirus] Verified 'sample pooling' introduced to prevent herd infection in S. Korea". ajudaily.com. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  27. ^ Kim SY, Lee J, Sung H, Lee H, Han MG, Yoo CK; et al. (2020). "Pooling Upper Respiratory Specimens for Rapid Mass Screening of COVID-19 by Real-Time RT-PCR". Emerg Infect Dis. 26 (10): 2469–2472. doi:10.3201/eid2610.201955. PMC 7510748. PMID 32844739.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ "COVID-19 testing free for all Seoul residents". The Korea Herald. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  29. ^ Lee J, Kim SY, Sung H, Lee SW, Lee H, Roh KH; et al. (2020). "Challenges and issues of SARS-CoV-2 pool testing". Lancet Infect Dis. 20 (11): 1232–1233. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30516-8. PMC 7833783. PMID 32679080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ "Latest coronavirus update: UP to begin 'pool testing' of Covid suspects". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  31. ^ "Advisory on feasibility of using pooled samples for molecular testing of COVID-19" (PDF). INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH RESEARCH. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  32. ^ Sumati Yengkhom. "West Bengal to start pool testing of samples in low-risk zones". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  33. ^ "Punjab launches pool testing". Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  34. ^ "'Chhattisgarh to adopt pool sample testing': Health minister TS Singh Deo on Covid-19". Hindustan Times. 15 April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  35. ^ "Maharashtra to go for pool testing to defeat coronavirus". Deccan Herald. 12 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  36. ^ Lim KL, Johari NA, Wong ST, Khaw LT, Tan BK, Chan KK; et al. (2020). "A novel strategy for community screening of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Sample pooling method". PLOS ONE. 15 (8): e0238417. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1538417L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238417. PMC 7454965. PMID 32857823. S2CID 221367117.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ Taylor L (2020). "Uruguay is winning against covid-19. This is how". BMJ. 370: m3575. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3575. PMID 32948599. S2CID 221778076.
  38. ^ "Un laboratoire mobile à Casablanca pour le dépistage du Covid-19". Deccan Herald. 12 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  39. ^ Paula Christoff, Ana; Cruz, Giuliano Netto Flores; Sereia, Aline Fernanda Rodrigues; Boberg, Dellyana Rodrigues; Bastiani, Daniela Carolina de; Yamanaka, Laís Eiko; Fongaro, Gislaine; Stoco, Patrícia Hermes; Bazzo, Maria Luiza; Grisard, Edmundo Carlos; Hernandes, Camila; De Oliveira, Luiz Felipe Valter (5 September 2020). "Swab pooling for large-scale RT-qPCR screening of SARS-CoV-2" (PDF). medRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.20187732. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  40. ^ "Testing Coronavirus". UNIGE. December 15, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  41. ^ a b c Mahase E (2020). "Covid-19: Universities roll out pooled testing of students in bid to keep campuses open". BMJ. 370: m3789. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3789. PMID 32994203. S2CID 222003158.
  42. ^ "Stay Safe Cambridge Uni". Cambridge University. September 25, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  43. ^ "Dépistage Covid : une capacité de 30.000 à 60.000 tests par jour à l'ULiège". New ULiège. June 26, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  44. ^ "L'université de Liège testera tous ses étudiants grâce à ses propres tests salivaires : les explications du vice-recteur". AEF Info. August 25, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  45. ^ "Mount Saint Vincent COVID-19 Pool Testing Plan". Mount Saint Vincent website. November 3, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
  46. ^ "Duke to begin pool testing of undergraduates next week". The Chronicle. August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  47. ^ "MSU researchers develop COVID surveillance program using spit test kits". Wilx10. August 5, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  48. ^ "How will Syracuse University test 20,000 students for coronavirus? By pooling their saliva". Syracuse.com. July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  49. ^ "Dr. Deborah Birx urges Florida to start pool testing for coronavirus. Here's what that means". Click Orlando. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  50. ^ "The Best COVID Warning System? Poop and Pooled Spit, Says One Colorado School". KHN news. November 3, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  51. ^ "Shenandoah Conducts Pooled Saliva Testing for Novel Coronavirus". KHN news. November 3, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  52. ^ "Millions of students are returning to US universities in a vast unplanned pandemic experiment". Nature. August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  53. ^ "What Happens if Someone Throws a Party? Questions and Answers on the Model Reopening Campus". The Cornell Daily Sun. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  54. ^ "Surveillance/Pool Testing FAQ". SUSY Fredonia. September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  55. ^ "UT's COVID-19 testing includes surveillance program that monitors wastewater and checks saliva". 10News. September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  56. ^ "Here's what pooled testing is and how it can be used for the coronavirus". CNN. July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  57. ^ "Georgia researchers develop coronavirus saliva test". Fox 5 Atlanta. July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  58. ^ Marris, E. (August 6, 2020). "How to Safely Open Colleges? Test Everyone and Test Often, Experts Say". Nature. 584 (7822). NBC 5 Chicago: 510–512. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02419-w. PMID 32807962. S2CID 221162668. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
  59. ^ "Saliva tests show promise for widespread COVID-19 surveillance at universities and workplaces". c&en. August 21, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  60. ^ Martin, Alexandra; Storto, Alexandre; Andre, Barbara; Mallory, Allison; Dangla, Remi; Visseaux, Benoit; Gossner, Olivier (June 3, 2020). "High-sensitivity COVID-19 group testing by digital PCR". arXiv:2006.02908 [q-bio.QM].
