List of Mexican–American War monuments and memorials
This is a list of monuments and memorials that were established as public displays and symbols of the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848 and its veterans on both sides. One of the most significant is the Mexico City National Cemetery, one of the first U.S. national cemeteries. The U.S. did not start its official system of national cemeteries until an 1862 act of Congress authorized U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to proceed. However, on September 28, 1850, an American military cemetery was established in Mexico City in the aftermath of the Mexican–American War.[1]
Other monuments and memorials in Mexico commemorate those lost in the Mexican side of the conflict, particularly the Niños Héroes, seven army cadets who lost their lives defending Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City. There are other monuments in Mexico City, and in Monterrey, Nogales, Puebla, San Miguel de Cozumel, and Toluca de Lerdo.
In the United States, "conspicuously missing" is any memorial to the Mexican–American War on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.[2] But there are monuments in California, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Utah.
Mexico
[edit]Helen Escobedo in the book Mexican Monuments: Strange Encounters notes:
Literally hundreds of monuments commemorate the Niños Héroes, the seven boys who defended the castle of Chapultepec alone against the American invasion in 1847. According to legend the last one alive wrapped himself in the Mexican flag and jumped off the parapet rather than surrender.[3]
Mexico City
[edit]- Mexico City National Cemetery, a U.S. national cemetery located in Colonia San Rafael,[a] created by purchase of land in 1850, "still stands as the only significant effort made by the federal government to recover the remains of any soldiers who lost their lives during the war with Mexico and to memorialize them. Today, this cemetery (reduced in size to a single acre in 1976) forms a tiny oasis of calm in the heart of Mexico City."[5][6] The purchase was authorized by a September 28, 1850 act of the U.S. Congress, which led to actual purchase on June 21, 1851, of two acres for $3,000. An additional $1734.34 funding to add walls and ditching to the property was appropriated by U.S. Congress on July 21, 1852.[4] A white stone monument's inscription recognizes approximately 750 Americans there who died in the war, mostly nearby, whose bones were reinterred to there. Also in the cemetery are graves of veterans who died and were buried there later, up to 1923.[4] Dead were reinterred from shallow battlefield graves in the region.[7] The cemetery remains under responsibility of the American Battle Monuments Commission.[4]
- Obelisco a los Niños Héroes, a monument to the Niños Héroes[8] This or another Mexico City monument to the Niños Héroes was visited by Harry S. Truman in 1947, in the first visit to Mexico by any U.S. president.[9]
- San Patricios memorial, Plaza San Jacinto, in San Ángel, a suburb of Mexico City, honoring the San Patricios/St. Patrick's Battalion of mostly Irish soldiers who fought for Mexico[10]
- 50 Saint Patrick's battalion members were officially executed by the U.S. Army.[11]
Monterrey
[edit]The Niños Héroes Park, Monterrey. There is a statue in the park of the six heroes.[12]
Nogales
[edit]- One of the prototype Niños Héroes memorials using six pillars to represent the six "martyrs", in Nogales, Sonora.[13]
Puebla
[edit]- Monuments to the Niños Héroes often consist of six pillars, representing the six cadets killed. Sometimes there is a statue in the middle. This is the case in this monument, where a statue of the Mexican eagle is placed with three pillars on each side.[14]
San Miguel de Cozumel
[edit]- Mexican War Memorial, an obelisk,[15]
Toluca de Lerdo
[edit]- This stone monument portraying a dead cadet wrapped in the Mexican flag is locally referred to as "The drunken lad" or "The bed of stone."[3]
United States
[edit]California
[edit]
- Bear Flag Monument, Sonoma, dedicated June 14, 1914, includes the inscription, "THIS MONUMENT WAS ERECTED BY THE NATIVE SONS OF THE GOLDEN WEST AND THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA TO COMMEMORATE THE RAISING OF THE BEAR FLAG ON THIS SPOT ON JUNE 14 1846 BY THE BEAR FLAG PARTY AND THEIR DECLARATION OF THE FREEDOM OF CALIFORNIA FROM MEXICAN RULE. ON JULY 9 1846."[16]
- Fort Moore Pioneer Memorial, Albert Stewart and Henry Kreis, sculptors, Los Angeles, (dedicated July 3, 1957)[17][18]
- The Mormon Battalion Memorial in Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, Point Loma, San Diego, erected in 1998.[19]
- San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park, near Escondido: plaque and bas relief.[20]
- Capt. Thomas Fallon statue, San Jose, California, which became controversial.[21]
- Mormon Battalion Monument, Presidio Park, San Diego. Edward J. Fraughton, sculptor, (dedicated November 22, 1969[22]
Indiana
[edit]- Mexican War Memorial at Mt Hope Cemetery, Logansport, Indiana[23]
Kentucky
[edit]- Kentucky War Memorial, in Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky, was funded by $15,000 appropriated by a Kentucky state legislature act of February 25, 1848.[24]
