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List of banned political parties

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This article provides a list of political parties that were or are currently banned by the countries in which they were or are based.

By country

[edit]

Argentina

[edit]

In 1943, Pedro Pablo Ramírez banned all political parties after overthrowing the government.[1]

Algeria

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Algerian Communist Party Arabic: لحزب الشيوعي الجزائري, French: Parti Communiste Algérien Communism, Marxism-Leninism 1962
Algerian National Movement Arabic: لحركة الوطنية الجزائرية, Berber languages: Amussu Aɣelnaw Adzayri, French: Mouvement National Algérien
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي في الجزائر, romanized: Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Arabi Al-Ishtiraki fy Aljeza'ir, French: Parti Ba'ath Arabe Socialiste d'Algérie Neo-Ba'athism, Saddamism [2]
Étoile Nord-Africaine (North African Star) Arabic: نجم شمال أفريقيا 1937
Islamic Salvation Front Arabic: الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ, romanized: al-Jabhah al-Islāmiyah lil-Inqādh, French: Front Islamique du Salut Anti-democracy, Islamism, Jihadism, Qutbism 1992
Liberal Social Party French: Parti Social Libéral 1998 [3]
Party of the Socialist Revolution Arabic: حزب الثورة الاشتراكية,French: Parti de la Révolution Socialiste Socialism
Wafaa 2000 [4]

Bhutan

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Bhutan People's Party Democratic socialism, Lhotshampa interests 1990 [5]
Communist Party of Bhutan (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist) Communism, Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, republicanism 2003

Brazil

[edit]

The Brazilian Communist Party was suppressed during the Vargas Era, but were later able to participate in the 1945 and 1947 elections. However, the party was banned by Eurico Gaspar Dutra in May 1947, and all of its elected officials, barring those elected with support from other parties, were removed from office.[6]

Brazilian Integralist Action was banned after the Integralist Uprising in 1938.[7]

Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Brazilian Communist Party Communism 1947 [6]
Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralism 1938 [7]

Bulgaria

[edit]

All political parties were banned in Bulgaria in 1934.[8]

Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Ratniks Nazism 1939 [9]

China

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Zhi Xian Party Chinese: 中国至宪党 Chinese New Left, Chongqing model, Maoism 2013 [10][11]

Egypt

[edit]

All political parties were banned in 1953, following the 1952 Egyptian Revolution, but were allowed to exist in 1976.[12]

Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Anti-Coup Alliance Arabic: التحالف الوطني لدعم الشرعية Islamism 2014 [13]
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party - Egypt Region Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي - مصر, romanized: Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Arabi Al-Ishtiraki – Misr Neo-Ba'athism, Saddamism
Democratic Movement for National Liberation Arabic: الحركة الديمقراطية للتحرر الوطنى Communism, Marxism, revolutionary socialism 1953 [14]
Egyptian Communist Organisation Arabic: المنظمة الشيوعية المصرية, romanized: al-Munaẓẓamah aš-Šiūʿīah al-Miṣriyyah Communism
Freedom and Justice Party Arabic: حزب الحرية والعدالة, romanized: Ḥizb al-Ḥurriyyah wa-l-ʿAdālah Islamism, mixed economy, social conservatism
Independence Party Arabic: حزب الاستقلال Islamism 2014 [15]
Jewish Anti-Zionist League Arabic: الرابطة الإسرائيلية لمكافحة الصهيونية Anti-colonialism, anti-racism, communism, Jewish anti-Zionism
Liberal Constitutional Party Arabic: حزب الاحرار الدستوريين, romanized: Ḥizb al-aḥrār al-dustūriyyīn Constitutionalism, social liberalism 1952
Muslim Brotherhood Arabic: جماعة الاخوان المسلمين, romanized: jamāʿat al-ʾiḫwān/al-ikhwan/el-ekhwan al-muslimīn Mixed economy, social conservatism, Sunni Islamism
National Democratic Party Arabic: الحزب الوطني الديمقراطي, romanized: Al-Ḥizb Al-Waṭanī Ad-Dīmūqrāṭī Egyptian nationalism, populism, social democracy 2011
Wafd Party Arabic: حزب الوفد, romanized: Ḥizb al-Wafd, lit. 'Delegation Party' Egyptian nationalism, national liberalism 1953 [12]
Watani Party Arabic: ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ, romanized: al-Ḥizb al-Waṭanī, lit. 'National Party' Anglophobia, anti-imperialism, Egyptian nationalism 1953 [12]

