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List of brown seaweeds of South Africa

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Map of the Southern African coastline showing some of the landmarks referred to in species range statements
Ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone

This is a list of brown seaweeds recorded from the oceans bordering South Africa. This list comprises locally used common names, scientific names with author citation and recorded ranges. Ranges specified may not be the entire known range for the species, but should include the known range within the waters surrounding the Republic of South Africa.

List ordering and taxonomy complies where possible with the current usage in Algaebase, and may differ from the cited source, as listed citations are primarily for range or existence of records for the region. Sub-taxa within any given taxon are arranged alphabetically as a general rule. Details of each species may be available through the relevant internal links. Synonyms may be listed where useful.

Seaweed, or macroalgae, refers to thousands of species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae. The term includes some types of Rhodophyta (red), Phaeophyta (brown) and Chlorophyta (green) macroalgae. Seaweed species such as kelps provide essential nursery habitat for fisheries and other marine species and thus protect food sources; other species, such as planktonic algae, play a vital role in capturing carbon and producing at least 50% of Earth's oxygen.

Natural seaweed ecosystems are sometimes under threat from human activity. For example, mechanical dredging of kelp destroys the resource and dependent fisheries. Other forces also threaten some seaweed ecosystems; for example, a wasting disease in predators of purple urchins has led to an urchin population surge which has destroyed large kelp forest regions off the coast of California.

Humans have a long history of cultivating seaweeds for their uses. In recent years, seaweed farming has become a global agricultural practice, providing food, source material for various chemical uses (such as carrageenan), cattle feeds and fertilizers. Due to their importance in marine ecologies and for absorbing carbon dioxide, recent attention has been on cultivating seaweeds as a potential climate change mitigation strategy for biosequestration of carbon dioxide, alongside other benefits like nutrient pollution reduction, increased habitat for coastal aquatic species, and reducing local ocean acidification. The IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic. (Full article...)

Division: Heterokonta — Class: Phaeophyceae — Brown seaweeds

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Order: Cutleriales

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Family Cutleriaceae

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  • Aglaozonia sp. (Muizenberg, False Bay. Brandfontein. Bird Island, eastern Cape)[1]

Order: Desmarestiales

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Family Desmarestiaceae

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  • Acid weed Desmarestia firma (C.Agardh) Skottsberg in Nordenskjöld 1907, syn. Sporochnus herbaceus var. firma C.Agardh 1824,[2] (Möwe Bay, Namibia to Betty's Bay. Doubtful record for Cape Agulhas)[1]

