List of United States Army four-star generals
The rank of general (or full general, or four-star general) is the highest rank normally achievable in the United States Army. It ranks above lieutenant general (three-star general) and below general of the Army (five-star general).
There have been 259 four-star generals in the history of the U.S. Army. Of these, 245 achieved that rank while on active duty in the U.S. Army; eight were promoted after retirement; five were promoted posthumously; and one (George Washington) was appointed to that rank in the Continental Army, the U.S. Army's predecessor. Generals entered the Army via several paths: 162 were commissioned via the U.S. Military Academy (USMA), 54 via Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) at a civilian university, 15 via Officer Candidate School (OCS), 13 via direct commission (direct), 11 via ROTC at a senior military college, one via ROTC at a military junior college, one via direct commission in the Army National Guard (ARNG), one via the aviation cadet program, and one via battlefield commission.
List of generals
[edit]Entries in the following list of four-star generals are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was promoted to that rank while on active duty, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer did not serve in that rank while on active duty in the U.S. Army. Each entry lists the general's name, date of rank,[a] active-duty positions held while serving at four-star rank,[b] number of years of active-duty service at four-star rank (Yrs),[c] year commissioned and source of commission,[d] number of years in commission when promoted to four-star rank (YC),[e] and other biographical notes.[f]
# | Name | Photo | Date of rank[a] | Position[b] | Yrs[c] | Commission[d] | YC[e] | Notes[f] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* | George Washington | 15 Jun 1775 |
|
8 | 1775 (direct) | 0 | (1732–1799)[g] Promoted to General of the Armies, 4 Jul 1976. Chancellor, College of William & Mary, 1788–1799;[5] U.S. President, 1789–1797. Awarded Congressional Gold Medal, 1776.[6] | |
1 | Ulysses S. Grant | 25 Jul 1866 |
|
5 | 1843 (USMA) | 23 | (1822–1885)[h] Promoted to General of the Armies, 19 Apr 2024. U.S. President, 1869–1877. Awarded Congressional Gold Medal, 1863.[9] Married great-aunt of Navy four-star admiral U. S. Grant Sharp Jr.[10] | |
2 | William Tecumseh Sherman | 4 Mar 1869 |
|
14 | 1840 (USMA) | 29 | (1820–1891) Superintendent, Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy, 1860–1861. Brother of U.S. Secretary of State John Sherman. | |
3 | Philip H. Sheridan | 1 Jun 1888 |
|
0 | 1853 (USMA) | 35 | (1831–1888) Died in office. | |
4 | Tasker H. Bliss | 6 Oct 1917 |
|
2 | 1875 (USMA) | 42 | (1853–1930)[i][j] President, U.S. Army War College, 1903–1905, 1909;[15] Governor, U.S. Soldiers' Home, 1920–1927.[12] | |
5 | John J. Pershing | 6 Oct 1917 |
|
7 | 1886 (USMA) | 31 | (1860–1948)[k] Promoted to General of the Armies, 3 Sep 1919. Chairman, American Battle Monuments Commission, 1923–1948; Chairman, Tacna-Arica Plebiscitary Commission, 1925–1926. Awarded Pulitzer Prize for History, 1932; Congressional Gold Medal, 1946.[17][18] | |
6 | Peyton C. March | 20 May 1918 |
|
2 | 1888 (USMA) | 30 | (1864–1955)[j] | |
7 | Charles P. Summerall | 23 Feb 1929 |
|
1 | 1892 (USMA) | 37 | (1867–1955)[l] President, The Citadel, 1931–1953.[21] | |
8 | Douglas MacArthur | 21 Nov 1930 |
|
9 | 1903 (USMA) | 27 | (1880–1964)[m] Promoted to general of the Army, 18 Dec 1944. Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy, 1919–1922. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1942; Congressional Gold Medal, 1962.[23] Grandson of Wisconsin Governor Arthur MacArthur Sr. | |
9 | Malin Craig | 2 Oct 1935 |
|
8 | 1898 (USMA) | 37 | (1875–1945)[n] Commandant, U.S. Army War College, 1935.[15] | |
10 | George C. Marshall Jr. | 1 Sep 1939 |
|
5 | 1902 (VMI)[o] | 38 | (1880–1959)[p] Promoted to general of the Army, 16 Dec 1944. Special Representative of the President in China, 1945–1947; U.S. Secretary of State, 1947–1949; Chairman, American Battle Monuments Commission, 1949–1959; President, American Red Cross, 1949–1950; U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1950–1951. Awarded Congressional Gold Medal, 1946; Nobel Peace Prize, 1953.[27] | |
* | John L. Hines | 15 Jun 1940 |
|
0 | 1891 (USMA) | 49 | (1868–1968)[q] Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, 1924–1926.[29] | |
11 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | 11 Feb 1943 |
|
1 | 1915 (USMA) | 28 | (1890–1969)[r] Promoted to general of the Army, 20 Dec 1944. President, Columbia University, 1948–1953; U.S. President, 1953–1961. | |
12 | Henry H. Arnold | 19 Mar 1943 |
|
1 | 1907 (USMA) | 36 | (1886–1950)[s][t] Promoted to general of the Army, 21 Dec 1944; to general of the Air Force, 7 May 1949. | |
13 | Joseph W. Stilwell | 1 Aug 1944 |
|
2 | 1904 (USMA) | 40 | (1883–1946) Died in office. | |
14 | Walter Krueger | 5 Mar 1945 |
|
1 | 1901 (direct) | 44 | (1881–1967)[u] | |
15 | Brehon B. Somervell | 6 Mar 1945 |
|
1 | 1914 (USMA) | 31 | (1892–1955)[v] | |
16 | Joseph T. McNarney | 7 Mar 1945 |
|
7 | 1915 (USMA) | 30 | (1893–1972)[s] | |
17 | Jacob L. Devers | 8 Mar 1945 |
|
4 | 1909 (USMA) | 36 | (1887–1979) Chairman, American Battle Monuments Commission, 1960–1969.[34] | |
18 | George C. Kenney | 9 Mar 1945 |
|
6 | 1917 (cadet) | 28 | (1889–1977)[s] | |
19 | Mark W. Clark | 10 Mar 1945 |
|
8 | 1917 (USMA) | 28 | (1896–1984)[w] President, The Citadel, 1954–1965;[36] Chairman, American Battle Monuments Commission, 1969–1984.[34] | |
20 | Carl A. Spaatz | 11 Mar 1945 |
|
3 | 1914 (USMA) | 31 | (1891–1974)[s] | |
21 | Omar N. Bradley | 12 Mar 1945 |
|
5 | 1915 (USMA) | 30 | (1893–1981)[x] Promoted to general of the Army, 22 Sep 1950. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction, 1977.[39] | |
22 | Thomas T. Handy | 13 Mar 1945 |
|
9 | 1916 (VMI)[o] | 29 | (1892–1982) | |
23 | George S. Patton Jr. | 14 Apr 1945 |
|
0 | 1909 (USMA) | 36 | (1885–1945) Died in office. Father-in-law of Army four-star general John K. Waters. | |
24 | Courtney H. Hodges | 15 Apr 1945 |
|
4 | 1909 (direct) | 36 | (1887–1966) | |
25 | Jonathan M. Wainwright IV | 5 Sep 1945 |
|
1 | 1906 (USMA) | 39 | (1883–1953) National Commander, Disabled American Veterans, 1948–1949. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1945.[40] | |
26 | Lucius D. Clay | 28 Mar 1947 |
|
2 | 1918 (USMA) | 29 | (1897–1978) Special Representative of the President in Berlin, 1961–1962. Son of U.S. Senator Alexander S. Clay; father of Air Force four-star general Lucius D. Clay Jr.[41] | |
27 | J. Lawton Collins | 24 Jan 1948 |
|
8 | 1917 (USMA) | 31 | (1896–1987) U.S. Special Representative to Vietnam, 1954–1955.[42] | |
28 | Wade H. Haislip | 1 Oct 1949 |
|
2 | 1912 (USMA) | 37 | (1889–1971) Governor, U.S. Soldiers' Home, 1951–1966. | |
* | Walton H. Walker | 20 Dec 1950 |
|