- Salt River Tigers – Mexican War Monument, on courthouse lawn, Lawrenceburg, Anderson County, Kentucky[25]
- Bourbon County Mexican War Veterans Monument, Paris Cemetery, Paris, Bourbon County, Kentucky[25]
- Mexican War Veterans Monument, Battle Grove Cemetery, Cynthiana, Harrison County, Kentucky[25]
- Colonel William R. McKee Monument, Main Street, Midway, Woodford County, Kentucky[25] The monument is a fluted column topped by an urn, with inscription written by Theodore O'Hara, author of The Bivouac of the Dead, famous poem written after the Battle of Buena Vista in which McKee was killed. Poem used in many U.S. Civil War memorials. Monument included in Midway Historic District.[26]
- Memorial to General William Orlando Butler (War of 1812, Mexican War) in Butler Family Cemetery, General Butler State Park[27]
Maryland
[edit]- Watson Monument, Edward Berge, sculptor (1903)[28]
- Mexican War Midshipmen's Monument, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland[29]
Mississippi
[edit]- War Memorial Building, Jackson, Mississippi, a Mississippi Landmark. Includes a panel commemorating the Battle of Buena Vista and panels for Jefferson Davis and for John A. Quitman[30]
New Mexico
[edit]- Mormon Battalion Monument, 32 miles north of Albuquerque, 1940.[31]
New York
[edit]- Mexican American War Memorial at Soldiers Walk Memorial Park, at West Point Military Academy, New York[32]
- Mexican War Memorial, Bronx, New York[33]
- General Worth Monument, Madison Square Park[34]
Pennsylvania
[edit]- Mexican War Monument, Harrisburg, Hamilton Alricks Jr. and John McFadden, sculptors, (1867–1869) [35]
- Mexican War Memorial, Philadelphia[36]
- Mexican War Streets Historic District, neighborhood in Pittsburgh[37]
Tennessee
[edit]There may be just two significant monuments to the Mexican–American War in Tennessee:[38]
- Mexican War Memorial, Gallatin City Cemetery, Gallatin, Tennessee[39]
- Mexican–American War Memorial, Lawrenceburg, Tennessee[40]
Texas
[edit]- Mexican–American War Memorial, Texas State Capitol, Austin, Texas. Bronze plaque stating "In Memory of the Officers of the United States Army Who Fell in the War with Mexico", and listing 141 officers. Installed in 1910 by National Society of Colonial Dames in the south entrance foyer of the building. The Battle of Palo Alto is commemorated by letters in marble floor below.[41]
- Mexican War Memorial, Veterans Park, College Station, Texas, with sculpture by J. Payne Lara.[42][43]
- Mexican War Veterans memorial, unveiled 2014, Corpus Christi, Texas[44]
- Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park[45]
Utah
[edit]- Mormon Battalion Monument, Utah State Capitol, Salt Lake City (Gilbert Riswold, sculptor, 1927)[46]
Related monuments and memorials
[edit]There are monuments to Mexican–Americans who served in World War II in various places, e.g. in Emporia, Kansas,[47] and in Sacramento, California (which was vandalized).[48] There are also monuments and memorials relating to the Texas Revolution (1835–36), which preceded the Mexican–American War by a decade.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The creation of the Mexico City National Cemetery, approved by U.S. Congress (in acts of 1850 and 1852),[4] preceded the creation of an official system of national cemeteries in 1862 by act of Congress, during the American Civil War.[1] The cemeterywas declared to be a national cemetery in 1873, under responsibility of the War Department to operate and maintain.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "History and Development of the National Cemetery Administration" (PDF). U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs / National Cemetery Administration. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
- ^ Oakes, James (November 23, 2017). "Our 'Wicked War'". New York Review of Books.
- ^ a b Escobedo, Helen, ed., photographs Paolo Gori, essays by Nestor García Canclini, Rita Eder, Fernando González Gortázar, Jorge Ibargüengoitia, Jorge Alberto Manrique, and Carlos Monsivais, Mexican Monuments:Strange Encounters, Abbeville Press, New York, 1989 p. 158
- ^ a b c d e "Honoring Veterans: Mexico City National Cemetery". Descendants of Mexican War Veterans. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
- ^ Steven R. Butler. "Burying the dead". Archived from the original on March 12, 2018. (See: Butler, Steven R. The Forgotten Soldiers: Deceased U.S. Military Personnel in the War with Mexico. Master's thesis, The University of Texas at Arlington, 1999.)
- ^ Nishiura, Elizabeth, editor, American Battle Monuments: A guide to military cemeteries and monuments maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission, Omnigraphics, Inc., Detroit, Michigan, 1989 p. 443
- ^ "Mexico City National Cemetery". American Battle Monuments Commission. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
- ^ "Obelisco a los Niños Héroes – chapultepec.org.mx". chapultepec.org.mx. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ "Los Niños Héroes". Selfdiscoveryportal.com. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ Michelle K. Smith (February 22, 2013). "Irish soldiers fought for Mexico during Mexican-American War". IrishCentral. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
- ^ "ExecutedToday.com » saint patrick's battalion". Executedtoday.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018.