Order: Dictyotales

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Family Dictyotaceae

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  • Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Kützing) De Paula & De Clerck in De Clerck et al. 2006, syn. Dictyota cervicornis Kützing 1859,[3] (Mission Rocks northwards into Mozambique)[4]
  • Dictyopteris delicatula J.V.Lamouroux 1809, syn. Neurocarpus delicatulus (J.V.Lamouroux) Kuntze, Haliseris delicatula (J.V.Lamouroux) C.Agardh 1820.[5] (Isipingo northwards)[4]
  • Smooth-tongued dictyopteris Dictyopteris ligulata (Suhr) O.C.Schmidt 1938, syn. Haliseris ligulata Suhr 1834,[6] (Black Rock (Umpangazi?), Natal to Koppie Allen, De Hoop Nature Reserve. Rare on west coast, only collected from Brandfontein)[1][4]
  • Dictyopteris macrocarpa (Areschoug) O.C.Schmidt 1938, syn. Haliseris macrocarpa Areschoug 1847, Neurocarpus macrocarpus (Areschoug) Kuntze 1891,[7] (Port Alfred northwards to Mozambique)[4]
  • Dictyota ciliolata Sonder ex Kützing 1859,[8] (Mabibi northwards into Mozambique)[4]
  • Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux 1809, syn. Ulva dichotoma Hudson 1762, Zonaria dichotoma (Hudson) C.Agardh 1817, Fucus dichotomus (Hudson) Bertolini 1819, Haliseris dichotoma (Hudson) Sprengel 1827, Dichophyllium dichotomum (Hudson) Kützing 1843,[9](Langebaan and False Bay to Natal. D. dichotoma var. intricata (C.Agardh) Greville 1830, common at Kalk Bay and Dalebrook, and occurring more or less throughout the range of the species)[1]
  • Dictyota friabilis Setchell 1926,[10] (Northern KwaZulu-Natal)[4]
  • Dictyota humifusa Hörnig, Schnetter & Coppejans in Hörnig et al. 1992,[11] (Isipingo northwards into Mozambique)[4]
  • Dictyota liturata J.Agardh 1848,[12] (Kommetjie on Cape Peninsula to Umhlali in KwaZulu-Natal)[1][4]
  • Spotted dictyota Dictyota naevosa (Suhr) Montagne 1840, syn. Zonaria naevosa Suhr 1834, Cutleria naevosa (Suhr) Hering ex Krauss 1846,[13] (Die Walle to Umhlali, KwaZulu-Natal)[1](Cape Peninsula eatward into KwaZulu-Natal as far as Mission Rocks)[4]
  • Distromium skottsbergii Levring 1940,[14] (Protea banks in southern KwaZulu-Natal)[4]
  • Multi-fanned zonaria Exallosorus harveyanus (Pappe ex Kützing) J.A.Phillips, 1997. Syn. Zonaria harveyana (Pappe ex Kützing) Areschoug 1851,[15] (Platbank, False Bay to KwaZulu-Natal as far north as Park Rynie. Endemic)[1][4]
  • Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira 1977, syn. Dictyota variegata J.V.Lamouroux 1809, Zonaria variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) C.Agardh 1817, Gymnosorus variegatus (J.V.Lamouroux) J.Agardh 1894, Pocockiella variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Papenfuss 1943,[16] (East London eastward into Mozambique)[4]
  • Padina boryana Thivy in W.R. Taylor 1966,[17] (The Haven about 150km west of Port St. Johns eastward into Mozambique)[4]
  • Rugulopteryx suhrii (Kützing) De Clerck & Coppejans in De Clerck et al. 2006, syn. Dictyota marginata Areschoug 1851, Dictyota suhrii G.Murray 1888, Stoechospermum suhrii Kützing 1859,[18] (Algoa Bay eatwards into KwaZulu-Natal as far north as Isipingo)[4]
  • Spatoglossum asperum J.Agardh 1894,[19] (Isipingo northward)[4]
  • Stoechospermum polypodioides (J.V.Lamouroux) J.Agardh 1848, syn. Dictyota polypodioides J.V.Lamouroux 1809,[20] (Mapelane near St. Lucia northward into Mozambique)[4]
  • Stypopodium multipartitum (Suhr) P.C.Silva in P.C.Silva, Basson & Moe 1996, syn. Zonaria multipartita Suhr 1834, Cutleria multipartita (Suhr) Hering 1846, Orthosorus multipartitus (Suhr) Trevisan 1849, Spatoglossum multipartitum (Suhr) Kützing 1849,[21] (Arniston eastward into Mozambique)[4]
  • Articulated zonaria Zonaria subarticulata (J.V.Lamouroux) Papenfuss 1944, Dictyota subarticulata J.V.Lamouroux 1809, Padina interrupta (Lamouroux) Bory de Saint-Vincent 1827, Phycopteris interrupta (Lamouroux) Kützing 1849, Orthosorus interruptus (Lamouroux) Trevisan 1849,[22] (False Bay eastward to Mozambique)[1][4]