0 | 1912 (USMA) | 38 | (1889–1950)[y] Died in office. Father of Army four-star general Sam S. Walker. | |
29 | Matthew B. Ridgway | 11 May 1951 |
|
4 | 1917 (USMA) | 34 | (1895–1993) Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1986; Congressional Gold Medal, 1990.[44] | |
30 | Walter Bedell Smith | 1 Jul 1951 |
|
2 | 1917 (direct) | 34 | (1895–1961) U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1946–1948; U.S. Under Secretary of State, 1953–1954.[45] | |
31 | John E. Hull | 30 Jul 1951 |
|
4 | 1917 (direct) | 34 | (1895–1975) Chairman, President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities, 1958–1961. | |
32 | James A. Van Fleet | 31 Jul 1951 |
|
2 | 1915 (USMA) | 36 | (1892–1992)[46] Special Representative of the President in the Far East, 1954. | |
33 | Alfred M. Gruenther | 1 Aug 1951 |
|
5 | 1917 (USMA) | 34 | (1899–1983) President, American Red Cross, 1957–1964.[47] | |
34 | John R. Hodge | 5 Jul 1952 |
|
1 | 1917 (direct) | 35 | (1893–1963) | |
35 | Maxwell D. Taylor | 23 Jun 1953 |
|
9 | 1922 (USMA) | 31 | (1901–1987)[48][z] Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy, 1945–1949; U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam, 1964–1965; Chairman, President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, 1965–1969; President, Institute for Defense Analyses, 1966–1969.[50] | |
36 | Charles L. Bolte | 30 Jul 1953 |
|
2 | 1917 (direct) | 36 | (1895–1989) | |
37 | William M. Hoge | 23 Oct 1953 |
|
2 | 1916 (USMA) | 37 | (1894–1979) | |
* | Robert L. Eichelberger | 19 Jul 1954 |
|
0 | 1909 (USMA) | 45 | (1886–1961)[aa] Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy, 1940–1942.[52] | |
* | Lucian K. Truscott Jr. | 19 Jul 1954 |
|
0 | 1917 (direct) | 37 | (1895–1965)[aa] Deputy Director for Coordination, Central Intelligence Agency, 1953–1959.[53] | |
* | Leonard T. Gerow | 19 Jul 1954 |
|
0 | 1911 (VMI)[o] | 43 | (1888–1972)[aa] | |
* | William H. Simpson | 19 Jul 1954 |
|
0 | 1909 (USMA) | 45 | (1888–1980)[aa] | |
* | Ben Lear | 19 Jul 1954 |
|
0 | 1901 (direct) | 53 | (1879–1966)[aa] | |
* | Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr. | 19 Jul 1954 |
|
0 | 1908 (USMA) | 46 | (1886–1945)[aa] Killed in action. Son of Kentucky Governor Simon Bolivar Buckner Sr. | |
* | Alexander M. Patch | 19 Jul 1954 |
|
0 | 1913 (USMA) | 41 | (1889–1945)[aa] Died in office. | |
* | Lesley J. McNair | 19 Jul 1954 |
|
0 | 1904 (USMA) | 50 | (1883–1944)[aa] Killed in action. | |
* | John L. DeWitt | 19 Jul 1954 |
|
0 | 1898 (direct) | 56 | (1880–1962)[aa] Commandant, U.S. Army War College, 1937–1939.[15] | |
* | Albert C. Wedemeyer | 19 Jul 1954 |
|
0 | 1918 (USMA) | 36 | (1897–1989)[aa] Special Representative of the President in China and Korea, 1947. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1985.[54][55] | |
* | Robert C. Richardson Jr. | 19 Jul 1954 |
|
0 | 1904 (USMA) | 50 | (1882–1954)[aa] Military Governor of Hawaii, 1943–1944.[56] | |
38 | John E. Dahlquist | 18 Aug 1954 |
|
2 | 1917 (direct) | 37 | (1896–1975) | |
39 | Anthony C. McAuliffe | 1 Mar 1955 |
|
1 | 1918 (USMA) | 37 | (1898–1975) Chairman, New York State Civil Defense Commission, 1960–1963. | |
40 | Lyman L. Lemnitzer | 25 Mar 1955 |
|
14 | 1920 (USMA) | 35 | (1899–1988)[58][ab] Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1987.[61] | |
41 | Williston B. Palmer | 1 May 1955 |
|
7 | 1919 (USMA) | 36 | (1899–1973)[62][ac] Brother of Army four-star general Charles D. Palmer. | |
42 | Isaac D. White | 22 Jun 1955 |
|
6 | 1922 (Norwich) | 33 | (1901–1990) | |
43 | Willard G. Wyman | 1 Mar 1956 |
|
2 | 1919 (USMA) | 37 | (1898–1969) | |
44 | Cortlandt V. R. Schuyler | 18 May 1956 |
|
3 | 1922 (USMA) | 34 | (1900–1993)[64] Commissioner, New York State Office of General Services, 1960–1971. | |
45 | George H. Decker | 31 May 1956 |
|
6 | 1924 (ROTC) | 32 | (1902–1980) | |
46 | Henry I. Hodes | 1 Jun 1956 |
|
3 | 1920 (USMA) | 36 | (1899–1962) | |
47 | Bruce C. Clarke | 1 Aug 1958 |
|
4 | 1925 (USMA) | 33 | (1901–1988) | |
48 | Clyde D. Eddleman | 1 Apr 1959 |
|
3 | 1924 (USMA) | 35 | (1902–1992) Commandant, U.S. Army War College, 1955.[15] | |
49 | Carter B. Magruder | 1 Jul 1959 |
|
2 | 1923 (USMA) | 36 | (1900–1988) | |
50 | Charles D. Palmer | 1 Oct 1959 |
|
3 | 1924 (USMA) | 35 | (1902–1999) Brother of Army four-star general Williston B. Palmer. | |
51 | Clark L. Ruffner | 1 Mar 1960 |
|
2 | 1924 (VMI) | 36 | (1903–1982) | |
52 | James E. Moore | 21 Apr 1960 |
|
3 | 1924 (USMA) | 36 | (1902–1986) Commandant, U.S. Army War College, 1953–1955;[15] U.S. High Commissioner, Ryukyu Islands, 1955–1958. | |
53 | Herbert B. Powell | 1 Oct 1960 |
|
3 | 1926 (ROTC) | 34 | (1903–1998)[65] U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa, 1963–1967. | |
54 | James F. Collins | 1 Apr 1961 |
|
3 | 1927 (USMA) | 34 | (1905–1989) President, American Red Cross, 1964–1970.[66] | |
55 | Guy S. Meloy Jr. | 1 Jul 1961 |
|
2 | 1927 (USMA) | 34 | (1903–1964) | |
56 | Paul D. Adams | 3 Oct 1961 |
|
5 | 1928 (USMA) | 33 | (1906–1987) | |
57 | Paul D. Harkins | 2 Jan 1962 |
|
2 | 1929 (USMA) | 33 | (1904–1984) Relieved, 1964.[67] | |
58 | Earle G. Wheeler | 1 Mar 1962 |
|
8 | 1932 (USMA) | 30 | (1908–1975) Widow married Army four-star general Frank S. Besson Jr. | |
59 | Barksdale Hamlett | 2 Apr 1962 |
|
2 | 1930 (USMA) | 32 | (1908–1979)[68] President, Norwich University, 1966–1972. | |
60 | Paul L. Freeman Jr. | 1 May 1962 |
|
5 | 1929 (USMA) | 33 | (1907–1988) | |
61 | Robert J. Wood | 1 Sep 1962 |
|
4 | 1930 (USMA) | 32 | (1905–1986)[ad] | |
62 | John K. Waters | 28 Feb 1963 |
|
3 | 1931 (USMA) | 32 | (1906–1989)[70] Son-in-law of Army four-star general George S. Patton. | |
63 | Andrew P. O'Meara | 6 Jun 1963 |
|
4 | 1930 (USMA) | 33 | (1907–2005) | |
64 | Theodore W. Parker | 1 Jul 1963 |
|
6 | 1931 (USMA) | 32 | (1909–1994) Commissioner, New York State Department of Transportation, 1969–1972.[71] | |
65 | Hamilton H. Howze | 1 Aug 1963 |
|
2 | 1930 (USMA) | 33 | (1908–1998) | |
66 | Hugh P. Harris | 1 Mar 1964 |
|
1 | 1931 (USMA) | 33 | (1909–1979) President, The Citadel, 1965–1970. | |
67 | Frank S. Besson Jr. | 27 May 1964 |
|
6 | 1932 (USMA) | 32 | (1910–1985)[72][ae] Incorporator, National Rail Passenger Corporation, 1970–1971; Member, Board of Directors, Amtrak, 1971–1977.[73] Married widow of Army four-star general Earle G. Wheeler. | |
68 | Harold K. Johnson | 3 Jul 1964 |
|
4 | 1933 (USMA) | 31 | (1912–1983) | |
69 | William C. Westmoreland | 1 Aug 1964 |
|
8 | 1936 (USMA) | 28 | (1914–2005)[74] Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy, 1960–1963; candidate for Republican Party nomination for Governor of South Carolina, 1974. | |
70 | Creighton W. Abrams Jr. | 4 Sep 1964 |
|
10 | 1936 (USMA) | 28 | (1914–1974)[75] Died in office. Father of Army four-star generals John N. Abrams and Robert B. Abrams. | |
71 | Robert W. Porter Jr. | 18 Mar 1965 |
|
4 | 1930 (USMA) | 35 | (1908–2000) | |
72 | Dwight E. Beach | 1 Jul 1965 |
|
3 | 1932 (USMA) | 33 | (1908–2000) | |