Eswatini

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Communist Party of Swaziland Communism [16]
Convention for Full Democracy in Swaziland [16]
Ngwane National Liberatory Congress African socialism [16]
Ngwane Socialist Revolutionary Party [16]
People's United Democratic Movement Democratic socialism [16]
Swaziland National Front [16]

Georgia

[edit]
Name Native Name Ideology Year Banned Notes Reference
Communist Party of Georgia საქართველოს კომუნისტური პარტია Communism
Marxism-Leninism		 1991 [17]
Centrists ცენტრისტები Russophilia 2016 Banned from election [18]

Germany

[edit]

All political parties were banned in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia after the annexation of Czechoslovakia.[19] During World War II political parties in Luxembourg and Norway were banned following their occupations by Germany.[20][21]

Greece

[edit]

Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas banned all political parties in 1936.[22]

Golden Dawn was ruled as a criminal organization in 2020.[23] It was the first party banned in Greece since the end of the Greek junta in 1974.[24] A law passed in 2023 prohibiting parties led by people convicted of crimes from running in elections resulted in Golden Dawn and National Party – Greeks being prohibited from the 2023 Greek legislative election.[25][26]

Name Native Name Ideology Year Banned Year Legalized Notes Reference
Communist Party of Greece Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας Communism
Marxism–Leninism		 1936 1974 Banned by Ioannis Metaxas [27]
Golden Dawn Χρυσή Αυγή Neo-Nazism
Neo-Fascism		 2020 Ruled as a criminal organization [23]
National Party – Greeks Εθνικό Kόμμα – Έλληνες Neo-Fascism 2023 Effectively banned [25]
National Popular Consciousness Εθνική Λαϊκή Συνείδηση Neo-Fascism 2023 Dissolved following an effective ban [28]

Hong Kong

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Hong Kong National Party 香港民族黨 Hong Kong independence 2018 [29]

Iran

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Islamic Iran Participation Front 2010 [30]
Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution of Iran Organization 2010 [30]

Iraq

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Islamic Dawa Party [31]

Japan

[edit]

Douglas MacArthur considered banning the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) on 3 May 1950. Twenty-four members of the JCP's central committee were removed from office in June and its newspaper, Shimbun Akahata, was banned on June 27.[32]

Moldova

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Notes Reference(s)
Șor Party Russophilia, Hard euroscepticism 2023 Banned [33][34]
Chance Political Party Russophilia, Hard euroscepticism 2023 Banned from running [35]

Nepal

[edit]

King Tribhuvan of Nepal banned the Communist Party of Nepal.[36] The Nepali Congress, under the leadership of BP Koirala, won the 1959 election, but King Mahendra of Nepal dissolved the House of Representatives on 15 December 1960. The Rastriya Panchayat was formed and all political parties were banned.[37][36][38]

A referendum was held in 1980 to determine whether to maintain the Panchayat system or institute a multi-party system. The Panchayat system was maintained with 54% of the vote.[39] On 6 April 1990, King Birendra of Nepal ended the ban on political parties in response to the 1990 Nepalese revolution and the 1991 election was the first multi-party election since 1960.[40][41]

Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Communist Party of Nepal Communism [36]
Nepali Congress Social democracy
Democratic socialism 		[37]

Peru

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
National Alliance of Workers, Farmers, University Students, and Reservists Alianza Nacional de Trabajadores, Agricultores, Universitarios, Reservistas y Obreros Ethnocacerism 2024 [42]

