List of lynchings in Texas in 1922
In 1922 there were 13 lynchings in the American state of Texas. Of these 13 attacks, there were 15 people killed. Montgomery County, Texas had the most lynching with three, Thomas Early (May 17, 1922); Joe Winters (May 20, 1922); Warren Lewis (June 23, 1922).
Texarkana is a city that is bisected down the middle by the state borders of Texas and Arkansas. The west of the city is in Bowie County, Texas and the east is in Miller County, Arkansas. There was a lynching on the Arkansas side of Texarkana, when P. Norman was killed on February 11, 1922. The people involved most likely involved in the lynch mob came from the Texas side.
In 1922 United States there were 61 lynchings of which Texas had the most followed by Georgia (11) and Mississippi (8).[1] In 1921 there were 64 people lynched in the United States with the top three states being Georgia (14), Mississippi (13), and Texas & Arkansas both having six lynching incidents.[2]
The lynchings in 1922 Texas ranged from single incidents to the deaths of multiple people at the hands of the mob, like the Lynching in Kirvin, Texas where four people were killed.[3] Some lynch mobs burnt their victims alive, others riddled their bodies with bullets or strung them up and hanged them from trees or lamposts.
African Americans weren't the only minority group in American impacted by lynchings. Texas was a very hostile place towards Mexicans after World War I. According to Lawrence A. Cardoso, right after World War I ended one Mexican national was lynched per week in the state of Texas.[4]
Lynching in 1922 Texas
[edit]This table is from a report by the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary.[5]
| No. | Name | Age | Race | Date | Place | Method of lynching | Alleged Crime |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Manuel Duarte | Hispanic | February 2, 1922 | Cameron County, Texas | Shot | Refusing to leave the farm [6] [7] | |
| 2 | Snap Curry | 23 | African-American | May 6, 1922 | Kirvin, Freestone County, Texas | Burned | Assault and murder of white woman |
| 3 | H. Varney (or Johnnie Cornish) | 19 | African-American | May 6, 1922 | Kirvin, Freestone County, Texas | Burned | Assault and murder of white woman |
| 4 | Mose Jones | 46 | African-American | May 6, 1922 | Kirvin, Freestone County, Texas | Burned | Assault and murder of white woman |
| 5 | Tom Cornish | African-American | May 8, 1922 | Kirvin, Freestone County, Texas | Burned | Assault and murder of white woman | |
| 6 | Thomas Early | 25~ | African-American | May 17, 1922 | Conroe, Montgomery County, Texas | Burned | Assault of a white woman |
| 7 | Hullen Owens | African-American | May 19, 1922 | Texarkana, Bowie County, Texas | Hanged (body burned) | Murder | |
| 8 | Joe Winters | 20 | African-American | May 20, 1922 | Conroe, Montgomery County, Texas | Burned | Assault of a white woman |
| 9 | Mose Bozier | 60 | African-American | May 20, 1922 | Alleyton, Colorado County, Texas | Hanged | Assault of a white woman [8] [9] |
| 10 | Gilbert Wilson | African-American | May 23, 1922 | Bryan, Brazos County, Texas | Beaten to death | Stealing cattle [10] [11] | |
| 11 | Jesse Thomas | 23 | African-American | May 26, 1922 | Waco, McLennan County, Texas | Shot (body burned) | Murder, assault |
| 12 | Warren Lewis | 17 | African-American | June 23, 1922 | New Dacus, Montgomery County, Texas | Hanged | Assault of a white woman [A 1][12] [13] |
| 13 | O.J. Johnson | African-American | September 7, 1922 | Newton, Newton County, Texas | Hanged [A 2] | Murder[A 3] [14] [15] | |
| 14 | Grover C. Everett | African-American | September 28, 1922 | Abilene, Taylor and Jones Counties | Shot | Unknown [A 4] [16][17] | |
| 15 | Elias Villarael Zarate | 22 | Hispanic | November 11, 1922 | Weslaco, Hidalgo County, Texas | Shot | Assault on white co-worker |
| 16 | George Gay | 25 | African-American | December 11, 1922 | Streetman in Freestone and Navarro | Hanged | Assault of a white woman |
See also
[edit]Annotations
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]Notes
- ^ United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary 1926, pp. 17–18.
- ^ United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary 1926, p. 16.