73 | Charles H. Bonesteel III | 1 Sep 1966 |
|
3 | 1931 (USMA) | 35 | (1909–1977) | |
74 | Theodore J. Conway | 1 Nov 1966 |
|
3 | 1933 (USMA) | 33 | (1909–1990) | |
75 | James H. Polk | 31 May 1967 |
|
4 | 1933 (USMA) | 34 | (1911–1992) Distant cousin of U.S. President James K. Polk. | |
76 | Ralph E. Haines Jr. | 1 Jun 1967 |
|
6 | 1935 (USMA) | 32 | (1913–2011) | |
77 | James K. Woolnough | 1 Jul 1967 |
|
3 | 1932 (USMA) | 35 | (1910–1996) | |
78 | Andrew J. Goodpaster | 3 Jul 1968 |
|
6 | 1939 (USMA) | 29 | (1915–2005)[76][af] White House Staff Secretary, 1954–1961; Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy, 1977–1981; President, Institute for Defense Analyses, 1983–1985; Chairman, American Battle Monuments Commission, 1985–1990. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1984.[77] | |
79 | Ben Harrell | 4 Jul 1968 |
|
3 | 1933 (USMA) | 35 | (1911–1981) | |
80 | Berton E. Spivy Jr. | 31 Jul 1968 |
|
3 | 1934 (USMA) | 34 | (1911–1997) | |
81 | Bruce Palmer Jr. | 1 Aug 1968 |
|
6 | 1936 (USMA) | 32 | (1913–2000) | |
82 | George R. Mather | 1 Mar 1969 |
|
2 | 1932 (USMA) | 37 | (1911–1993) | |
83 | Ferdinand J. Chesarek | 10 Mar 1969 |
|
1 | 1938 (USMA) | 31 | (1914–1993) | |
84 | William B. Rosson | 15 May 1969 |
|
6 | 1940 (ROTC) | 29 | (1918–2004) | |
85 | John L. Throckmorton | 1 Aug 1969 |
|
4 | 1935 (USMA) | 34 | (1913–1986) | |
86 | John H. Michaelis | 1 Oct 1969 |
|
3 | 1936 (USMA) | 33 | (1912–1985) | |
87 | Lewis B. Hershey | 23 Dec 1969 |
|
4 | 1913 (ARNG) | 56 | (1893–1977)[ag] Relieved, 1973. Director, Selective Service System, 1941–1970.[79] | |
88 | Frederick C. Weyand | 31 Oct 1970 |
|
6 | 1938 (ROTC) | 32 | (1916–2010) | |
89 | Henry A. Miley Jr. | 1 Nov 1970 |
|
5 | 1940 (USMA) | 30 | (1915–2010) | |
90 | Frank T. Mildren | 1 Apr 1971 |
|
2 | 1939 (USMA) | 32 | (1913–1990) | |
91 | Michael S. Davison | 26 May 1971 |
|
4 | 1939 (USMA) | 32 | (1917–2006) Aunt married Navy four-star admiral Arthur W. Radford. | |
92 | George V. Underwood Jr. | 1 Oct 1971 |
|
2 | 1937 (USMA) | 34 | (1913–1984) | |
93 | Donald V. Bennett | 1 Sep 1972 |
|
2 | 1940 (USMA) | 32 | (1915–2005) Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy, 1966–1969; Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, 1969–1972. | |
94 | Alexander M. Haig Jr. | 4 Jan 1973[80] |
|
5 | 1947 (USMA) | 26 | (1924–2010)[81][ah] Deputy National Security Advisor, 1970–1973; U.S. Secretary of State, 1981–1982; candidate for Republican Party nomination for U.S. President, 1988. | |
95 | Walter T. Kerwin Jr. | 1 Feb 1973 |
|
5 | 1939 (USMA) | 34 | (1917–2008) Married widow of Marine Corps four-star general Keith B. McCutcheon. | |
96 | William E. DePuy | 1 Jul 1973 |
|
4 | 1941 (ROTC) | 32 | (1919–1992) | |
97 | Richard G. Stilwell | 31 Jul 1973 |
|
3 | 1938 (USMA) | 35 | (1917–1991) U.S. Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, 1981–1985. | |
98 | Melvin Zais | 1 Aug 1973 |
|
3 | 1937 (ROTC) | 36 | (1916–1981) | |
99 | Bernard W. Rogers | 7 Nov 1974 |
|
13 | 1943 (USMA) | 31 | (1921–2008)[82] | |
101 | John J. Hennessey | 8 Nov 1974 |
|
5 | 1944 (USMA) | 30 | (1921–2001) | |
101 | John R. Deane Jr. | 12 Feb 1975 |
|
2 | 1942 (USMA) | 33 | (1919–2013) | |
102 | George S. Blanchard | 1 Jul 1975 |
|
4 | 1944 (USMA) | 31 | (1920–2006) | |
103 | William A. Knowlton | 1 Jun 1976 |
|
4 | 1943 (USMA) | 33 | (1920–2008)[83] Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy, 1970–1974. Father-in-law of Army four-star general David H. Petraeus. | |
104 | Frederick J. Kroesen Jr. | 1 Oct 1976 |
|
7 | 1943 (OCS) | 33 | (1923–2020)[84] | |
105 | John W. Vessey Jr. | 1 Nov 1976 |
|
9 | 1944 (battlefield) | 32 | (1922–2016)[85] Special Presidential Emissary to Vietnam for POW/MIA Affairs, 1987–1997. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1992.[86] | |
106 | John R. Guthrie | 1 May 1977 |
|
4 | 1942 (ROTC) | 35 | (1921–2009) | |
107 | Sam S. Walker | Jul 1977 |
|
1 | 1946 (USMA) | 31 | (1925–2015)[87] Superintendent, Virginia Military Institute, 1981–1988. Son of Army four-star general Walton H. Walker. | |
108 | Donn A. Starry | 1 Jul 1977 |
|
6 | 1948 (USMA) | 29 | (1925–2011) | |
109 | Robert M. Shoemaker | 22 Aug 1978 |
|
4 | 1946 (USMA) | 32 | (1924–2017) | |
110 | Edward C. Meyer | 22 Jun 1979 |
|
4 | 1951 (USMA) | 28 | (1928–2020)[88] | |
111 | John A. Wickham Jr. | 10 Jul 1979 |
|
8 | 1950 (USMA) | 29 | (1928–2024)[89] | |
112 | Volney F. Warner | 1 Aug 1979 |
|
2 | 1950 (USMA) | 29 | (1926–2019)[90] | |
113 | Glenn K. Otis | 1 Aug 1981 |
|
7 | 1953 (USMA) | 28 | (1929–2013) | |
114 | Donald R. Keith | 1 Sep 1981 |
|
3 | 1949 (USMA) | 32 | (1927–2004) | |
115 | Richard E. Cavazos | 19 Feb 1982 |
|
2 | 1951 (ROTC) | 31 | (1929–2017) Brother of U.S. Secretary of Education Lauro Cavazos. First Hispanic to achieve the rank of general in the Army.[91] | |
116 | Robert W. Sennewald | 24 May 1982 |
|
4 | 1951 (ROTC) | 31 | (1929–2023) | |
117 | Roscoe Robinson Jr. | 30 Aug 1982 |
|
3 | 1951 (USMA) | 31 | (1928–1993) First African-American to achieve the rank of general in the Army. | |
118 | William R. Richardson | 28 Feb 1983 |
|
3 | 1951 (USMA) | 32 | (1929–2023) | |
119 | Paul F. Gorman | 25 May 1983 |
|
2 | 1950 (USMA) | 33 | (1927– ) | |
120 | Wallace H. Nutting | 25 May 1983 |
|
2 | 1950 (USMA) | 33 | (1928–2023)[92] | |
121 | Maxwell R. Thurman | 23 Jun 1983 |
|
7 | 1953 (ROTC) | 30 | (1931–1995)[93] | |
122 | William J. Livsey | 3 May 1984 |
|
3 | 1952 (ROTC) | 32 | (1931–2016) | |
123 | Richard H. Thompson | 29 Jun 1984 |
|
3 | 1950 (direct) | 34 | (1926–2016) | |
124 | Robert C. Kingston | 6 Nov 1984 |
|
1 | 1949 (OCS) | 35 | (1928–2007) | |
125 | John R. Galvin | 25 Feb 1985 |
|
7 | 1954 (USMA) | 31 | (1929–2015)[94] U.S. Special Representative to Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1994.[95] | |
126 | Fred K. Mahaffey | 17 Jun 1985 |
|
1 | 1955 (ROTC) | 30 | (1934–1986)[96] Died in office. | |
127 | Jack N. Merritt | 1 Dec 1985 |
|
2 | 1953 (OCS) | 32 | (1930–2018)[97] Commandant, U.S. Army War College, 1980–1982.[15] | |
128 | Carl E. Vuono | 1 Jul 1986 |
|
5 | 1957 (USMA) | 29 | (1934– ) | |
129 | Joseph T. Palastra Jr. | 1 Jul 1986 |
|
3 | 1954 (USMA) | 32 | (1931–2015) | |
130 | James J. Lindsay | 10 Oct 1986 |
|
4 | 1953 (OCS) | 33 | (1932–2023)[98] | |
131 | Louis C. Wagner Jr. | 13 Apr 1987 |
|
2 | 1954 (USMA) | 33 | (1932– ) | |
132 | Frederick F. Woerner Jr. | 6 Jun 1987 |
|
2 | 1955 (USMA) | 32 | (1933–2023) Relieved, 1989.[99] Chairman, American Battle Monuments Commission, 1994–2001.[34] | |
133 | Arthur E. Brown Jr. | 24 Jun 1987 |
|
2 | 1953 (USMA) | 34 | (1929– ) | |
134 | Louis C. Menetrey | 24 Jun 1987 |
|
3 | 1953 (ROTC) | 34 | (1929–2009) | |
135 | Crosbie E. Saint | 24 Jun 1988 |
|
4 | 1958 (USMA) | 30 | (1936–2018)[100] | |
136 | H. Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. | 23 Nov 1988 |
|
3 | 1956 (USMA) | 32 | (1934–2012)[101] Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1991; Congressional Gold Medal, 1991.[102] | |