- ^ "Parque Niños Héroes - Park in Monterrey". March 15, 2018. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ "Monumento a los niños heroes. Nogales, Sonora. - Mapio.net". Mapio.net. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018.
- ^ "Monumento a los Niños Heroes - 1 tip". March 15, 2018. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ "Mexican War Memorial – San Miguel de Cozumel, Mexico – Specific Wars Monuments and Memorials on Waymarking.com". Waymarking.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
- ^ "SIRIS – Smithsonian Institution Research Information System". Siris-artinventories.si.edu.
- ^ McClellan, Scott, Palmer and Sheets, Albert Stewart, Scripps College, Claremont, California pp. 104-105
- ^ "The Many Lives of Fort Moore Hill: The Shifting and Shrinking of a Los Angeles Icon". Kcet.org. May 31, 2013. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
- ^ "Mormon Battalion Memorial – Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery – San Diego County, California". Interment.net. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008.
- ^ California, California State Parks, State of. "San Pasqual Battlefield SHP". CA State Parks. Archived from the original on January 21, 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Harold Maass (July 14, 1990). "San Jose's Latinos Howl About Plans for a 'Conquest Statue'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015.
- ^ "SIRIS – Smithsonian Institution Research Information System". Siris-artinventories.si.edu.
- ^ "Mexican War Memorial At Mt Hope Cemetery – Logansp". incass-inmiami.org. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018.
- ^ Johnson, Lewis Franklin (1921). History of the Frankfort Cemetery. Frankfort, KY: Roberts Printing Company. pp. 13 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b c d Roger Stapleton (January 1, 2016). "Kentucky Military Heritage Commission: Military Site / Object Listings". Retrieved March 9, 2018.
- ^ Jean Rouse; Daniel Kidd (April 1978). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Midway Historic District". National Park Service. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
The McKee Monument (see photo 12 and site 30) honors William R. McKee, the chief engineer of the Lexington and Ohio Railroad. Due to his efforts the second regiment of the Kentucky volunteers was mustered and he was made their captain. In the battle of Buena Vista, after leading his regiment to victory, he was fatally wounded. (A History of Midway, p. 31). The monument, dedicated by Midway citizens on July 4, 1847, consists of a fluted column surmounted by an urn. The inscription on the plinth was composed by Theodore O'Hara, McKee's First Lieutenant who is renowned for having written a famous poem, The Bivouac of the Dead.
With 49 photos from 1977–78 (McKee Monument in photo #12) . - ^ "General William Orlando Butler Historical Marker". Hmdb.org. Archived from the original on March 12, 2018.
- ^ Rusk, William Sener, Art in Baltimore: Monuments and Memorials, The Norman Remington Company, Baltimore, 1924, pp.106-107
- ^ Nancy Arbuthnot (2012). Guiding Lights: Monuments and Memorials at the U.S. Naval Academy. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612512426. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
- ^ "Walt's Look Around the War Memorial Building". Archived from the original on March 12, 2018.
- ^ "Mormons Dedicate Battalion Monument. Several Thousand People Attend Ceremony". Albuquerque Journal. Albuquerque, New Mexico. June 17, 1940. p. 3. Retrieved April 14, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mexican American War Memorial". Soldiers Walk Memorial Park. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ "Mexican War Monument – Building Conservation Associates". Bcausa.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
- ^ "The General Worth Monument". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
- ^ "SIRIS – Smithsonian Institution Research Information System". Siris-artinventories.si.edu.
- ^ "Mexican War Monument – Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia". philadelphiaencyclopedia.org. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
- ^ "Pittsburgh's Mexican War Streets – Visit Pittsburgh". June 1, 2017.
- ^ Josh Nelson (September 30, 2016). "Remains of Tennesseans who died in Mexican War to be returned home after 170 years". Gallatin News.
- ^ Nielson-Stowell, Amelia (August 1, 2004). "Designs More Inviting to Public". Deseret News. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ "Mexican – American War Memorial – Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, USA – Specific Wars Monuments and Memorials on Waymarking.com". Waymarking.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
- ^ "Mexican-American War". American Veterans Service Organizations and Patriotic Societies. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
- ^ Whitney Miller (September 13, 2017). "Mexican War Memorial unveiled at Veterans Park". KBTX-TV. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
- ^ Eagle staff report (September 12, 2017). "Mexican War Memorial at Veterans Park to be dedicated Wednesday".
- ^ "Mexican War Veterans Memorial Dedication". Cclibraries.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014.
- ^ "Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017.
- ^ "Mormon Battalion Monument – Utah State Capitol". Utahstatecapitol.utah.gov. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.
- ^ "Veterans Monuments – Visit Emporia, Kansas". Visitemporia.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018.
- ^ "Sacramento veterans outraged that Mexican-American WWII memorial was vandalized". Foxnews.com. July 15, 2015. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018.