Jump to content

List of British world boxing champions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of British boxers who have won a world championship by one of the four major sanctioning organisations – the World Boxing Association (WBA), World Boxing Council (WBC), International Boxing Federation (IBF) and the World Boxing Organization (WBO) – as well as those awarded by The Ring. Additionally, prior to 1962, world champions were recognised by public consensus (world), and later by the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC) and the National Boxing Association (NBA).

List of champions

[edit]

Heavyweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Bob Fitzsimmons World 1897 – 1899 0 [1]
2 Lennox Lewis WBC 1992 – 1994 3
3 Michael Bentt WBO 1993 – 1994 0
4 Herbie Hide WBO 1994 – 1995 0
5 Frank Bruno WBC 1995 – 1996 0
6 Henry Akinwande WBO 1996 – 1997 2
7 Lennox Lewis (2) WBA, WBC, IBF 1997 – 2001 9
8 Herbie Hide (2) WBO 1997 –1999 2
9 Lennox Lewis (3) WBC, IBF, The Ring 2001 – 2003 2
10 David Haye WBA 2009 – 2011 2
11 Tyson Fury WBA, IBF, WBO, The Ring 2015 – 2016 0
12 Anthony Joshua WBA, IBF, WBO 2016 – 2019 6
13 Anthony Joshua (2) WBA, IBF, WBO 2019 – 2021 1 [2]
14 Tyson Fury (2) WBC, The Ring 2020 – 2022 2 [3]
15 Daniel Dubois IBF 2024 – present 1 [4]

Cruiserweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Glenn McCrory IBF 1989 – 1990 1 [5]
2 Carl Thompson WBO 1997 – 1999 2
3 Johnny Nelson WBO 1999 – 2006 13
4 Enzo Maccarinelli WBO 2006 – 2008 4
5 David Haye WBA, WBC, WBO, The Ring 2007 – 2008 1
6 Tony Bellew WBC 2016 1
7 Lawrence Okolie WBO 2021 – 2023 3
8 Chris Billam-Smith WBO 2023 – present 0

Light-heavyweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Bob Fitzsimmons World 1903 – 1905 0 [6]
2 Freddie Mills NYSAC, NBA, The Ring 1948 – 1950 0 [7]
3 John Conteh WBC 1974 – 1977 3
4 Dennis Andries WBC 1986 – 1987 1
5 Dennis Andries (2) WBC 1989 0
6 Dennis Andries (3) WBC 1990 – 1991 2
7 Clinton Woods IBF 2005 – 2007 7
8 Joe Calzaghe The Ring 2008 – 2009 1
9 Nathan Cleverly WBO 2011 – 2013 5
10 Nathan Cleverly (2) WBA 2016 – 2017 0

Super-middleweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Murray Sutherland IBF 1984 0 [8]
2 Nigel Benn WBO 1990 1
3 Chris Eubank WBO 1991 – 1995 14
4 Nigel Benn (2) WBC 1992 – 1996 9
5 Robin Reid WBC 1996 – 1997 3
6 Joe Calzaghe WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO, The Ring 1997 – 2008 21
7 Richie Woodhall WBC 1998 – 1999 2
8 Glenn Catley WBC 2000 0
9 Carl Froch WBC 2008 – 2010 2
10 Carl Froch (2) WBC 2010 – 2011 1
11 Brian Magee WBA 2012 0 [9]
12 Carl Froch (3) WBA, IBF 2012 – 2014 4 [8]
13 James DeGale IBF 2015 – 2017 3
14 George Groves WBA 2017 – 2018 2
15 Rocky Fielding WBA 2018 0 [10]
16 James DeGale (2) IBF 2018 0 [8]
17 Callum Smith WBA, The Ring 2018 – 2020 3
18 Billy Joe Saunders WBO 2019 – 2021 2

Middleweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Bob Fitzsimmons World 1891 – 1894 2 [6]
2 Randy Turpin NYSAC, NBA, The Ring 1951 0 [11]
3 Terry Downes NYSAC, The Ring 1961 0 [12]
4 Alan Minter WBA, WBC, The Ring 1980 1 [13]
5 Nigel Benn WBO 1990 1 [14]
6 Chris Eubank WBO 1990 – 1991 3
7 Chris Pyatt WBO 1993 – 1994 2 [15]
8 Jason Matthews WBO 1999 0 [16]
9 Darren Barker IBF 2013 0 [17]
10 Billy Joe Saunders WBO 2015 – 2018 3 [18]