137 | Robert W. RisCassi | 17 Jan 1989 |
|
4 | 1958 (ROTC) | 31 | (1936– ) | |
138 | Colin L. Powell | 4 Apr 1989 |
|
4 | 1958 (ROTC) | 31 | (1937–2021)[103] Deputy National Security Advisor, 1987; National Security Advisor, 1987–1989; U.S. Secretary of State, 2001–2005. Awarded Congressional Gold Medal, 1991; Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1991 and, with distinction, 1993.[104] | |
139 | John W. Foss | 2 Aug 1989 |
|
2 | 1956 (USMA) | 33 | (1933–2020)[105] | |
140 | Edwin H. Burba Jr. | 27 Sep 1989 |
|
4 | 1959 (USMA) | 30 | (1936– ) | |
141 | William G. T. Tuttle Jr. | 1 Oct 1989 |
|
3 | 1958 (USMA) | 31 | (1935–2020)[106] | |
142 | Gordon R. Sullivan | 4 Jun 1990 |
|
5 | 1959 (Norwich) | 31 | (1937–2024)[107] | |
143 | Carl W. Stiner | 1 Jul 1990 |
|
3 | 1958 (ROTC) | 32 | (1936–2022)[108] | |
144 | George A. Joulwan | 21 Nov 1990 |
|
7 | 1961 (USMA) | 29 | (1939– ) | |
145 | Dennis J. Reimer | 21 Jun 1991 |
|
8 | 1962 (USMA) | 29 | (1939– ) | |
146 | Frederick M. Franks Jr. | 23 Aug 1991 |
|
3 | 1959 (USMA) | 32 | (1936– ) Chairman, American Battle Monuments Commission, 2005–2009.[34] | |
147 | Jimmy D. Ross | 1 Feb 1992 |
|
2 | 1958 (ROTC) | 34 | (1936–2012) | |
148 | John M. D. Shalikashvili | 24 Jun 1992 |
|
5 | 1959 (OCS) | 33 | (1936–2011)[109] Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1997.[110] | |
149 | David M. Maddox | 9 Jul 1992 |
|
2 | 1960 (VMI) | 32 | (1938– ) | |
150 | J. H. Binford Peay III | 26 Mar 1993 |
|
4 | 1962 (VMI) | 31 | (1940– ) Superintendent, Virginia Military Institute, 2003–2020.[111] | |
151 | Wayne A. Downing | 20 May 1993 |
|
3 | 1962 (USMA) | 31 | (1940–2007) Deputy National Security Advisor for Combating Terrorism, 2001–2002.[112] | |
152 | Gary E. Luck | 1 Jul 1993 |
|
3 | 1960 (ROTC) | 33 | (1937–2024)[113] | |
153 | Leon E. Salomon | 11 Feb 1994 |
|
2 | 1959 (OCS) | 35 | (1936– ) | |
154 | Barry R. McCaffrey | 17 Feb 1994 |
|
2 | 1964 (USMA) | 30 | (1942– ) Director, National Drug Control Policy, 1996–2001.[114] | |
155 | John H. Tilelli Jr. | 19 Jul 1994 |
|
5 | 1963 (PMC)[ai] | 31 | (1941– ) President, United Service Organizations, 2000–2002. | |
156 | William W. Hartzog | 1 Dec 1994 |
|
4 | 1963 (Citadel) | 31 | (1941–2020)[115] | |
157 | William W. Crouch | 1 Jan 1995 |
|
3 | 1963 (ROTC) | 32 | (1941– ) | |
158 | Ronald H. Griffith | 6 Jun 1995 |
|
2 | 1960 (ROTC) | 35 | (1936–2018)[116] | |
159 | H. Hugh Shelton | 1 Mar 1996 |
|
5 | 1964 (ROTC) | 32 | (1942– ) Awarded Congressional Gold Medal, 2002.[117] | |
160 | Johnnie E. Wilson | 1 May 1996 |
|
3 | 1967 (OCS) | 29 | (1944– ) | |
161 | Wesley K. Clark | 21 Jun 1996 |
|
4 | 1966 (USMA) | 30 | (1944– ) Candidate for Democratic Party nomination for U.S. President, 2004.[118] Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2000.[119] | |
162 | David A. Bramlett | 1 Sep 1996 |
|
2 | 1964 (USMA) | 32 | (1941– ) | |
163 | Eric K. Shinseki | 5 Aug 1997 |
|
6 | 1965 (USMA) | 32 | (1942– ) U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs, 2009–2014. First Asian-American to achieve four-star rank in any service.[120] | |
164 | Peter J. Schoomaker | 4 Oct 1997 |
|
7 | 1969 (ROTC) | 28 | (1946– )[aj] | |
165 | Thomas A. Schwartz | 31 Aug 1998 |
|
4 | 1967 (USMA) | 31 | (1945– ) | |
166 | John N. Abrams | 14 Sep 1998 |
|
4 | 1968 (OCS) | 30 | (1946–2018)[121] Son of Army four-star general Creighton W. Abrams Jr.; brother of Army four-star general Robert B. Abrams. | |
167 | Montgomery C. Meigs | 10 Nov 1998 |
|
4 | 1967 (USMA) | 31 | (1945–2021)[122] Director, Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization, 2005–2007. Distant cousin of Navy four-star admiral Montgomery M. Taylor. | |
168 | John M. Keane | 22 Jan 1999 |
|
4 | 1966 (ROTC) | 33 | (1943– ) Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2020.[123] | |
169 | John G. Coburn | 14 May 1999 |
|
2 | 1963 (ROTC) | 36 | (1941– ) | |
170 | John W. Hendrix | 23 Nov 1999 |
|
2 | 1965 (ROTC) | 34 | (1942– ) | |
171 | William F. Kernan | Jul 2000 |
|
2 | 1968 (OCS) | 32 | (1946– ) | |
172 | Tommy R. Franks | 6 Jul 2000 |
|
3 | 1967 (OCS) | 33 | (1945– ) Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2004.[124] | |
173 | Paul J. Kern | 30 Oct 2001 |
|
3 | 1967 (USMA) | 34 | (1945– ) | |
174 | Larry R. Ellis | 19 Nov 2001 |
|
3 | 1969 (ROTC) | 32 | (1946– ) | |
175 | Leon J. LaPorte | 1 May 2002 |
|
4 | 1968 (ROTC) | 34 | (1946– ) | |
176 | James T. Hill | 18 Aug 2002 |
|
2 | 1968 (ROTC) | 34 | (1946– ) | |
177 | Kevin P. Byrnes | 7 Nov 2002 |
|
3 | 1969 (OCS) | 33 | (1950– )[ak] Relieved, 2005. | |
178 | Burwell B. Bell III | 3 Dec 2002 |
|
6 | 1969 (ROTC) | 33 | (1947– ) | |
179 | John P. Abizaid | 27 Jun 2003 |
|
4 | 1973 (USMA) | 30 | (1951– ) U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, 2019–2021.[126] | |
180 | Bryan D. Brown | 25 Aug 2003 |
|
4 | 1970 (OCS) | 33 | (1948– ) First army aviator to achieve the rank of general.[127] | |
181 | George W. Casey Jr. | 1 Dec 2003 |
|
8 | 1970 (ROTC) | 33 | (1948– ) | |
182 | Richard A. Cody | 24 Jun 2004 |
|
4 | 1972 (USMA) | 32 | (1950– ) | |
183 | Dan K. McNeill | 1 Jul 2004 |
|
4 | 1968 (ROTC) | 36 | (1946– ) | |
184 | Benjamin S. Griffin | 5 Nov 2004 |
|
4 | 1970 (OCS) | 34 | (1946– ) | |
185 | Bantz J. Craddock | 1 Jan 2005 |
|
4 | 1971 (ROTC) | 33 | (1949– ) | |
186 | William S. Wallace | 13 Oct 2005 |
|
3 | 1969 (USMA) | 36 | (1946– ) | |
187 | David D. McKiernan | 14 Dec 2005 |
|
4 | 1972 (ROTC) | 33 | (1950– ) Resigned, 2009.[128] | |
188 | William E. Ward | 3 May 2006 |
|
5 | 1971 (ROTC) | 35 | (1949– )[al] U.S. Security Coordinator, Israel-Palestinian Authority, 2005.[130] | |
189 | Charles C. Campbell | 9 Jan 2007 |
|
3 | 1970 (ROTC) | 37 | (1948–2016)[131] | |
190 | David H. Petraeus | 10 Feb 2007 |
|
4 | 1974 (USMA) | 33 | (1952– ) Director, Central Intelligence Agency, 2011–2012. Son-in-law of Army four-star general William A. Knowlton.[132] | |
191 | Walter L. Sharp | 2 Jun 2008 |
|
3 | 1974 (USMA) | 34 | (1952– ) | |
192 | Peter W. Chiarelli | 4 Aug 2008 |
|
4 | 1972 (ROTC) | 36 | (1950– ) | |
193 | Carter F. Ham | 28 Aug 2008 |
|
5 | 1976 (ROTC) | 32 | (1952– ) Chairman, National Commission on the Future of the Army, 2015–2016.[133] | |
194 | Raymond T. Odierno | 16 Sep 2008 |
|
7 | 1976 (USMA) | 32 | (1954–2021)[134][am] | |
195 | Ann E. Dunwoody | 14 Nov 2008 |
|
4 | 1975 (direct) | 33 | (1953– ) First woman to achieve four-star rank in any service. | |
196 | Martin E. Dempsey | 8 Dec 2008 |
|
7 | 1974 (USMA) | 34 | (1952– ) | |
197 | Stanley A. McChrystal | 15 Jun 2009 |
|
1 | 1976 (USMA) | 33 | (1954– ) Resigned, 2010.[136] | |
198 | Keith B. Alexander | 21 May 2010 |
|
4 | 1974 (USMA) | 36 | (1952– ) Director, National Security Agency, 2005–2014. | |
199 | James D. Thurman | 3 Jun 2010 |
|
3 | 1975 (ROTC) | 35 | (1953– ) | |
200 | Lloyd J. Austin III | 1 Sep 2010 |
|
6 | 1975 (USMA) | 35 | (1953– ) U.S. Secretary of Defense, 2021–2025.[137] | |
201 | Robert W. Cone | 29 Apr 2011 |
