List of ancestor languages
This is a list of ancestor languages of modern and ancient languages, detailed for each modern language or its phylogenetic ancestor disappeared. For each language, the list is generally limited to the four or five immediate predecessors.
Afro-Asiatic languages
[edit]- Modern languages
- Modern Arabic[1] < Classical Arabic ( 7th-10th century AD) < Old Arabic (5th century BC. -6th AD) < Proto-Arabic < Central Proto-Semitic
- Coptic (3rd-17th century)[2] < Egyptian demotic (4th BC – 1st century AD) < Late Ancient Egyptian (c. 1350-700 BC) < Classical Egyptian (c. 2000-1350 BC) < Archaic Egyptian (3300-2000 BC)
- Modern Hebrew (19th- ) [3] < rabbinic Hebrew (s. I-6th d.C.) < Classical Hebrew (10th-1st century BC) < Proto-Canaanite < Northwestern Proto-Semitic < Central Proto-Semitic
Altaic, Koreanic and Japonic languages
[edit]- Modern languages
- Japanese[4]: 1 < Middle Japanese (12th-17th century) < Old Japanese (8th-11th century) < Proto-Japonic
- Korean[5] < Middle Korean (9th-17th century) < Old Korean (6th-10th century) < Proto-Korean
- Manchu[6] < Jurchen (12th-17th century)
- Modern Mongolian[7] < Classical Mongolian (17th-19th century) < Old Mongolian (12th-16th century)
- Modern Turkish[8] < Ottoman Turkish (16th-19th century) < Old Anatolian Turkish (11th-15th century)
Austroasiatic languages
[edit]- Khmer (Cambodian)[9] < Middle Khmer (14th-18th century) < Old Khmer ( 7th-13th century) < Proto-Khmer (6th century)
- Modern Vietnamese[10] Middle Vietnamese < (17-19th century) < Old Vietnamese (10-16th century) < Proto-Vietnamese (7th-9th century)
Indo-European languages
[edit]- Modern European languages
- Modern Danish[11][12] < Old Danish (12th-16th century) < Old East Norse (8th-12th century) < Proto-Nordic (3rd-7th century)
- Modern Dutch[12] < Middle Dutch (12th-16th century) < Old Dutch (8th-11th century) < Old Franconian (3rd-7th century)
- Modern English[12] < Middle English (12th-16th century) < Anglo-Saxon (6th-11th century) < Proto-Anglo-Frisian (3rd-6th century AD)
- Modern French[13][14][15] < Middle French (14th-17th century) < Old French (9th-14th century) < proto-Gallo-Romance (6th-7th century)
- Modern German[16][17][12] < Middle High German (12th-14th century) < Old High German (6th-11th century) < Proto-High Germanic (c. 3rd-5th century)
- Modern Greek[18] < medieval Greek (7th-16th century) < Hellenistic Greek (3rd century BC – 6th AD) < (8th-3rd century BC)
- Modern Irish[19] < Middle Irish (s. 11th-13th) < Old Irish ( 6th-10th century) < Primitive Irish (3rd-6th century) < proto-Goidelic
- Modern Italian[14] < Tuscan (13th-18th century) < Old Tuscan < Proto-Italoromance (6th-8th century)
- Modern Norwegian[11][12] < Old Norwegian (12th-16th century) < West Old Norse (8th-12th century) < Proto-Norse (3rd-7th century)
- Modern Polish[20] < Old Polish (10th-16th century) < Proto-Lechitic
- Portuguese[14] < Early Portuguese < Galician-Portuguese (9th-15th century) < proto-Ibero-Romance (c. 6th-8th centuries)
- Modern Romanian[14] Middle Romanian < (13th-17th century) < Common Romanian (7th-12th century)
- Modern Russian[20] < Middle Russian (16th-18th centuries) < Old East Slavic (10th-15th centuries) < Proto-East Slavic
- Modern Spanish[21][22][14] < Middle Spanish (15th-17th century) < Old Spanish (9th-15th century) < proto-Ibero-Romance (c. 6th-8th) < late Latin (s. 3rd-6th AD)
- Modern Swedish[11][12] < Old Swedish (12th-16th century) < East Old Norse ( 8th-12th century) < Proto-Norse (3rd-7th century)
- Modern Welsh[19] < Middle Welsh (16th-13th century) < Old Welsh (7th-12th century) < Common Brittonic
- Languages of the Near East and India
- Modern Bengali[23] < Middle Bengali (13th-16th century) < Eastern Apabhraṃśa (7th-13th century) < Maghadi Prakrit
- Farsi (modern Persian)[24][25] < Classical Persian (10th-18th century) < Pahlavi (3rd-8th century AD) < Old Persian (6th-2nd century BC) [26]
- Gujarati[27][28][29] < Middle Gujarati < Old Gujarati (8th-14th century) < Gurjar Apabhraṃśa (3rd-8th century) < Old Prakrit (3rd BC-2nd AD)
- Modern Hindi[23] < khariboli (13th-16th century) < Shauraseni (3rd-10th century) < Prakrit (s. 3rd a.C. -2nd AD) [26]
- Konkani[30][31] < Jain Apabhraṃśa < Jain Apabhraṃśa < Maharashtri Prakrit (5th century BC- 10th century AD)
- Marathi[30] < Maharashtri Prakrit (5th century BC- 10th century AD)
- Rajasthani[27][28] < Middle Rajasthani < Old Gujarati (8th-14th century) < Gurjar Apabhraṃśa (3rd-8th century) < Old Prakrit (3rd BC-2nd AD)
- Ancient languages
- Gothic[18] (3rd-10th century AD) < East Proto-Germanic (4th century BC -2nd AD)
- Ancient Greek ( 8th-3rd century BC) < Mycenaean Greek (16th-12th century BC) < Proto-Hellenic (c. 1800 BC)
- Classical Latin[14] (first century BC. -s. 3rd AD) < archaic Latin (s. 7th BC -I BC) < Proto-Italic language (c. 1500 BC) < Proto-Italo-Celtic (c. 3100 BC)
- Classical Sanskrit[23] < Vedic Sanskrit < Proto-Indo-Aryan < Proto-Indo-Iranian
Indigenous languages of the Americas
[edit]- Língua geral < Old Tupi (14th-16th century) < Proto-Tupi-Guarani
- Modern Nahuatl < Classical Nahuatl (14th-16th century) < proto-Nahuan
- Quechua < classical Quechua (14th-16th century) < Proto-Quechuan
Sino-Tibetan languages
[edit]- Modern languages
- Modern Burmese[10] < Old Burmese (12th-16th century) < Proto-Burmic