Order: Ectocarpales

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Family: Acinetosporaceae

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  • Acinetospora crinita (Carmichael) Sauvageau 1899, syn. Acinetospora pusilla var. crinita (Carmichael) Batters, Ectocarpus crinitus Carmichael 1833,[23] (False Bay, Eastern Cape)[1]
  • Feldmannia irregularis (Kützing) G.Hamel 1939, syn. Ectocarpus irregularis Kützing 1845, Giffordia irregularis (Kützing) Joly 1965, Hincksia irregularis (Kützing) Amsler 1991,[24] (Cape Peninsula, Langebaan lagoon and Eastern Cape)[1]
  • Hincksia granulosa (Smith) P.C.Silva in P.C.Silva, E.G.Meñez & R.L.Moe 1987, Conferva granulosa Smith 1811, Ectocarpus granulosus (Smith) C.Agardh 1828, Giffordia granulosa (Smith) G.Hamel 1939,[25] (Muizenberg and Oudekraal, also Namibia)[1]

Family Chordariaceae

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Family Chordariopsidaceae

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  • Cape cord weed Chordariopsis capensis (C.Agardh) Kylin 1940, syn. Chordaria flagelliformis var. capensis C.Agardh 1824,[37] (Cape Frio, Namibia to at least Arniston)[1]

Family Ectocarpaceae

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  • Ectocarpus acutus Setchell & Gardner 1922c,[38] (Olifantsbos to Hondeklipbaai)[1]
  • Ectocarpus fasciculatus Harvey 1841,[39] (Melkbosstrand to De Hoop)[1]
  • Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye 1819, syn. Conferva siliculosa Dillwyn 1809, Ceramium siliculosum (Dillwyn) C.Agardh 1811, Ectocarpus confervoides f. siliculosus (Dillwyn) Kjellman 1872, Ectocarpus confervoides var. siliculosus (Dillwyn) Farlow 1881,[40] (Port Nolloth to Eastern Cape)[1]

Family: Pylaiellaceae

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  • Bachelotia antillarum (Grunow) Gerloff 1959, syn. Ectocarpus antillarum Grunow 1867, Pylaiella antillarum (Grunow) De Toni 1895,[41] (False Bay to KwaZulu-Natal)[1]

Family Scytosiphonaceae

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  • Chnoospora minima (Hering) Papenfuss 1956, syn. Fucus minimus Hering 1841,[42] (Dwesa (about 80 km west of Poert St. Johns) eastward into Mozambique)[4]
  • Oyster thief Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier in Castagne 1851, syn. Ulva sinuosa Mertens ex Roth 1806, Encoelium sinuosum (Mertens ex Roth) C.Agardh 1820, Stilophora sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) C.Agardh 1827, Asperococcus sinuosus (Mertens ex Roth) Bory de Saint-Vincent 1832, Asperococcus sinuosus (C.Agardh) Zanardini 1841, Hydroclathrus sinuosus (Mertens ex Roth) Zanardini 1843,[43] (Throughout South Africa)[1][4]
  • Compsonema cf. sessile Setchell & Gardner 1922a, (Oudekraal)[1]
  • Endarachne Endarachne binghamiae J.Agardh 1896'[44] (False Bay eastwards to KwaZulu-Natal as far as Port Edward)[1][4]
  • Hydroclathrus clathratus (C.Agardh) M.A.Howe in N.L.Britton & C.F.Millspaugh 1920, syn. Encoelium clathratum C.Agardh 1823, Stilophora clathrata (C.Agardh) C.Agardh 1827, Asperococcus clathratus (C.Agardh) J.Agardh 1848,[45] (Northern KwaZulu-Natal from Sodwana northward)[4]
  • Starred cushion Iyengaria stellata (Børgesen) Børgesen 1939, syn. Rosenvingea stellata Børgesen 1928, Colpomenia stellata (Børgesen) Børgesen 1930,[46] (Southern Cape Peninsula to KwaZulu-Natal)[1]
  • Petalonia fascia (O.F.Müller) Kuntze 1898, syn. Fucus fascia O.F.Müller 1778, Laminaria fascia (O.F.Müller) C.Agardh 1817, Ulva fascia (O.F.Müller) Lyngbye 1819, Ilea fascia (O.F.Müller) Fries 1835, Phyllitis fascia (O.F.Müller) Kützing 1843, Saccharina fascia (O.F.Müller) Kuntze 1891,[47] (Yzerfontein to Soetwater)[1]
  • Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link 1833, Chorda lomentaria Lyngbye 1819, Scytosiphon filum var. lomentarius (Lyngbye) C.Agardh 1820, Fucus lomentarius (Lyngbye) Sommerfelt 1826, Scytosiphon simplicissimus (Clemente) Cremades 1990, Ulva simplicissima Clemente 1807,[48][49] (Simon's Town to Lüderitz)[1]
  • Sausage skins Scytosiphon simplicissimus (Clemente) Cremades in Cremades et Perez-Cirera 1990, syn. Ulva simplicissima Clemente 1807,[50] (Simon's Town in False Bay to Lüderitz in Namibia)[1]