|
3 | 1979 (USMA) | 32 | (1957–2016)[138] | |
202 | Charles H. Jacoby Jr. | 3 Aug 2011 |
|
3 | 1978 (USMA) | 33 | (1954– ) | |
203 | David M. Rodriguez | 12 Sep 2011 |
|
5 | 1976 (USMA) | 35 | (1954– ) | |
204 | Dennis L. Via | 7 Aug 2012 |
|
4 | 1980 (ROTC) | 32 | (1958– ) | |
205 | Frank J. Grass | 7 Sep 2012 |
|
4 | 1981 (OCS) | 31 | (1951– ) Served 12 years in the enlisted ranks before receiving his commission in 1981. First Army National Guard officer to achieve the rank of general. | |
206 | John F. Campbell | 8 Mar 2013 |
|
3 | 1979 (USMA) | 34 | (1957– ) | |
207 | Daniel B. Allyn | 10 May 2013 |
|
4 | 1981 (USMA) | 32 | (1959– ) | |
208 | Vincent K. Brooks | 2 Jul 2013 |
|
5 | 1980 (USMA) | 33 | (1958– ) | |
209 | Curtis M. Scaparrotti | 2 Oct 2013 |
|
6 | 1978 (USMA) | 35 | (1956– ) | |
210 | David G. Perkins | 14 Mar 2014 |
|
4 | 1980 (USMA) | 34 | (1957– ) | |
211 | Mark A. Milley | 15 Aug 2014 |
|
9 | 1980 (ROTC) | 34 | (1958– ) | |
212 | Joseph L. Votel | 28 Aug 2014 |
|
5 | 1980 (USMA) | 34 | (1958– ) | |
213 | Robert B. Abrams | 10 Aug 2015 |
|
6 | 1982 (USMA) | 33 | (1960– ) Son of Army four-star general Creighton W. Abrams Jr.; brother of Army four-star general John N. Abrams.[121] | |
214 | John W. Nicholson Jr. | 2 Mar 2016 |
|
2 | 1982 (USMA) | 34 | (1957– ) Nephew of U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs Robert J. Nicholson. | |
215 | Raymond A. Thomas III | 30 Mar 2016 |
|
3 | 1980 (USMA) | 36 | (1958– ) | |
216 | Robert B. Brown | 30 Apr 2016 |
|
3 | 1981 (USMA) | 35 | (1959– ) | |
217 | Gustave F. Perna | 30 Sep 2016 |
|
5 | 1981 (VFMAC) | 35 | (1960– ) | |
218 | James C. McConville | 16 Jun 2017 |
|
6 | 1981 (USMA) | 36 | (1959– ) | |
219 | Stephen J. Townsend | 2 Mar 2018 |
|
4 | 1982 (NGCSU) | 36 | (1959– ) | |
220 | Paul M. Nakasone | 4 May 2018 |
|
6 | 1986 (ROTC) | 32 | (1963– ) | |
221 | Stephen R. Lyons | 24 Aug 2018 |
|
3 | 1983 (ROTC) | 35 | (c. 1962– ) | |
222 | John M. Murray | 24 Aug 2018 |
|
3 | 1982 (ROTC) | 36 | (c. 1960– ) | |
223 | Austin S. Miller | 2 Sep 2018 |
|
3 | 1983 (USMA) | 35 | (1961– ) | |
224 | Michael X. Garrett | 21 Mar 2019 |
|
3 | 1984 (ROTC) | 35 | (1961– ) Chairman, American Battle Monuments Commission, 2023–present.[139] | |
225 | Richard D. Clarke Jr. | 29 Mar 2019 |
|
3 | 1984 (USMA) | 35 | (1962– ) | |
226 | Paul E. Funk II | 21 Jun 2019 |
|
3 | 1984 (ROTC) | 35 | (1962– ) | |
227 | Joseph M. Martin | 26 Jul 2019 |
|
3 | 1986 (USMA) | 33 | (1962– ) | |
228 | Paul J. LaCamera | 18 Nov 2019 |
|
5 | 1985 (USMA) | 34 | (1963– ) | |
229 | Edward M. Daly | 2 Jul 2020 |
|
3 | 1987 (USMA) | 33 | (1965– ) | |
230 | Daniel R. Hokanson | 3 Aug 2020 |
|
4 | 1986 (USMA) | 34 | (1963– ) | |
231 | James H. Dickinson | 20 Aug 2020 |
|
4 | 1985 (ROTC) | 35 | (c. 1962– ) | |
232 | Christopher G. Cavoli | 1 Oct 2020 |
|
4 | 1987 (ROTC) | 33 | (c. 1965– ) | |
233 | Charles A. Flynn | 4 Jun 2021 |
|
3 | 1985 (ROTC) | 36 | (c. 1963– ) Brother of National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn.[140] | |
234 | Laura J. Richardson | 29 Oct 2021 |
|
3 | 1986 (ROTC) | 35 | (1963– ) | |
235 | Michael E. Kurilla | 1 Apr 2022 |
|
2 | 1988 (USMA) | 34 | (1966– ) | |
236 | Darryl A. Williams | 27 Jun 2022 |
|
2 | 1983 (USMA) | 39 | (1961– ) Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy, 2018–2022. | |
237 | Andrew P. Poppas | 8 Jul 2022 |
|
2 | 1988 (USMA) | 34 | (c. 1966– ) | |
238 | Randy A. George | 5 Aug 2022 |
|
2 | 1988 (USMA) | 34 | (1964– ) | |
239 | Bryan P. Fenton | 30 Aug 2022 |
|
2 | 1987 (ROTC) | 35 | (1965– ) | |
240 | Gary M. Brito | 8 Sep 2022 |
|
2 | 1987 (ROTC) | 35 | (1964– ) | |
241 | James E. Rainey | 4 Oct 2022 |
|
2 | 1987 (ROTC) | 35 | (c. 1964– ) | |
242 | Charles R. Hamilton | 16 Mar 2023 |
|
1 | 1988 (OCS) | 35 | (c. 1967– ) | |
243 | James J. Mingus | 3 Jan 2024 |
|
0 | 1985 (ROTC) | 39 | (1964– ) | |
244 | Ronald P. Clark | 8 Nov 2024 |
|
0 | 1988 (USMA) | 36 | (1966– ) | |
245 | Xavier T. Brunson | 20 Dec 2024 |
|
0 | 1990 (ROTC) | 34 | (c. 1965– ) |
History
[edit]Four-star positions
[edit]1775–1799
[edit]In June 1775, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington as general and commander in chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.[1][an] At the war's end in 1783, Washington resigned his commission. As this occurred before the establishment of the United States Army in 1784, he is therefore considered never to have held the U.S. Army rank of general.[142][143]
In May 1798, Washington was commissioned as a lieutenant general in the United States Army by his successor as president, John Adams, to command the provisional army being raised for the undeclared Quasi-War with France. In March 1799, the United States Congress elevated the lieutenant generalcy to the rank of "General of the Armies of the United States", but Adams thought the new rank infringed on his constitutional role as commander in chief and never made the appointment.[144] Washington died later that year, and the rank lapsed when not mentioned in the Military Peace Establishment Act of 1802.[145] He was promoted posthumously to the rank in 1978, after it was reestablished for him as part of the 1976 United States Bicentennial celebrations.[146]
1866–1941
[edit]Civil War and aftermath
[edit]The rank of General of the Armies was revived in 1866, with the name "General of the Army of the United States" to reward the Civil War achievements of Ulysses S. Grant, the commanding general of the United States Army (CGUSA).[147] As with the prior rank and that of lieutenant general revived for Grant in 1864, the holder was authorized to command the armies of the United States, subject to presidential authority.[148] Grant vacated his commission to become president in March 1869, and the lieutenant general of the Army, William Tecumseh Sherman, was promoted to succeed him as general. The grade was abolished after Sherman's retirement in February 1884, in accordance with legislation passed in 1870.[149][150]
After Sherman's retirement, the ban on new appointments to the grade of general was relaxed twice. In March 1885, Grant was out of office, bankrupt, and dying, so Congress authorized the president to reappoint him to the rank and full pay of general on the retired list.[7][151] Congress made a similar exception in June 1888 to promote the ailing lieutenant general of the Army, Philip Sheridan, by discontinuing the grade of lieutenant general and merging it with the grade of general until Sheridan's death two months later.[152][153]
Since there was only one active duty four-star general in the Army during this period, the grade was interchangeably referred to as "general", "the General", and "the General of the Army", a title not to be confused with the five-star grade of general of the Army created in 1944.[154]
World War I