Light-middleweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Maurice Hope WBC 1979 – 1981 3 [19]
2 Paul Jones WBO 1995 – 1996 0 [20]
3 Liam Smith WBO 2015 – 2016 2 [21]

Welterweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Matt Wells World 1914 – 1915 0 [22]
2 John H. Stracey WBC, The Ring 1975 – 1976 1 [23]
3 Lloyd Honeyghan WBC, IBF, The Ring 1986 – 1987 3 [24]
4 Lloyd Honeyghan (2) WBC, The Ring 1988 – 1989 1
5 Ricky Hatton WBA 2006 0
6 Kell Brook IBF 2014 – 2017 3 [25]

Light-welterweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Jack Kid Berg NBA, The Ring 1930 – 1931 14 [26]
2 Terry Marsh IBF 1987 1 [27]
3 Ricky Hatton WBA, IBF, The Ring 2005 – 2009 5 [28]
4 Junior Witter WBC 2006 – 2008 2 [29]
5 Gavin Rees WBA 2007 – 2008 0 [30]
6 Amir Khan WBA, IBF 2009 – 2011 5 [31]
7 Ricky Burns WBA 2016 – 2017 1 [32]
8 Josh Taylor WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO, The Ring 2019 – 2023 3 [33]

Lightweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Freddie Welsh World 1914 – 1917 [34]
2 Ken Buchanan WBA, WBC, The Ring, NYSAC 1970 – 1972 2 [35]
3 Jim Watt WBC, The Ring 1979 – 1981 4 [36]
4 Ricky Burns WBO 2012 – 2014 4 [37]
5 Anthony Crolla WBA 2016 – 2017 1 [38]
6 Terry Flanagan WBO 2015 – 2017 5 [39]

Super-featherweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Barry Jones WBO 1997 0 [40]
2 Alex Arthur WBO 2008 0 [41]
3 Nicky Cook WBO 2008 – 2009 0 [42]
4 Ricky Burns WBO 2011 – 2012 2 [37]

Featherweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Ben Jordan World 1899 [43]
2 Howard Winstone WBC 1968 0 [44]
3 Paul Hodgkinson WBC 1991 – 1993 3 [45]
4 Colin McMillan WBO 1992 0 [46]
5 Steve Robinson IBF 1993 – 1995 7 [47]
6 Naseem Hamed WBC, IBF, WBO 1995 – 2000 15 [48]
7 Paul Ingle IBF 1999 – 2000 1 [49]
8 Scott Harrison WBO 2002 – 2003 1 [50]
9 Scott Harrison (2) WBO 2003 – 2005 6
10 Lee Selby IBF 2015 – 2018 4 [51]
11 Carl Frampton WBA 2016 – 2017 0 [52]
12 Josh Warrington IBF 2018 – 2021 3 [53]
13 Leigh Wood WBA 2021 - 2023 2 [84]

Super-bantamweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Duke McKenzie WBO 1992 – 1993 0 [54]
2 Scott Quigg WBA 2013 – 2016 6 [55]
3 Carl Frampton WBA, IBF 2014 – 2016 3 [56]
4 Isaac Dogboe WBO 2018 1 [57]

Bantamweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Joe Bowker World 1904 – 1905 1 [58]
2 Duke McKenzie WBO 1991 – 1992 2 [54]
3 Robbie Regan WBO 1996 0 [59]
4 Jamie McDonnell IBF 2013 0 [60]
5 Stuart Hall IBF 2013 – 2014 1 [61]
6 Paul Butler IBF 2014 0 [62]
7 Jamie McDonnell (2) WBA 2014 – 2018 6 [60]
8 Lee Haskins IBF 2015 – 2017 2 [63]
9 Ryan Burnett WBA, IBF 2017 – 2018 2 [64]

Super-flyweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Kal Yafai WBA 2016 – 2020 4 [65]

Flyweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Sid Smith World 1911 – 1913 1 [66]
2 Bill Ladbury World 1913 – 1914 1 [67]
3 Percy Jones World 1914 1 [68]
4 Tancy Lee World 1915 [69]
5 Joe Symonds World 1915 – 1916 [70]
6 Jimmy Wilde World 1916 – 1923 [71]
7 Jackie Brown World, NBA 1932 – 1935 3 [72]
8 Benny Lynch World, NBA, NYSAC, The Ring 1935 – 1938 3 [73]
9 Peter Kane World, NBA, The Ring 1938 – 1943 2 [74]
10 Jackie Paterson World, NBA, The Ring 1943 – 1948 1 [75]
11 Rinty Monaghan NBA 1948 – 1950 3 [76]
12 Terry Allen NBA, The Ring 1950 0 [77]
13 Walter McGowan The Ring 1966 0 [78]
14 Charlie Magri WBC 1983 0 [79]
15 Duke McKenzie IBF 1988 – 1989 1 [54]
16 Dave McAuley IBF 1989 – 1992 5 [80]
17 Pat Clinton WBO 1992 – 1993 1 [81]
18 Charlie Edwards WBC 2018 – 2019 2 [82]
19 Sunny Edwards IBF 2021 – 2023 3 [83]

Light-flyweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Paul Weir WBO 1994 – 1995 1 [84]