Russia

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Communist Party of the Soviet Union Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1991 [43]
Communist Party of the RSFSR Коммунистическая партия РСФСР Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1991 [43]
National Salvation Front Фронт национального спасения Corporate Statism, Broad Anti-Yeltsinism 1993 [44]
Russian National Unity Русское национальное единство Neo-Nazism 2003 [45]
National Bolshevik Party Национал-большевистская партия National Bolshevism 2007 [46]
National Socialist Society Национал-социалистическое общество Neo-Nazism 2010 [47]
Slavic Union Славянский союз Neo-Nazism 2010 [48]
National Socialist Worker's Party of Russia Национал-социалистическая рабочая партия России Neo-Nazism 2010 [49]
People's Will Army Армия воли народа Left-wing nationalism, Antisemitism 2011 [45]
Movement Against Illegal Immigration Движение против нелегальной иммиграции Ethnic nationalism 2011 [50]
Russian All-National Union Русский общенациональный союз Orthodox nationalism 2011 [51]
Northern Brotherhood Северное братство Neo-Nazism, Slavic Neopaganism 2012 [52]
Minin and Pozharsky's People's Militia Народное ополчение имени Минина и Пожарского Russian nationalism, Militarism 2015 [53]
Russians Русские Ethnic nationalism 2015 [54]
Volya Воля Conspiracy theorism, Personalism 2016 [45]
Artpodgotovka Артподготовка Populism, Civic nationalism 2017 [45]
Course of Truth and Unity Курсом правды и единения Conspiracy theorism, Occultism 2018 [55]
Bashkort [ru] Башҡорт Bashkir nationalism, Separatism 2020 [56]
Nation and Freedom Committee Комитет «Нация и свобода» Russian ultranationalism 2020 [57]
FBK and Navalny Headquarters ФБК и Штабы Навального Liberal democracy, Anti-corruption 2021 [58]
Male State Мужское государство National patriarchy, Racism 2021 [59]
Adat People's Movement Ӏадат халкъан болам Chechen nationalism, Separatism 2022 [60]
All-Tatar Public Center Бөтентатар Иҗтимагый Үзәге Tatar nationalism, Separatism 2022 [61]
People's Self-Defense Народная самооборона Anarcho-communism 2022 [62]
Vesna Весна Liberal democracy 2022 [63]
Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress Конгресс ойрат-калмыцкого народа Kalmyk nationalism, Separatism 2023 [64]
Freedom of Russia Legion Легион «Свобода России» Anti-Putinism, Far-right[65] 2023 [66]
Russian Volunteer Corps Русский добровольческий корпус Anti-Putinism, Far-right 2023 [67]
Ethnic National Union Этническое национальное объединение Neo-Nazism 2023 [68]

Romania

[edit]

Prime Minister Patriarch Miron of Romania banned all political parties in 1939.[69]

Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Iron Guard Garda de Fier Fascism 1939 [69]

Spain

[edit]

Batasuna was the first political party banned following the end of Francisco Franco's dictatorship.[70]

Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Batasuna Basque nationalism 2003 [70]

Sri Lanka

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Tamil United Liberation Front Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism 1983 [71]

Sudan

[edit]

Jaafar Nimeiry overthrew the government in 1969, and banned all political parties. He was overthrown by a coup d'état in 1985, and a new government was formed by Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab. He legalized political parties, but they were banned again after Omar al-Bashir overthrew the government.[72][73]

Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Sudanese Ba'ath Party Ba'athism [74]
Sudanese Communist Party Communism 1989 [75]

Thailand

[edit]

All political parties, except for the Democrat Party, were dissolved following the 2006 coup d'état and their members banned from seeking office for five years.[76] Thai Rak Thai Party members joined the People's Power Party after the TRT was banned and then the Pheu Thai Party after the PPP was banned. Thai Nation Party members joined the Chart Thai Pattana Party after their party was banned.[77]

Legend:   TRT lineage   FFP lineage

Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Communist Party of Thailand Communism [78]
Thais Love Thais Party Phak Thai Rak Thai Populism 2007 [79]
Pandin Thai 2007 [80]
Prachatipatai Kaona 2007 [80]
Pattana Chart Thai 2007 [80]
People's Power Party Phak Phalang Prachachon Populism 2008 [80]
Thai Nation Party 2008 [80]
Neutral Democratic Party Phak Matchima Thippathai Populism 2008 [80]
Future Forward Party Phak Anakhot Mai Social democracy 2020 [81]
Move Forward Party Phak Kao Klai Social democracy 2024 [82]

