List of Greek letters
This is a list of letters of the Greek alphabet. The definition of a Greek letter for this list is a character encoded in the Unicode standard that a has script property of "Greek" and the general category of "Letter". An overview of the distribution of Greek letters is given in Greek script in Unicode.
Letters contained in the Modern Greek Alphabet
[edit]| Αα | Ββ | Γγ | Δδ | Εε | Ζζ | Ηη | Θθ | Ιι | Κκ | Λλ | Μμ | Νν | Ξξ | Οο | Ππ | Ρρ | Σσς | Ττ | Υυ | Φφ | Χχ | Ψψ | Ωω |
Extensions
[edit]| Letter | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ͱͱ | Heta | Archaic letter for voiceless glottal fricative[1] |
| Ͳͳ | Archaic Sampi | Archaic sibilant letter[2] |
| Ϝϝ | Digamma | Archaic letter for /w/ |
| Ͷͷ | Tsan | Pamphylian letter for /w/; alleged sibilant in Arcado-Cypriot[2] |
| Ϻϻ | San | Archaic letter for /s/[3] |
| Ϸϸ | Sho | Bactrian letter for /ʃ/[4] |
| Ϙϙ | Archaic Koppa | Letter for /k/ before Ο, Υ, and Ω |
| Ϛϛ | Stigma | Archaic ligature for στ, retained in iconography[5] |
| Ϳϳ | Yot | Greek linguistics,[6] Arvanitika letter for /j/[7] |
| Ϗϗ | Kai | Ligature abbreviating the word kai[8] |
Letters with diacritics
[edit]| Letter | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Άά | Alpha with acute | High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel |
| Ὰὰ | Alpha with grave | Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch |
| ᾶ | Alpha with circumflex | Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch |
| Ἀἀ | Alpha with smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ἄἄ | Alpha with acute and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ἂἂ | Alpha with grave and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ἆἆ | Alpha with circumflex and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch |
| Ἁἁ | Alpha with rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ἅἅ | Alpha with acute and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ἃἃ | Alpha with grave and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ἇἇ | Alpha with circumflex and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch |
| Ᾱᾱ | Alpha with macron | Archaic letter denoting a long vowel |
| Ᾰᾰ | Alpha with breve | Archaic letter denoting a short vowel |
| ᾼᾳ | Alpha with subscript iota | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong |
| ᾴ | Alpha with subscript iota and acute | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a rising pitch |
| ᾲ | Alpha with subscript iota and grave | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a normal or low pitch |
| ᾷ | Alpha with subscript iota and circumflex | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a high or falling pitch |
| ᾈᾀ | Alpha with subscript iota and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong |
| ᾌᾄ | Alpha with subscript iota and acute and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch |
| ᾊᾂ | Alpha with subscript iota and grave and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch |
| ᾎᾆ | Alpha with subscript iota and circumflex and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch |
| ᾉᾁ | Alpha with subscript iota and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong |
| ᾍᾅ | Alpha with subscript iota and acute and rough breathing | Archaic letter presence the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch |
| ᾋᾃ | Alpha with subscript iota and grave and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch |
| ᾏᾇ | Alpha with subscript iota and circumflex and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch |
| Έέ | Epsilon with acute | High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel |
| Ὲὲ | Epsilon with grave | Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch |
| Ἐἐ | Epsilon with smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ἔἔ | Epsilon with acute and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ἒἒ | Epsilon with grave and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ἑἑ | Epsilon with rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ἕἕ | Epsilon with acute and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ἓἓ | Epsilon with grave and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ε̠ε̠ | Epsilon with macron below | Arvanitika letter for /ə/[7] |
| Ζ̌ζ̌ | Zeta with caron | Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek[9] and Pontic Greek[10] representing /ʒ/ |
| Ζ̇ ζ̇ | Zeta with dot above | Arvanitika letter for /ʒ/[7] |
| Ήή | Eta with acute | High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel |
| Ὴὴ | Eta with grave | Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch |
| ῆ | Eta with circumflex | Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch |
| Ἠἠ | Eta with smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ἤἤ | Eta with acute and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ἢἢ | Eta with grave and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ἦἦ | Eta with circumflex and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch |
| Ἡἡ | Eta with rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ἥἥ | Eta with acute and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ἣἣ | Eta with grave and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ἧἧ | Eta with circumflex and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch |
| ῌῃ | Eta with subscript iota | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong |
| ῄ | Eta with subscript iota and acute | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a rising pitch |
| ῂ | Eta with subscript iota and grave | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a normal or low pitch |
| ῇ | Eta with subscript iota and circumflex | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a high or falling pitch |
| ᾘᾐ | Eta with subscript iota and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong |
| ᾜᾔ | Eta with subscript iota and acute and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch |
| ᾚᾒ | Eta with subscript iota and grave and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch |
| ᾞᾖ | Eta with subscript iota and circumflex and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch |
| ᾙᾑ | Eta with subscript iota and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong |
| ᾝᾕ | Eta with subscript iota and acute and rough breathing | Archaic letter presence the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch |
| ᾛᾓ | Eta with subscript iota and grave and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch |
| ᾟᾗ | Eta with subscript iota and circumflex and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch |
| Ίί | Iota with acute | High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel |
| Ὶὶ | Iota with grave | Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch |
| ῖ | Iota with circumflex | Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch |
| Ἰἰ | Iota with smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ἴἴ | Iota with acute and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ἲἲ | Iota with grave and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ἶἶ | Iota with circumflex and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch |
| Ἱἱ | Iota with rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ἵἵ | Iota with acute and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ἳἳ | Alpha with grave and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ἷἷ | Iota with circumflex and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch |
| Ϊϊ | Iota with diaeresis | Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong |
| ΐ | Iota with diaeresis and acute | Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a rising pitch |
| ῒ | Iota with diaeresis and grave | Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a normal or low pitch |
| ῗ | Iota with diaeresis and circumflex | Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a high or falling pitch |
| Ῑῑ | Iota with macron | Archaic letter denoting a long vowel |
| Ῐῐ | Iota with breve | Archaic letter denoting a short vowel |
| Κ̌κ̌ | Kappa with caron | Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /c/ and /t͡ʃ/[9] |
| K̇κ̇ | Kappa with dot above | Arvanitika letter for /c/[7] |
| Λ̌λ̌ | Lambda with caron | Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /ʎ/[9] |
| Λ̇λ̇ | Lambda with dot above | Arvanitika letter for /ʎ/[7] |
| Ν̌ν̌ | Nu with caron | Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /ɲ/[9] |
| Ν̇ν̇ | Nu with dot above | Arvanitika letter for /ɲ/[7] |
| Ξ̌ξ̌ | Xi with caron | Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek[9] and Pontic Greek[10] representing /kʃ/ |
| Όό | Omicron with acute | High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel |
| Ὸὸ | Omicron with grave | Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch |
| Ὀὀ | Omicron with smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ὄὄ | Omicron with acute and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ὂὂ | Omicron with grave and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ὁὁ | Omicron with rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ὅὅ | Omicron with acute and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ὃὃ | Omicron with grave and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Π̌π̌ | Pi with caron | Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /pʲ/[9] |
| ῤ | Rho with smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting /r/,[11] |
| Ῥῥ | Rho with rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting /r̥/[11] |
| Ṗρ̇ | Rho with dot above | Arvanitika letter for /r/[7] |
| Σ̌σ̌ς̌ | Sigma with caron | Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek[9] and Pontic Greek[10] representing /ʃ/ |
| Σ̈σ̈ | Sigma with diaeresis | Arvanitika letter for /ʃ/[7] |
| Τ̌τ̌ | Tau with caron | Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek representing /c/[9] |
| Ύύ | Upsilon with acute | High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel |
| Ὺὺ | Upsilon with grave | Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch |
| ῦ | Upsilon with circumflex | Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch |
| ὐ | Upsilon with smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| ὔ | Upsilon with acute and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| ὒ | Upsilon with grave and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| ὖ | Upsilon with circumflex and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch |
| Ὑὑ | Upsilon with rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ὕὕ | Upsilon with acute and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ὓὓ | Upsilon with grave and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ὗὗ | Upsilon with circumflex and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch |
| Ϋϋ | Upsilon with diaeresis | Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong |
| ΰ | Upsilon with diaeresis and acute | Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a rising pitch |
| ῢ | Upsilon with diaeresis and grave | Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a normal or low pitch |
| ῧ | Upsilon with diaeresis and circumflex | Archaic letter denoting separate pronunciation, rather than as a diphthong, with a high or falling pitch |
| Ῡῡ | Upsilon with macron | Archaic letter denoting a long vowel |
| Ῠῠ | Upsilon with breve | Archaic letter denoting a short vowel |
| Χ̇χ̇ | Chi with dot above | Arvanitika letter for /xʲ/[7] |
| Ψ̌ψ̌ | Psi with caron | Nonstandard letter for Cypriot Greek[9] and Pontic Greek[10] representing /pʃ/ |
| Ώώ | Omega with acute | High pitch on short vowel or rising pitch on long vowel |
| Ὼὼ | Omega with grave | Archaic letter indicating normal or low pitch |
| ῶ | Omega with circumflex | Archaic letter indicating high or falling pitch |
| Ὠὠ | Omega with smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ὤὤ | Omega with acute and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ὢὢ | Omega with grave and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ὦὦ | Omega with circumflex and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch |
| Ὡὡ | Omega with rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel |
| Ὥὥ | Omega with acute and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel |
| Ὣὣ | Omega with grave and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a normal or low pitch |
| Ὧὧ | Omega with circumflex and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel, with a high or falling pitch |
| ῼῳ | Omega with subscript iota | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong |
| ῴ | Omega with subscript iota and acute | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a rising pitch |
| ῲ | Omega with subscript iota and grave | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a normal or low pitch |
| ῷ | Omega with subscript iota and circumflex | Archaic letter denoting a long diphthong with a high or falling pitch |
| ᾨᾠ | Omega with subscript iota and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong |
| ᾬᾤ | Omega with subscript iota and acute and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch |
| ᾪᾢ | Omega with subscript iota and grave and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch |
| ᾮᾦ | Omega with subscript iota and circumflex and smooth breathing | Archaic letter denoting the absence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch |
| ᾩᾡ | Omega with subscript iota and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong |
| ᾭᾥ | Omega with subscript iota and acute and rough breathing | Archaic letter presence the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a rising pitch |
| ᾫᾣ | Omega with subscript iota and grave and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a normal or low pitch |
| ᾯᾧ | Omega with subscript iota and circumflex and rough breathing | Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to a long diphthong, with a high or falling pitch |
Other characters
[edit]Other Greek characters are omitted from the tables above:
- Subscript modifier letters β, γ, ρ, φ, and χ: ᵦ ᵧ ᵨ ᵩ ᵪ
- Superscript modifier letters β, γ, δ, φ, and χ: ᵝ ᵞ ᵟ ᵠ ᵡ
- Small capitals Γ, Λ, Π, Ρ, Ψ, and Ω: ᴦ ᴧ ᴨ ᴩ ᴪ ꭥ
- Glyph variants for β, ε, Θ, θ, κ, ρ, Σ, σ/ς, π, Υ, Ύ, Ϋ, φ: ϐ ϵ ϴ ϑ ϰ ϱ Ϲ ϲ ϖ ϒ ϓ ϔ ϕ[12]
- OU ligature which is used in Greek but encoded as a Latin letter: Ȣȣ[5]
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Nicholas, Nick (2005-01-01). "Proposal to add Greek Letter Lowercase Heta and Greek Letter Capital Heta to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ a b Nicholas, Nick (2005-01-01). "Proposal to add Greek epigraphical letters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ "Proposal to encode the Greek Capital Letter San and Greek Small Letter San in the UCS" (PDF). 2002-11-07.
- ^ Everson, Michael (2002-01-30). "Proposal to add two Greek letters for Bactrian to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ a b Nicholas, Nick (2005-05-23). "Other Ligatures".
- ^ Nick Nicholas, "Yot" Archived 2012-08-05 at archive.today
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Arvanitic language". Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ Nicholas, Nick (2005-04-09). "Ligatures".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Themistocleous, Charalambos; Katsoyannou, Marianna; Armosti, Spyros; Christodoulou, Kyriaki. "Cypriot Greek Lexicography: A Reverse Dictionary of Cypriot Greek" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d "Pontic Greek language". Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ a b Nicholas, Nick (2003-05-26). "Greek & Greek Extended".
- ^ Thompson, Edward M. (1911). An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 186–194.