Mini-flyweight

[edit]
No. Name Recognition Date Title defence(s) Ref.
1 Paul Weir WBO 1993 1 [84]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Benson, Michael (26 March 2018). "Britain's nine world heavyweight champions: Where does Anthony Joshua rank?". Talksport. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  2. ^ Reddy, Luke (7 December 2019). "Anthony Joshua beats Andy Ruiz Jr to reclaim heavyweight world titles". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  3. ^ Reddy, Luke (23 February 2020). "Tyson Fury beats Deontay Wilder in world title fight in Las Vegas". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  4. ^ Davies, Ben (26 June 2024). "Why Daniel Dubois has already become IBF heavyweight world champion without even fighting Anthony Joshua after Oleksandr Usyk vacated". TalkSport. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  5. ^ Mills, Joey (24 September 2021). "Okolie Is The Latest In A Proud Line Of British Cruiserweight World Champions". The Sportsman. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  6. ^ a b Parkinson, Nick (25 November 2016). "On this day: Old man Fitzsimmons becomes first three-weight champ". ESPN. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  7. ^ Garner, James (15 April 2014). "The Top 10 British Light Heavyweights of All Time". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  8. ^ a b c Wheeler, Paul (24 September 2021). "The first 10 Brits to hold world super-middleweight titles". The Sportsman. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  9. ^ "Brian Magee the 'new' super-middleweight world champion". BBC Sport. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  10. ^ "Rocky Fielding stops Tyron Zeuge for WBA super middleweight belt". ESPN. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  11. ^ "Randolph Turpin's name is still renowned in British boxing history for a sensational world title win over the legendary Sugar Ray Robinson". Sky Sports. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  12. ^ Rawling, John (8 October 2017). "Terry Downes obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  13. ^ Rawling, John (10 September 2020). "Alan Minter obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  14. ^ Lancaster, Rob (18 November 2015). "25 Years On: Recalling the 1st Epic Fight Between Nigel Benn and Chris Eubank". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  15. ^ Bozeat, Matt (29 December 2017). "Top 10 Britain's Forgotten World Champions". Boxing Social. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  16. ^ Kempson, Chris (10 April 2020). "Boxing: Bob and Steve Kipps leave lasting legacy". Hackney Gazette. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  17. ^ "Darren Barker wins IBF middleweight title". Talksport. 18 August 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  18. ^ Gray, Tom (19 December 2015). "Billy Joe Saunders Outpoints Andy Lee To Win WBO 160-Title". The Ring. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  19. ^ "Maurice Hope: The Antigua-born Hackney fighter who made world title history". Sky Sports. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  20. ^ Astbury, Matt (13 October 2021). "Naseem Hamed, Kell Brook, Johnny Nelson, Clinton Woods And Paul Jones: Champions Of The Steel City". DAZN. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  21. ^ "Liam Smith stops John Thompson to win WBO super-welterweight world title". The Guardian. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  22. ^ "Glover Whips Matt Wells", Boston Globe, Boston, Massachusetts, pg. 6, 2 June 1915
  23. ^ Kempson, Chris (1 May 2021). "Life and times of Bethnal Green boxer John H Stracey". East London Advertiser. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  24. ^ Flats, Stew (12 April 2011). "The Top 20 British Boxers of All-Time". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  25. ^ Fischer, Doug (16 August 2014). "KELL BROOK UPSETS SHAWN PORTER, WINS IBF WELTERWEIGHT TITLE". The Ring. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  26. ^ "Jack (Kid) Berg; Boxer, 81". The New York Times. 24 April 1991. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  27. ^ Zanon, Paul (24 March 2020). "Attack On All Fronts: Terry Marsh, Piece By Piece". Hannibal Boxing. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  28. ^ Salt, Martin (7 July 2011). "Boxing: Ricky Hatton, Britain's Greatest Light-Welterweight Fighter, Retires". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  29. ^ Lancaster, Rob (17 September 2016). "10 Years After: Former World Champion Junior Witter Not Ready to Hit the Switch". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  30. ^ Pope, Bruce (17 May 2014). "Gavin Rees bows out with victory over Gary Buckland". BBC Sport. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  31. ^ "Amir Khan v Kell Brook to fight in Manchester on 19 February". BBC Sport. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  32. ^ Murray, Keir (15 April 2017). "Ricky Burns loses WBA super-lightweight belt to Julius Indongo in Glasgow". BBC Sport. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  33. ^ Dielhenn, James (25 May 2021). "Josh Taylor made history with undisputed title victory - but what next? Terence Crawford and Manny Pacquiao are targets". Sky Sports. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  34. ^ "Cyber Boxing Zone -- Jimmy Walsh". Cyber Boxing Scene. 1 May 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  35. ^ Mair, George (9 September 2021). "'I've lived a great life' says boxing legend Ken Buchanan". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  36. ^ Brown, Shaun (10 June 2020). "Jim Watt: The Greatest Hits". The Ring. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  37. ^ a b Mair, George (15 June 2020). "Ricky Burns: The Greatest Hits". The Ring. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  38. ^ Sarra, Gray (3 August 2019). "Anthony Crolla net worth: How much has he won from boxing fights? Fortune revealed". The Express. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  39. ^ Barry, McGuigan (26 October 2018). "Terry Flanagan facing uphill battle against Regis Prograis — but that's nothing new for him". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  40. ^ Brown, Shaun (23 January 2015). "Barry Jones: Never In a Better Place". The Fight City. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  41. ^ Andrews, Kieran (29 March 2021). "Salmond's party bags Alex Arthur". The Times. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  42. ^ "Cook loses WBO title to Martinezn". BBC Sport. 14 March 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  43. ^ Callis, Tracy. "'I've lived a great life' says boxing legend Ken Buchanan". Cyber Boxing Zone. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  44. ^ Hitchinson, Clare (10 September 2009). "Welsh boxer Howard Winstone inducted into World Boxing Council's Hall of Fame". Wales Online. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  45. ^ "The 10 best Liverpool boxers of all time". Boxing News Online. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  46. ^ Baldwin, Mark (31 August 2020). "Colin McMillan: No regrets". Boxing Social. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  47. ^ Coleman, Tom (10 January 2021). "Steve Robinson at 52, the Debenhams worker who became world boxing champion in the 1990s". Wales Online. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  48. ^ McCarthy, Alex (14 August 2020). "Prince Naseem Hamed's punches felt like electric shocks, rode magic carpets and needed goatskin from Mexico for his gloves". Talksport. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  49. ^ Howell, Rhys (29 April 2020). "Scarborough boxer Paul Ingle's success topped even the feats of Lennox Lewis - Kellie Maloney". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  50. ^ McCluskey, Ronnie (20 April 2020). "Whatever Happened To Scott Harrison?". The Fight City. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  51. ^ Donovan, Jake (3 February 2020). "George Kambosos, Lee Selby Reach Terms For IBF Title Eliminator". Boxing Scene. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  52. ^ David, Kelly (29 January 2017). "Carl Frampton's reign as WBA World featherweight champion ended by Leo Santa Cruz – full report". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  53. ^ "Josh Warrington vacates IBF world featherweight title over mandatory commitments". BBC Sport. 21 January 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  54. ^ a b c "On This Day in 1991: Duke McKenzie claims WBO bantamweight title". Belfast Telegraph. 29 June 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  55. ^ Flexen, Danny (9 March 2020). "As Scott Quigg retires, we thank him for his service". Seconds Out. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  56. ^ Hoffman, Jarrett (3 April 2021). "Carl Frampton, former Super Bantamweight champion, retires following KO loss". Sportsnaut. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  57. ^ Songalia, Ryan (8 December 2021). "Whatever Happened To Scott Harrison?". The Ring. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  58. ^ Williams, Callum (21 April 2020). "When Jamie Moore became the first British Boxing Champion from Salford in over 100 years". Salford Now. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  59. ^ Scott, Craig (24 December 2019). "Exclusive: Robbie Regan – "Battles After Boxing…"". Salford Now. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  60. ^ a b Brown, Shaun (12 May 2021). ""I Have Had A Blast" – Jamie McDonnell Retires From Boxing". Boxing Social. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  61. ^ Wilson, Scott (28 June 2018). "Stuart Hall retires from boxing as a North-East sporting great". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  62. ^ Kirkbride, Phil (2 July 2014). "Merseyside's Paul Butler to relinquish IBF bantamweight title". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  63. ^ Lewis, Ron (1 February 2020). "Lee Haskins Retires in Aftermath of Loss To David Oliver Joyce". Salford Now. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  64. ^ Williams, Callum (25 October 2019). "Ryan Burnett retires from professional boxing". Sky Sports. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  65. ^ Benson, Michael (27 January 2022). "Galal Yafai signs with Eddie Hearn – Olympic gold medallist follows in footsteps of Anthony Joshua and Luke Campbell by joining Matchroom". Talksport. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  66. ^ "Sid Smith beats Criqui". Sheffield Daily Telegraph. 14 April 1913. Retrieved 24 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  67. ^ "Ladbury Gains World's Title By Defeating Sid Smith in Eleven Rounds". Dundee Courier. 3 June 1913. Retrieved 9 March 2022 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  68. ^ Haines, Chris (10 July 2008). "Boxing: Percy Jones was a real knockout". Wales Online. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  69. ^ "'Tancy' Lee to get place in Hall of Fame". Scotsman. 19 July 2008. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  70. ^ Roberts, James B. & Skutt, Alexander G. (2006) The Boxing Register: International Boxing Hall of Fame Official Record Book, 4th edn., McBooks Press, ISBN 978-1590131213, pp. 242–3
  71. ^ Portis, Robert (10 February 2022). "Fight City Legends: The Mighty Atom". The Fight City. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  72. ^ "World Title for Britain". Lincolnshire Echo. 1 November 1932. Retrieved 9 March 2022 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  73. ^ "Benny Lynch Retains World Fly-Weight Boxing Title". The Scotsman. 20 January 1937. Retrieved 14 January 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  74. ^ "On This Day: Flyweight champion Peter Kane was born". Boxing News. 28 February 2018.
  75. ^ "Jackie Paterson Deprived of Three Titles". Western Morning News. 31 July 1947. Retrieved 9 March 2022 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  76. ^ "Rinty Monaghan: Statue honours Belfast's first world boxing champion". BBC News. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  77. ^ "Allen Is a World Champion". Birmingham Daily Gazette. 26 April 1950. Retrieved 9 March 2022 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  78. ^ "McGowan Outpoints Burruni For World Flyweight Title". The New York Times. Associated Press. 15 June 1966.
  79. ^ Selby, Alan (29 July 2007). "'I can't get work even as a cleaner': Former boxing world champ Charlie Magri reveals his riches to rags story". Irish Mirror. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  80. ^ Kelly, David (6 June 2014). "The big read: Oh boy, what a fighter Dave McAuley was". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  81. ^ Blacl, Jim (18 March 2017). "Pat Clinton 25 years on from coronation as world flyweight champion". The Herald. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  82. ^ "Charlie Edwards vacates WBC flyweight title because of weight struggle". BBC Sport. 5 October 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  83. ^ Christ, Scott (19 March 2022). "Probellum highlights and results: Sunny Edwards retains IBF title, Regis Prograis stops Tyrone McKenna". Bad Left Hook. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  84. ^ a b "Early success for British boxers". ESPN. 21 December 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2022.