Ukraine

[edit]
Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet) Комуністична партія України Communism, Marxism–Leninism 1991 [83]
Donetsk Republic Донецкая республика Russian nationalism, Donbas separatism 2007
Eurasian Youth Union Євразійський союз молоді Neo-Eurasianism, Russian irredentism 2011
Russian Unity Русское единство Russian nationalism, Russian irredentism 2014 [84]
Russian Bloc Русский блок Russophilia, Pan-Slavism 2014 [85]
Communist Party of the DPR Коммунистическая партия ДНР Communism, Donbas separatism 2014 (de facto)
New Russia Party Партия «Новороссия» Russian nationalism, Donbas separatism 2014 (de facto)
Communist Party of Ukraine Комуністична партія України Communism, Marxism–Leninism 2015, 2022 [86][87]
Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) Комуністична партія України (оновлена) Communism, Marxism–Leninism 2015 [88]
Communist Party of Workers and Peasants Комуністична партія робітників і селян Communism, Marxism–Leninism 2015 [88]
Opposition Platform — For Life Опозиційна платформа — За життя Social democracy, Regionalism, Russophilia 2022 [89]
Opposition Bloc Опозиційний блок Social liberalism, Regionalism, Russophilia 2022 [89]
Socialist Party of Ukraine Соціалістична партія України Social democracy, Democratic socialism 2022 [89]
Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Прогресивна соціалістична партія України Left-wing populism, Pan-Slavism, Russophilia 2022 [89]
Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist) Робітнича партія України (марксистсько-ленінська) Communism, Marxism–Leninism 2022 [90]
Derzhava Держава Socialism, Russophilia 2022 [89]
Union of Left Forces Союз лівих сил Socialism, Russophilia 2022 [89]
Nashi Наші Social conservatism, Regionalism, Russophilia 2022 [89]
Left Opposition Ліва опозиція Left-wing populism, Russophilia 2022 [89]
Volodymyr Saldo Bloc Блок Володимира Сальдо Kherson regionalism, Russophilia 2022 [89]
Socialists Соціалісти Socialism, Russophilia 2022 [89]
One Rus Русь Єдина Russophilia, Putinism 2022 [91]
Happy Ukraine [uk] Щаслива Україна Russophilia, Economic liberalism 2022 [92]
Great Ukraine [uk] Велика Україна Socialism, Russophilia 2022 [92]
Justice and Development Справедливості та розвитку Chernobyl disaster veterans' interests 2022 [92]
Party of Shariy Партія Шарія Libertarianism, Russophilia 2022 [89]
Party of Regions Партія регіонів Social democracy, Regionalism, Russophilia 2023 [93]
Our Land Наш край Social democracy, Regionalism, Russophilia 2024 [94]

United States

[edit]

Multiple states, including California, directly banned the Communist Party USA while other state indirectly did so by banning parties that supported overthrowing the government using violence. Communist candidates were removed from the ballot in Arizona and Georgia in 1940, as the secretaries of state ruled that they could not honestly take the oath to uphold the Constitution of the United States.[95]