Order: Fucales

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Family Bifurcariopsidaceae

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Family Sargassaceae

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  • Long-leafed sargassum Anthophycus longifolius (Turner) Kützing, 1849 syn. Fucus longifolius Turner 1809, Sargassum longifolium (Turner) C.Agardh 1820, Carpophyllum longifolium (Turner) De Toni 1895,[52] (Platboombaai eastwards as far as Uvongo in southern KwaZulu-Natal)[1][4]
  • Constricted axils Axillariella constricta (J.Agardh) P.C.Silva 1959b, syn. Fucodium constrictum J.Agardh 1848, Ascophyllum constricta (J.Agardh) Kuntze 1891, Ascophylla constricta (Kützing) Kuntze 1891,[53] (Cape Peninsula to Cape Columbine)[1]
  • Hanging wrack Brassicophycus brassicaeformis (Kützing) Draisma, Ballesteros, F.Rousseau & T.Thibaut 2010, syn. Pycnophycus brassicaeformis Kützing 1860, Bifurcaria brassicaeformis (Kützing) E.S.Barton 1893,[54] (Cape Agulhas to Sea Point)[1]
  • Cystophora fibrosa Simons, 1970,[55] (De Walle to Koppie Allen, and Platboom)[1]
  • Hormophysa cuneiformis (J.F.Gmelin) P.C.Silva in P.C. Silva, Meñez & Moe 1987, syn. Fucus cuneiformis J.F.Gmelin 1792,[56] (Rabbit Rock in northern KwaZulu-Natal northwards)[4]
  • Polycladia myrica (S.G.Gmelin) Draima, Ballesteros, F.Rousseau & T.Thibaut 2010, syn. Fucus myrica S.G.Gemlin 1768, Cystoseira myrica (S.G.Gmelin) C.Agardh 1820,[57] (as C.myrica, Mission Rocks in KwaZulu-Natal northwards into Mozambique)[4]
  • Sargassum aquifolium (Turner) C.Agardh 1820, syn. Fucus aquifolius Turner 1807, Sargassum crassifolium J.Agardh 1848,[58] (Sodwana northwards)[4]
  • Sargassum elegans Suhr, 1840,[59] (False Bay to Mozambique. Endemic to southern Africa)[1]
  • Sargassum incisifolium (Turner) C.Agardh 1820, syn. Fucus incisifolius Turner 1811, Sargassum heterophyllum (Turner) C.Agardh, 1820,[60] (False Bay eastward into Mozambique. Restricted to Southern Africa and Madagascar)[1][4]
  • Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J.Agardh 1848, syn. Fucus turbinatus var. ornata Turner 1807, Sargassum turbinatum var. ornatum (Turner) C.Agardh 1821,[61] (Common from Sodwana Bay northwards but extending south as far as Durban)[4]

Order: Laminariales

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Family Laminariaceae

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  • Split-fan kelp Laminaria pallida Greville in J. Agardh 1848, Hafgygia pallida (Greville) Areschchoug 1883, Saccharina pallida (Greville) Kuntze 1891,[62] (Danger Point to Cape Nolloth, as the schinzii form to at least Rocky Point in northern Namibia)[1]
  • Bladder kelp Macrocystis angustifolia Bory de Saint-Vincent 1826,[63] (Occasional in drift in False Bay. Attached from Cape Point to Paternoster)[1]