[edit]In 1917, the rank of general was recreated in the National Army, a temporary force of conscripts and volunteers authorized for the duration of the World War I emergency. To give American commanders parity of rank with their Allied counterparts, Congress allowed the president to appoint two emergency generals in the National Army, specified to be the chief of staff of the Army (CSA), Tasker H. Bliss and later Peyton C. March; and the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (CG AEF) in France, John J. Pershing.[155] When Bliss reached the retirement age of 64 and stepped down as chief of staff, he was reappointed emergency general by brevet to serve alongside full generals from allied nations as the U.S. military representative to the Supreme War Council.[156]
All emergency grades expired at the end of the war, so in July 1919, eight months after the armistice, President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to reward March and Pershing by making them both permanent generals, with Pershing senior to March.[157][158] Pershing's promotion was authorized on 3 September 1919, just in time for the secretary of war to hand him his new commission when he returned from Europe.[16] Congress and Pershing both opposed March's promotion, having clashed with him during the war, so he reverted to major general alongside Bliss when their emergency grades expired on 30 June 1920.[159][160] Both were restored to their wartime ranks of general on the retired list in 1930.[161]
Interwar
[edit]Pershing succeeded March as Army chief of staff in the permanent grade of general, and served from 1921 to 1924.[162][ao] The grade lapsed with his retirement, leaving the rank of major general as the highest available grade in the peacetime Army, and his two-star successors, John L. Hines and Charles P. Summerall, outranked by their four-star Navy counterpart, the chief of naval operations.[163] The temporary rank of general was reauthorized for the chief of staff in 1929, elevating Summerall.[19][ap] In 1940, special legislation advanced Hines to general on the retired list as the only living former chief of staff never to wear four stars.[28]
1941–1991
[edit]World War II and aftermath
[edit]The United States entered World War II on 7 December 1941 with one Army general, chief of staff George Marshall, authorized.[162] Legislation enacted in 1933 and amended in 1940 allowed the president to appoint officers of the Regular Army, the Army's professional military component, to higher temporary grades in time of war or national emergency.[165][aq] As with the National Army emergency generals, these appointments expired after the end of the war, although postwar legislation allowed officers to retire in their highest active-duty rank.[167] On 19 December 1941, the Senate confirmed Douglas MacArthur to be the first temporary general in the Army of the United States, the reconstituted draft force, as he fought the Japanese invasion of the Philippines.[168][169]
Three new Army generals were appointed over the next two years. Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed temporary general in February 1943, to command Allied forces in North Africa and later Europe;[170] Henry H. Arnold in March 1943, as commanding general of Army Air Forces and member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;[171] and Joseph W. Stilwell in August 1944,[172] as commander of the China Burma India Theater and chief of staff to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Marshall, MacArthur, Eisenhower, and Arnold were further promoted to the temporary five-star grade of general of the Army in December 1944, made permanent in March 1946.[26][173] Malin Craig, Marshall's predecessor as Army chief of staff, was recalled to active duty in his four-star grade to run the War Department's Personnel Board.[174]
More temporary generals were appointed to command postwar occupation forces in Germany and Japan, as well as the stateside Army commands. Omar Bradley, who had commanded the Twelfth Army Group—the bulk of American forces on the Western Front—also received a permanent promotion to general as a one-time personal honor, with full active-duty pay for life.[175][ar] This was superseded by Bradley's promotion to general of the Army while serving as the first chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in 1950.[173][177] By the official termination of the World War II national emergency in April 1952, the Army had eight four-star generals.[178][as]
Cold War
[edit]The modern grade of general was established by the Officer Personnel Act (OPA) of 1947, which authorized the president to designate positions of importance and responsibility to carry the grade ex officio, to be filled by officers with the permanent or temporary grade of major general or higher.[167] The total number of positions allowed to carry the grade was capped at 3.75 percent of the total number of general officers on active duty, which worked out initially to five generals for the Army.[167][at] The four-star grade caps evolved into Section 525 of Title 10 of the United States Code, which was codified in 1956.[180] The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the office of which was created in 1949, was exempted from the caps.[181]
Escalating global commitments during the Cold War created more generals, both at home and abroad; a majority were appointed under renewed national emergency authority in excess of grade caps.[167] Besides the JCS chairman and Army chief of staff, the most prestigious Army-dominated positions of the era were the NATO supreme allied commander in Europe (SACEUR);[182] the commander of multinational and U.S. forces in Korea (UNC/FECOM, later USFK); and until 1973, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam (USMACV).[183] At the height of the Vietnam War in 1971, the Army had 17 four-star generals.[184]
The Defense Officer Personnel Management Act (DOPMA) of 1980 standardized four-star appointments across all services, replacing the previous service-specific mechanisms.[185] Personal four-star grades held regardless of assignment, once the norm in the post-Civil War era, were abolished under DOPMA.[au] In 1982, Richard E. Cavazos and Roscoe Robinson Jr. became the first Hispanic and first African-American four-star generals in the Army respectively.[187][188]
1991–present
[edit]The distribution of four-star Army generals remains broadly similar to that of 1947, with a statutory chief and vice chief of staff (CSA, VCSA);[189][190] stateside commands for readiness, materiel, and training; overseas component commands; and joint duty positions that are exempted from grade caps.[191][192] Among the latter are the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS); the NATO supreme allied commander in Europe (SACEUR);[193] the unified combatant commanders, including the statutory Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) and Special Operations Command (USSOCOM);[194][195] and during the War on Terror, the wartime theater commanders in Iraq (MNF-I, later USF-I) and Afghanistan (ISAF, later RSM).