Name Native name(s) Ideology Year banned Reference(s)
Communist Party USA Communism 1954 [96]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "All Political Parties Banned In Argentina". Asheville Citizen-Times. 1 January 1944. p. 12. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ "Baath Party resumes underground activities". Al Arabiya English. September 8, 2008.
  3. ^ "Algeria bans thirty political parties". BBC.
  4. ^ "Algerian ban on WAFA party". European Parliament. 16 November 2000.
  5. ^ "Bhutan Peoples' Party". www.fotw.info.
  6. ^ a b Wesson & Fleischer 1983, p. 96.
  7. ^ a b Wesson & Fleischer 1983, p. 12.
  8. ^ "All Political Parties Banned". Calgary Herald. 13 June 1934. p. 13. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ "Nazi Political Party Banned In Bulgaria". Great Falls Tribune. 12 April 1939. p. 2. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ Shao, Heng. "Bizarre China Report: The Grand Wedding, Power Play & Smog-Inspired Creativity". Forbes.
  11. ^ "Штайнмаєр: В українській кризі з′явилось слабке світло в кінці тунелю | Європа | DW.DE | 09.06.2014". September 8, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-09-08.
  12. ^ a b c Karam 1993, p. 414.
  13. ^ "Egypt's PM bans pro-Morsi NASL alliance - Politics - Egypt". Ahram Online.
  14. ^ Beinin 1987, p. 575.
  15. ^ "Egypt: Court Bans Pro-Mursi Political Party". All Africa. Cairo. Aswat Misriya. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Ginindza 1994, p. 21.
  17. ^ "Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Грузия от 26 августа 1991 г. о действиях Бюро Центрального Комитета Компартии Грузии, Абхазского республиканского комитета Компартии, бывшего Юго-Осетинского областного комитета Компартии и самозванного исполнительного комитета упраздненного Совета народных депутатов т. н. Южной Осетии во время событий, происшедших в СССР 19-21 августа 1991 года". 19 March 2010. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  18. ^ "Pro-Russian Party, Whose TV Ad Sparked Outcry, Banned from Election". Civil Georgia. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  19. ^ "Political Parties Banned". Great Falls Tribune. 29 March 1939. p. 2. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ "German Chief Decrees End Of Monarchy". Venice Vanguard. 25 September 1940. p. 1. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ "Political Parties Banned". The Buffalo News. 24 August 1940. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ "Political Parties Banned In Greece". Mail Tribune. 13 August 1936. p. 1. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ a b "Greek court rules far-right Golden Dawn leaders ran a crime group". Reuters. 7 October 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023.
  24. ^ Smith, Helena (May 4, 2023). "Greek supreme court upholds ban on far-right party 'to protect democracy'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024.
  25. ^ a b "Greece bans parties with convicted leaders from running in elections". Reuters. 9 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023.
  26. ^ "Far-right party banned from upcoming election in Greece". ABC News. 9 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023.
  27. ^ Roberts, Stevens (February 2, 1976). "Communists Are Again Playing Prominent Role in Life of Greece". The New York Times. p. 6. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024.
  28. ^ "ΑΝΑΚΟΙΝΩΣΗ". ELASYN. 10 February 2023. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  29. ^ "A political party in Hong Kong may soon make history by being banned". The Economist. 13 September 2018.
  30. ^ a b "Iran jails 3 reformists, suspends opposition parties, bans paper". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 20 April 2010. p. 4. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ "Spy files on Iraqis found in Baghdad". LNP. 21 April 2003. p. 4. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ Cole, Totten & Uyehara 1966, pp. 31.
  33. ^ "Moldova bans pro-Russian Shor party after months of protests". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  34. ^ Tanas, Alexander (2023-06-19). "Moldova bans pro-Russian Shor party after months of protests". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  35. ^ Redacția (2023-11-03). "Partidul "Șansă", afiliat oligarhului fugar Ilan Șor, exclus din alegerile locale generale din Republica Moldova". G4Media.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  36. ^ a b c Upreti 1991, p. 372.
  37. ^ a b CIA 1979, p. III.
  38. ^ Upreti 1991, p. 376-377.
  39. ^ Upreti 1991, p. 379-380.
  40. ^ Raeper & Hoftun 1992, p. 126.
  41. ^ "From the archive: April 9, 1990: Nepal king bows to protests". The Guardian. 9 April 2015. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023.
  42. ^ Marlon Carrasco Freitas (31 October 2024). "Poder Judicial declara "ilegal" partido A.N.T.A.U.R.O y ordena el cierre de sus locales partidarios". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  43. ^ a b http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/385 Указ Президента РСФСР от 06.11.1991 г. № 169 О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР
  44. ^ https://bigenc.ru/c/front-natsional-nogo-spaseniia-rossiia-808a87 Фронт национального спасения (Россия)
  45. ^ a b c d https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/documents/7822/ Archived 2021-03-25 at the Wayback Machine Перечень общественных объединений и религиозных организаций, в отношении которых судом принято вступившее в законную силу решение о ликвидации или запрете деятельности по основаниям, предусмотренным Федеральным законом от 25.07.2002 № 114-ФЗ «О противодействии экстремистской деятельности»
  46. ^ https://rg.ru/2007/04/19/nbp.html Суд признал НБП запрещенной организацией
  47. ^ https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1314324 Запрещена деятельность Национал-социалистического общества
  48. ^ https://rg.ru/2010/06/29/soyuz-site-anons.html Верховный суд подтвердил запрет на деятельность движения "Славянский союз"
  49. ^ "Национал-социалистическая рабочая партия... / COBA". www.sova-center.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  50. ^ https://www.kp.ru/daily/25674.5/835386/ Запрет движение против нелегальной иммиграции – благо или зло?
  51. ^ https://jewish.ru/ru/news/articles/146338/ Суд запретил "Русский общенациональный союз"
  52. ^ https://www.m24.ru/articles/sud/06082012/2920 Мосгорсуд запретил деятельность "Северного братства" Подробнее: https://www.m24.ru/articles/sud/06082012/2920
  53. ^ "Суд запретил "Народное ополчение Минина и Пожарского"". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  54. ^ https://rg.ru/2016/05/11/verhovnyj-sud-priznal-zakonnym-zapret-ekstremistskogo-dvizheniia-russkie.html Верховный суд признал законным запрет экстремистского движения "Русские"
  55. ^ https://tass.ru/proisshestviya/6310819 В 2018 году в России запретили деятельность четырех экстремистских организаций
  56. ^ "Руслан Габбасов: "Вижу себя представителем башкирского национального движения в эмиграции"". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty (in Russian). 2021-12-07. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
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Works cited

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