Family Lessoniaceae

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  • Sea bamboo Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss 1940b, syn. Fucus maximus Osbeck 1757,[64] (Papenkuilsfontein 10 km west of Cape Agulhas to north of Lüderitz, Namibia)[1]
  • Spined kelp Ecklonia radiata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh 1848, Laminaria radiata C.Agardh 1817, Capea radiata (C.Agardh) Endlicher 1843,[65] (Forms with long stipes and rugose blades in False Bay, Spinose forms common at Die Dam, Otherwise species common from Koppie Allen to Southern Natal. Longer stiped smooth bladed form as far east as parts of Zululand)[1](Deep water populations extend to Sodwana Bay at depths up to 60m)[4]

Order: Ralfsiales

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Family Neoralfsiaceae

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  • Neoralfsia expansa (J.Agardh) P.-E.Lim & H.Kawai ex Kraft 2009, syn. Myrionema expansum J.Agardh 1847, Ralfsia expansa (J.Agardh) J.Agardh 1848,[66] (unclear distribution)[4]

Family Ralfsiaceae

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  • Ralfsia Ralfsia verrucosa (Areschoug) J.Agardh 1848, syn. Cruoria verrucosa Areschoug 1843,[67] (Common on all west coast shores and probably throughout the Agulhas marine province)[1]

Order: Scytothamnales

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Family Splachnidiaceae

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  • Dead man's fingers Splachnidium rugosum (Linnaeus) Greville 1830,[68] (Dominant in mid-shore throughout west coast, Lüderitz, Namibia to eastern Cape)[1]

Order: Sphacelariales

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Family Sphacelariaceae

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Family Stypocaulaceae

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Order: Sporochnales

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Family Sporochnaceae

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See also

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Geographical position of places mentioned in species ranges

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Stegenga, H.; Bolton, J.J.; Anderson, R.J. (1997). Seaweeds of the South African West Coast. Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town. ISBN 0-7992-1793-X.
  2. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3458; searched on 24 February 2012
  3. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=131792; searched on 16 March 2012
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Tronchin, E.M. and De Clerk, O in De Clerck, O., Bolton, J.J., Anderson, R. J. & Coppejans, E. 2005. Guide to the Seaweeds of KwazZulu-Natal. Scripta Botanica Belgica Volume 33. Joint publication of: National Botanical gardens of Belgium, VLIZ Flanders Marine Institute and Flemish Community. ISBN 90-72619-64-1
  5. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=11368; searched on 15 March 2012
  6. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3454; searched on 24 February 2012
  7. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=20174; searched on 15 March 2012
  8. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=11375; searched on 16 March 2012
  9. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=60; searched on 24 February 2012
  10. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=4574; searched on 16 March 2012
  11. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=12247; searched on 16 March 2012
  12. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=867; searched on 24 February 2012
  13. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3455; searched on 24 February 2012
  14. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=11882; searched on 17 March 2012
  15. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=43277; searched on 24 February 2012
  16. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=27002; searched on 17 March 2012
  17. ^ Wendy Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=2501; searched on 17 March 2012
  18. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=131795; searched on 16 March 2012
  19. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=19061; searched on 17 March 2012
  20. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=69905; searched on 17 March 2012
  21. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=20233; searched on 17 March 2012
  22. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3457; searched on 24 February 2012
  23. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=246; searched on 27 February 2012
  24. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=951; searched on 27 February 2012
  25. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=251; searched on 27 February 2012
  26. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=293; searched on 24 February 2012
  27. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=12461; searched on 26 February 2012
  28. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3445; searched on 26 February 2012
  29. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3447; searched on 26 February 2012
  30. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3446; searched on 26 February 2012
  31. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=279; searched on 26 February 2012
  32. ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3448; searched on 26 February 2012
  33. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3868; searched on 26 February 2012
  34. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=26042; searched on 26 February 2012
  35. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3443; searched on 26 February 2012
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