The chief of the National Guard Bureau (CNGB) joined the joint pool after being raised to four-star grade in January 2008.[196] In November of the same year, Ann E. Dunwoody became the first woman to achieve the rank of general in the Army, as well as in any armed service.[197] Similarly, in 1997, Eric Shinseki became the first Asian-American four-star general in the Army.[120] In September 2012, Frank J. Grass became the first Army National Guard officer to attain the rank of general, to relieve his Air Force predecessor as CNGB.[198]
In 2009, Congress directly specified the maximum number of four-star officers in each service, replacing the OPA- and DOPMA-era percentage cap formulas.[199] In 2021, the Army was authorized eight four-star generals for positions within the service by the 2021 National Defense Authorization Act: the CSA and VCSA; the commanding generals of Army Forces Command (FORSCOM), Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), Army Materiel Command (AMC), and Army Futures Command (AFC); and the Army component commanders in Europe/Africa (USAREUR-AF) and the Pacific (USARPAC).[200][201]
By the end of 2020, the Army had 18 four-star generals on active duty, exceeding the 17 four-star generals it had at the height of the Vietnam War, its previous peak.[201][202]
Legislation
[edit]The following list of Congressional legislation includes major acts of Congress pertaining to appointments to the grade of general in the United States Army.
Legislation | Citation | Summary |
---|---|---|
Act of March 3, 1799 | 1 Stat. 752 |
|
Act of July 25, 1866 | 14 Stat. 223 |
|
Act of March 1, 1869 | 15 Stat. 281 |
|
Act of March 3, 1885 | 23 Stat. 434 |
|
Act of June 1, 1888 | 25 Stat. 165 |
|
Act of October 6, 1917 | 40 Stat. 410 |
|
Act of September 3, 1919 | 41 Stat. 283 |
|
Act of February 23, 1929 | 45 Stat. 1255 |
|
Act of June 21, 1930 | 46 Stat. 793 |
|
Act of December 14, 1944 | 58 Stat. 802 |
|
Act of August 7, 1947
[Officer Personnel Act of 1947] |
61 Stat. 886 |
|
Act of June 26, 1948 | 62 Stat. 1052 |
|
Act of September 18, 1950 | 64 Stat. A224 |
|
Act of October 11, 1976 | 90 Stat. 2078 |
|
Act of December 12, 1980
[Defense Officer Personnel Management Act] |
94 Stat. 2844 94 Stat. 2849 94 Stat. 2876 |
|
Act of January 28, 2008 | 122 Stat. 496 |
|
Act of October 28, 2009 | 123 Stat. 2273 123 Stat. 2274 123 Stat. 2276 |
|
Act of December 23, 2022 | 136 Stat. 2611 |
|
Act of December 22, 2023 | 137 Stat. 244 |
|
See also
[edit]- General (United States)
- General officers in the United States
- List of active duty United States four-star officers
- List of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960
- List of United States Army lieutenant generals from 1990 to 1999
- List of United States Army lieutenant generals from 2000 to 2009
- List of United States Army lieutenant generals from 2010 to 2019
- List of United States Army lieutenant generals since 2020
- List of major generals in the United States Regular Army before July 1, 1920
- List of brigadier generals in the United States Regular Army before February 2, 1901
- List of United States Air Force four-star generals
- List of United States Coast Guard four-star admirals
- List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals
- List of United States military leaders by rank
- List of United States Navy four-star admirals
- List of United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps four-star admirals
- List of United States Space Force four-star generals
- List of British Army full generals
- Staff (military)
References
[edit]- ^ a b Ford 1905, pp. 89–92.
- ^ Washington, George (23 December 1783). "III. Washington's Address to Congress Resigning his Commission". Founders Online. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
- ^ "In Command of the Army". The Roanoke Times. Vol. 27, no. 146. 20 June 1900. p. 2. Retrieved 2 November 2024 – via Virginia Chronicle.
- ^ Act of October 11, 1976 (90 Stat. 2078). Alexander, Clifford (13 March 1978). "Orders 31-3" (Document). Alexandria, Virginia: U.S. Army Military Personnel Center.
- ^ "Chancellor – Duties and History". College of William & Mary. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
- ^ Straus 2024, pp. 1–2.
- ^ a b Act of March 3, 1885 (23 Stat. 434).
- ^ Simpson, Brooks D. [@BrooksDSimpson] (11 October 2024). "Someone got promoted!" (Tweet). Retrieved 12 October 2024 – via Twitter.
[with scanned attachment copy of April 19, 2024, U.S. Department of Defense] Memorandum for the Secretary of the Army; Subject: Posthumous Advancement on the Retired List; . . . General Ulysses S. Grant . . . to the grade of General of the Armies . . .
- ^ Straus 2024, p. 20.
- ^ Marquis, Christopher (18 December 2001). "Ulysses S. Grant Sharp Jr., Vietnam War Admiral, 95". The New York Times. p. C15. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b Act of October 6, 1917 (40 Stat. 410).
- ^ a b Bell 2013, p. 112.
- ^ Official Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Army, 1929. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 728 – via Google Books. Lowe, Percival G. (1965). Russell, Don (ed.). Five Years A Dragoon ('49 to '54) And Other Adventures on the Great Plains. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. xxv–xxvii. ISBN 978-0-8061-1089-9 – via Google Books.
- ^ Acts of June 4, 1920 [National Defense Act Amendments] (41 Stat. 760) and June 21, 1930 (46 Stat. 793).
- ^ a b c d e f "Past Commandants as of 30/7/2020 – Army War College". USAWC LibAnswers. 30 July 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
- ^ a b Act of September 3, 1919 (41 Stat. 283) "Names Pershing To Permanent Rank". The New York Times. New York City. 4 September 1919. p. 3.
- ^ Bell (2013), p. 116; Straus (2024), p. 21.
- ^ "The 1932 Pulitzer Prize in History – My Experiences in the World War, by John J. Pershing (Stokes)". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b Act of February 23, 1929 (45 Stat. 1255).
- ^ Official Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Army, 1931. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1 January 1931. p. 657 – via Google Play Books.
- ^ Bell 2013, p. 120.
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Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Dates of rank are taken, where available, from the U.S. Army register of active and retired commissioned officers, or from the World Almanac and Book of Facts. The date listed is that of the officer's first promotion to general.
- ^ a b Positions listed are those held by the officer when promoted to general. Dates listed are for the officer's full tenure, which may predate promotion to four-star rank or postdate retirement from active duty.
- ^ a b The number of years of active-duty service at four-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Date of rank" column from the last year in the "Position" column. Time spent between active-duty four-star assignments is not counted.
- ^ a b Sources of commission are listed in parentheses after the year of commission and include: the United States Military Academy (USMA); Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) at a civilian university; ROTC at a senior military college such as the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), Norwich University (Norwich), Pennsylvania Military College (PMC), Widener University (Widener), or The Citadel (Citadel); Officer Candidate School (OCS); the aviation cadet program (cadet); the Army National Guard (ARNG); direct commission (direct); and battlefield commission (battlefield).
- ^ a b The number of years in commission before being promoted to four-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Commission" column from the year in the "Date of rank" column.
- ^ a b Notes include years of birth and death; awards of the Medal of Honor, Congressional Gold Medal, Presidential Medal of Freedom, or honors of similar significance; major government appointments; university presidencies or equivalents; familial relationships with other four-star officers or significant government officials such as U.S. Presidents, cabinet secretaries, U.S. Senators, or state governors; and unusual career events such as premature relief or death in office.
- ^ Commissioned general in the Continental Army, 15 June 1775; resigned, 23 December 1783; commissioned lieutenant general in the U.S. Army, 3 July 1798; posthumously promoted to General of the Armies, 11 October 1976, with date of rank 4 July 1976.[1][2][3][4]
- ^ Resigned, 4 March 1869, to serve as President; reappointed general and placed on the retired list, 3 March 1885; posthumously promoted to General of the Armies, 19 April 2024.[7][8]
- ^ Appointed emergency general as chief of staff of the Army, 6 October 1917; retired as chief of staff, 18 May 1918; brevetted general as member of the Supreme War Council, 20 May 1918.[11][12][13]
- ^ a b Reverted to major general upon expiration of wartime legislation, 1 July 1920; advanced to general on the retired list, 21 June 1930, as highest grade held during World War I.[14]
- ^ Appointed emergency general as commander of U.S. forces in France, 6 October 1917; promoted to General of the Armies, 3 September 1919.[11][16]
- ^ Appointed ex officio general as chief of staff of the Army, 23 February 1929; reverted to major general, 20 November 1930; retired as general, 31 March 1931.[19][20]
- ^ Reverted to major general, 1 October 1935; retired as general, 31 December 1937; recalled as major general, 26 July 1941; promoted to lieutenant general, 27 July 1941; promoted to general, 18 December 1941, with rank from 16 September 1936; promoted to general of the Army, 18 December 1944; rank made permanent, 11 April 1946; restored to active list, 9 July 1948; relieved of all commands, 11 April 1951.[22]
- ^ Retired as general, 31 August 1939; recalled as general, 26 September 1941.[24]
- ^ a b c Received a direct commission following graduation from a military college prior to the creation of ROTC.