- ^ The Morning Tulsa Daily World, May 7, 1922, p. 3.
- ^ Cardoso 1980, p. 114.
- ^ United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary 1926, p. 17.
- ^ La Prensa, March 2, 1922, p. 1.
- ^ The Topeka State Journal, February 28, 1922, p. 6.
- ^ Arizona Republican, May 21, 1922, p. 2.
- ^ Bisbee Daily Review, May 21, 1922, p. 1.
- ^ The West Virginian , June 2, 1922, p. 15.
- ^ The Seattle Star, June 2, 1922, p. 15.
- ^ The Chicago Whip, July 1, 1922, p. 1.
- ^ The Topeka State Journal , June 24, 1922, p. 1.
- ^ The Chicago Whip, September 16, 1922, p. 2.
- ^ Casper Daily Tribune, September 7, 1922, p. 1.
- ^ The Daily Ardmoreite, September 22, 1922, p. 10.
- ^ Austin American-Statesmen, September 11, 1922.
References
- "Aged Texas Negro is lynched by mob". Arizona Republican. Phoenix, Maricopa, Arizona: Republican Pub. Co. May 21, 1922. pp. 1–34. ISSN 2157-135X. OCLC 2612512. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- "Masked Men Kill Negro At Abilene". Austin American-Statesmen. September 11, 1922. ISSN 1553-8451. OCLC 45162983.
- "Negro, 60, Lynched". Bisbee Daily Review. Bisbee, Cochise, Arizona: W.B. Kelly. May 21, 1922. pp. 1–12. ISSN 2157-3255. OCLC 11363144. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- Cardoso, Lawrence A. (1980). Mexican Emigration to the United States, 1897–1931 - Chapter (pp. 96-118) 6 Mexican Policies and Attitudes in the 1920s: New Urgency. University of Arizona Press. JSTOR j.ctvss3xzr.10. Retrieved March 13, 2022. - Total pages: 23
- "Mob Lynches Texas Negro". Casper Daily Tribune. Casper, Natrona, Wyoming: J.E. Hanway. September 7, 1922. pp. 1–10. OCLC 14909902. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- "Another Lynching". The Chicago Whip. Chicago, Cook County, Illinois: Whip Pub. Co. September 16, 1922. ISSN 2694-099X. OCLC 15192974. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- "Asks for match is given rope and death instead". The Chicago Whip. Chicago, Cook County, Illinois: Whip Pub. Co. July 1, 1922. pp. 1–16. ISSN 2694-099X. OCLC 15192974. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
- "Slaying of Negro is "deplorable tragedy"". The Daily Ardmoreite. Ardmore, Carter, Oklahoma: John F. Easley. September 22, 1922. pp. 1–10. ISSN 1065-7894. OCLC 12101538. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
- "3 Black Burned by mob in Texas". The Morning Tulsa Daily World. Tulsa, Oklahoma: World Pub. Co. May 7, 1922. pp. 1–74. ISSN 2163-4637. OCLC 12228935. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
- "La Justicia obra activamente para fijar la responsabilidad de la muerte de Manuel Duarte". La Prensa. San Antonio, Bexar, Texas. March 2, 1922. pp. 1–8. ISSN 2577-3321. OCLC 9505681. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
- "Mobs revel in months of lynchings". The Seattle Star. Seattle, King, Washington: E.H. Wells & Co. June 2, 1922. pp. 1–20. ISSN 2159-5577. OCLC 17285351. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
- "Charge of Mexican to Twenty Texans". The Topeka State Journal. Topeka, Shawnee, Kansas. February 28, 1922. pp. 1–10. ISSN 2377-7117. OCLC 9124974. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
- "Advises, on scaffold". The Topeka State Journal. Topeka, Shawnee, Kansas. June 24, 1922. pp. 1–16. ISSN 2377-7117. OCLC 9124974. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
- United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (1926). "To Prevent and Punish the Crime of Lynching: Hearings Before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on S. 121, Sixty-Ninth Congress, First Session, on Feb. 16, 1926". United States Government Publishing Office. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- "Bloody May marks fight over Anti-lynching Bill". The West Virginian. Fairmont, Marion, West Virginia: Fairmont Printing and Publishing Company. June 2, 1922. pp. 1–16. ISSN 2576-6228. OCLC 14450054. Retrieved March 6, 2022.