- Modern Standard Chinese[10] < early Mandarin (12th-14th century) < Medieval Chinese (4th-12th century) < Late Han Chinese (2nd century BV-3rd AD) < Ancient Chinese (8th-3rd century BC)
- Modern Tibetan[10] < Classical Tibetan (12th-17th century) < proto-Tibetic
- Ancient languages
- Old Chinese[10] (8th-3rd century BC) < Archaic Chinese (13th-8th century BC) < Proto-Sinitic
Uralic languages
[edit]- Modern Finnish[32] < Early Finnish (13th-17th century) < Proto-Finnic
- Modern Hungarian[32] < Old Hungarian (10th-15th century) < Proto-Ugric
Other languages
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Al-Jallad, Ahmad. "Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification". Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming. ISBN 9781315147062. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio, Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-521-44384-9 (hardback), ISBN 0-521-44849-2
- ^ Hoffman, Joel M. (August 2004). In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3654-8.
- ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke; Whitman, John (2008), "Introduction", in Frellesvig, Bjarke; Whitman, John (eds.), Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects, John Benjamins, pp. 1–9, ISBN 978-90-272-4809-1
- ^ Read, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011). A History of the Korean Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66189-8.
- ^ Gisaburo N. Kiyose, A Study of the Jurchen Language and Script: Reconstruction and Decipherment. Kyoto: Horitsubunka-sha, 1977. ISBN 4-589-00794-0.
- ^ Janhunen, Juha A. (2012): Mongolian. (London Oriental and African Language Library, 19.) Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company. ISSN 1382-3485. ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7
- ^ Findley, Carter V. (October 2004). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517726-6.
- ^ Jacob, J. M. (1996). The traditional literature of Cambodia: a preliminary guide. London oriental series, v. 40. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713612-5
- ^ a b c d e Sagart, Laurent (2008), "The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia", in Sanchez-Mazas, Alice; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Ilia, Peiros; Lin, Marie (eds.), Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics, Routledge, pp. 133–157, ISBN 978-0-415-39923-4
- ^ a b c Bandle, Oskar; Braunmüller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Hakon; Karker, Allan; Naumann, Hans-Peter; Teleman, Ulf; Elmevik, Lennart; Widmark, Gun, eds. (2002), The Nordic Languages, An International Handbook on the History of the North Germanic Languages, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin
- ^ a b c d e f "Languages of the World: Germanic languages". The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993. ISBN 0-85229-571-5.
- ^ Jacques Allières (1982), La formation de la langue française, Paris, PUF, coll. « Que sais-je ? »
- ^ a b c d e f Michel Banniard, Du latin aux langues romanes, Nathan, coll. 128, 1997.
- ^ Ferdinand, Brunot (1987). Histoire de la langue française des origines à 1900. Vol. 9th. Paris: Armand Colin..
- ^ Salmons, Joseph (2012). A History of German: What the Past Reveals about Today's Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199697946.
- ^ Waterman, John T. (1976). A History of the German Language (Revised ed.). University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-73807-3.
- ^ a b Geoffrey Horrocks, Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers (Longman Linguistics Library). Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0-582-30709-0
- ^ a b Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
- ^ a b Andersen, Henning (1998), "Slavic", in Ramat, Anna Giacalone (ed.), The Indo-European Languages, London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-06449-1
- ^ Lloyd, Paul M. 1987. From Latin to Spanish. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
- ^ Penny, Ralph. 2002. A history of the Spanish language. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b c Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2
- ^ Litvinsky, B. A., ed. (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, AD 250 to 750. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231032110.
- ^ Rypka, Jan (1968). History of Iranian Literature. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-9401034814.
- ^ a b Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European language and culture: an introduction. Malden, Mass: Blackwell. ISBN 1405103159. OCLC 54529041.
- ^ a b Verbeke, Saartje (2013-03-22). Alignment and Ergativity in New Indo-Aryan Languages. Walter de Gruyter. p. 212. ISBN 978-3-11-029267-1.
- ^ a b Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages. Columbia University Press. p. 237. ISBN 0-231-11568-7.
- ^ Mayaram, Shail (2006). Against History, Against State. Permanent Black. p. 43. ISBN 978-81-7824-152-4.
- ^ a b V.Rajwade, Maharashtrache prachin rajyakarte
- ^ The Linguist List Archived 2009-12-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Abondolo, Daniel M. (editor). 1998. The Uralic Languages. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08198-X.
- ^ Lakarra, Joseba A. (2017). "Basque and the Reconstruction of Isolated Languages". In Campbell, Lyle (ed.). Language Isolates. London: Routledge.
- ^ Trask, R.L. (1997). The History of Basque. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-13116-2.