- ^ Promoted to general of the Army, 16 December 1944; rank made permanent, 11 April 1946; retired as general of the Army, 28 February 1947; restored to active list, 1 March 1949.[25][26]
- ^ Advanced to general on the retired list, 15 June 1940, as former chief of staff of the Army.[28]
- ^ Promoted to general of the Army, 20 December 1944; rank made permanent, 11 April 1946; retired as general of the Army, 7 February 1948; recalled as general of the Army, 16 December 1950; resigned, 18 July 1952, to run for President; reappointed general of the Army, 30 March 1961.[30]
- ^ a b c d Transferred to U.S. Air Force, 18 September 1947.
- ^ Promoted to general of the Army, 21 December 1944; rank made permanent, 11 April 1946; retired as general of the Army, 30 June 1946; appointed general of the Air Force, 7 May 1949.[31]
- ^ Retired as major general, 31 January 1945; recalled 1 February 1945; promoted to general, 5 March 1945; advanced to general on the retired list, 12 July 1946; retired, 20 July 1946.[32]
- ^ Terminated appointment as general in Army of the United States, 29 April 1946; retired as major general, 30 April 1946; advanced to general on the retired list, 4 June 1948.[33]
- ^ Nomination as U.S. Ambassador to Vatican City withdrawn, 1952.[35]
- ^ Promoted to general, 12 March 1945; rank made permanent, 26 June 1948; promoted to general of the Army, 22 September 1950.[38]
- ^ Died in car crash, 23 December 1950; posthumously promoted to general, 2 January 1951, with rank from 20 December 1950.[43]
- ^ Retired as general, 1 July 1959; recalled as general, 1 July 1961.[49]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Advanced to general on the retired list, 19 July 1954, as a lieutenant general who, during World War II, commanded Army Ground Forces, commanded an army in any of the Theaters of Operations, was commanding general of U.S. forces in China and chief of staff to Chiang Kai-shek, or commanded Western Defense Command.[51]
- ^ Retired as general, 31 August 1963; recalled as general, 1 September 1963.[59][60]
- ^ Retired as general, 1 December 1959; recalled as general, January 1960.[63]
- ^ Retired as general, 1 September 1965; recalled as general, 1 February 1968.[69]
- ^ Retired as general, July 1970; recalled as general, August 1970.
- ^ Retired as general, December 1974; recalled as lieutenant general, June 1977; retired as general, July 1981.
- ^ Transferred from Army National Guard, 18 October 1920; retired as major general, 31 December 1946; recalled as major general on the retired list, 1 January 1947; promoted to lieutenant general, 23 June 1956; promoted to general, 16 February 1970, with date of rank 23 December 1969; relieved, 9 April 1973; retired as general, 10 April 1973.[78]
- ^ Retired as general, 1 August 1973; remained White House chief of staff as civilian until 1974; recalled as general, September 1974.
- ^ Graduated from Pennsylvania Military College, which was reorganized as a civilian institution in 1972 and is now Widener University.
- ^ Retired as general, November 2000; recalled as general, August 2003.
- ^ Relieved, August 2005, and retired as lieutenant general.[125]
- ^ Reverted to major general, March 2011; retired as lieutenant general, 13 November 2012.[129]
- ^ Nomination as Vice Chief of Staff, U.S. Army (VCSA) withdrawn, 2008.[135]
- ^ On at least one occasion, Washington styled himself "Captain-General and Commander in Chief of the Forces of the Thirteen United Colonies", in his proclamation on the occupation of Boston on 21 March 1776.[141]
- ^ The Comptroller General of the United States ruled in 1924 that the offices of "general" (as referred to in the Act of June 4, 1920 [National Defense Act Amendments] (41 Stat. 760) that provided for the peacetime army), "General of the Army of the United States", and "General of the Armies of the United States" were all the same grade held by Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, and now Pershing, who was therefore entitled to the annual pay of $13,500 and other privileges set for Sherman in 1870, including the right to retire at full pay and allowances.[147]
- ^ Since the Navy, in fact, had four admirals—the chief of naval operations and the commanders in chief of the United States Fleet, Battle Fleet, and Asiatic Fleet—the Army asked in 1928 to have four generals: the chief of staff and the commanding generals of the Panama Canal Department, Hawaiian Department and Philippine Department. Only the increase in rank for the chief of staff was approved.[164]
- ^ The relevant provisions were amendments to Section 127(a) of the National Defense Act of 1916. In 1940, the authorization, initially applying only to wartime, was extended to national emergencies.[166]
- ^ Procedurally, Bradley's promotion was among a slate of permanent four-star promotions for the Army, Navy, and Air Force, to balance the same promotions granted to the Marine Corps and Coast Guard commandants during World War II, Alexander Vandegrift and Russell R. Waesche.[176]
- ^ The eight four-star Army generals on active duty on 28 April 1952, by seniority within rank, were:
- Mark W. Clark, chief of Army Field Forces (CAFF);
- Thomas T. Handy, commander in chief of U.S. Army Europe (dual-hatted as commander of Central Army Group) (CINCUSAREUR/COMCENTAG);
- J. Lawton Collins, chief of staff of the Army (CSA);
- Matthew Ridgway, commander in chief of United Nations Command (triple-hatted as commander in chief of Far East Command and military governor of the Ryukyu Islands) (CINCUNC/CINCFE);
- Walter Bedell Smith, director of central intelligence (DCI);
- John E. Hull, vice chief of staff of the Army (VCSA);
- James A. Van Fleet, commanding general of Eighth Army (CG EUSA); and
- Alfred Gruenther, chief of staff of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (COFS SHAPE).
- ^ These vacancies initially went to the chief of staff, vice chief of staff, and the commanding generals of Army Ground Forces and occupation forces in Germany and Japan.[179]
- ^ The final use of such an authority (61 Stat. 907) was from 1953 to 1955 for convenience during the Korean War emergency, but was dropped at the request of the Senate Armed Services Committee.[186]
Bibliography
[edit]Books and papers
[edit]- United States Department of the Army (1976) [1948], United States Army Register, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office
- "World Almanac Education Group, Inc.", World Almanac and Book of Facts, New York: World Almanac Education Group, Inc., 2024 [1946]
- Bell, William Gardner (2013). Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775–2013: Portraits and Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. ISBN 978-0-16-072376-6.
- Cline, Ray S. (1990) [1951]. "Appendix B: U.S. Army Commanders in Major Theater Commands, December 1941 - September 1945". United States Army in World War II - Washington Command Post: The Operations Division. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. ISBN 978-1514870600. CMH Pub 1-2. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
- Cosmas, Graham A. (2006). MACV, the Joint Command in the Years of Withdrawal, 1968-1973 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. ISBN 978-0160771194.
- Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed. (1905). Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Heaton, Dean R. (1995). Four Stars: The Super Stars of United States Military History. Baltimore, Maryland: Gateway Press, Inc. ISBN 9780970044709.
- Meyer, Edward C.; Ancell, R. Manning; Mahaffey, Jane (30 March 1995). Who Will Lead? Senior Leadership in the United States Army. Westport: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275950415.
- Rostker, Bernard; et al. (1993). The Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980: A Retrospective Assessment (PDF). Santa Monica, California: RAND.
- Warner, Ezra J. (1964). Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-80710-822-2.
Journals and magazines
[edit]- Air Force Association (May 2006). "USAF Almanac 2006" (PDF). Air Force Magazine. Vol. 89, no. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2007.
- Yoon, Taeyoung (Spring 2005). "The ROK-U.S. Combined Command and Control System and Crisis Management Procedures" (PDF). International Area Review. 8 (1): 149–172. doi:10.1177/223386590500800108. S2CID 167994949.
- "International Area Review" (PDF). International Area Review. 8 (1). 1 March 2005.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Online publications
[edit]- "Department of Defense Key Officials (September 1947 – August 2024)" (PDF). Office of the Secretary of Defense Historical Office. 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
- Cole, Ronald H.; Poole, Walter S.; Schnabel, James F.; Watson, Robert J.; Webb, Willard J. (1995). "The History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946-1993" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
- Leubsdorf, Ben (10 July 2024). "Presidential Medal of Freedom" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
- Straus, Jacob (18 July 2024). "Congressional Gold Medals: Background, Legislative Process, and Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
- "Senior officials in the NATO military structure, from 1949 to 2001" (PDF). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2009.
- "USAREUR Commanders". U.S. Army Europe. Archived from the original on 28 April 2007.
- "A brief history of U.S. Army Materiel Command and biographies of AMC's commanding generals". U.S. Army Materiel Command Historical Office. Archived from the original on 21 September 2003.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army.