  61. ^ Torres I, Albert E, Navarro D (2020). "Pooling of nasopharyngeal swab specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-PCR". J Med Virol. 92 (11): 2306–2307. doi:10.1002/jmv.25971. PMC 7267454. PMID 32369202.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  63. ^ Agoti, Charles N.; Mutunga, Martin; Lambisia, Arnold W.; Kimani, Domtila; Cheruiyot, Robinson; Kiyuka, Patience; Lewa, Clement; Gicheru, Elijah; Tendwa, Metrine; Said Mohammed, Khadija; Osoti, Victor; Makale, Johnstone; Tawa, Brian; Odundo, Calleb; Cheruiyot, Wesley; Nyamu, Wilfred; Gumbi, Wilson; Mwacharo, Jedidah; Nyamako, Lydia; Otieno, Edward; Amadi, David; Thoya, Janet; Karani, Angela; Mugo, Daisy; Musyoki, Jennifer; Gumba, Horace; Mwarumba, Salim; m. Gichuki, Bonface; Njuguna, Susan; et al. (August 6, 2020). "Pooled testing conserves SARS-CoV-2 laboratory resources and improves test turn-around time: experience on the Kenyan Coast". Wellcome Open Research. 5. Well Come Open Research: 186. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16113.1. PMC 7590893. PMID 33134555.
  64. ^ Wacharapluesadee S, Kaewpom T, Ampoot W, Ghai S, Khamhang W, Worachotsueptrakun K; et al. (2020). "Evaluating the efficiency of specimen pooling for PCR-based detection of COVID-19". J Med Virol. 92 (10): 2193–2199. doi:10.1002/jmv.26005. PMC 7272832. PMID 32401343.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  65. ^ Mutesa, Leon; Ndishimye, Pacifique; Butera, Yvan; Souopgui, Jacob; Uwineza, Annette; Rutayisire, Robert; Musoni, Emile; Rujeni, Nadine; Nyatanyi, Thierry; Ntagwabira, Edouard; Semakula, Muhammed; Musanabaganwa, Clarisse; Nyamwasa, Daniel; Ndashimye, Maurice; Ujeneza, Eva; Ivan Emile Mwikarago; Claude Mambo Muvunyi; Jean Baptiste Mazarati; Nsanzimana, Sabin; Turok, Neil; Ndifon, Wilfred (April 30, 2020). "A strategy for finding people infected with SARS-CoV-2: optimizing pooled testing at low prevalence". arXiv:2004.14934 [q-bio.QM].
  66. ^ Petrucca A, Borro M, Lionetto L, Gentile G, Alari A, Simmaco M; et al. (2020). "Validation of small-size-pooling approach targeted to hospital surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 42 (7): 909–911. doi:10.1017/ice.2020.380. PMC 7431840. PMID 32734852.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ^ Pasomsub E, Watcharananan SP, Watthanachockchai T, Rakmanee K, Tassaneetrithep B, Kiertiburanakul S; et al. (2020). "Saliva sample pooling for the detection of SARS-CoV-2". J Med Virol. 93 (3): 1506–1511. doi:10.1002/jmv.26460. PMC 7461487. PMID 32841429. S2CID 221325763.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

See also

[edit]
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