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List of Ambazonian commanders in the Anglophone Crisis

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This is a list of Ambazonian rebel commanders who served in armed groups during the Anglophone Crisis. As the political association of these commanders is often unknown, they are listed by their known active departments and other territories. For the known rebel militias involved in the conflict, see list of Ambazonian militant groups.

Overview

[edit]

Ambazonian commanders often take symbolic names which reference animals or specific personal traits; these are used to evoke fear and respect.[1] Researcher Morgan Tebei Nwati has argued that many separatist leaders can be categorized as warlords, a view shared by researcher Michaela Pelican.[2] Pelican argued that the rebel commanders effectively operated within a "market of violence", leading small private armies which not only fought an insurgency against state representatives, but also engaged in criminal activities such as kidnapping for ransom. Thus, they were using violence as an "economic basis for survival".[3]

From 2017 to 2023, over 100 Ambazonian commanders were killed in the insurgency.[4] For comparison, a single meeting of the Ambazonia Self-Defence Council (also known as " Ambazonia Restoration Forces"), one of several rebel factions in the conflict, was attended by over fifty "Field Mar[shals], Generals, Colonel[s] and Captains".[5]

Exile

[edit]

Several Ambazonian separatist leaders are based in exile. Despite this, they play a role in directing rebel forces that are fighting in Cameroon itself.[6][7] These include:

In Cameroon

[edit]

Across several departments

[edit]
  • Clement Mbashie ("General No Pity") – Leader of the Bambalang Marine Forces,[20] Bui Unity Warriors,[21] and Ambazonia Revolutionary Guards.[22] Allegedly killed in 2023.[23]
  • Benedict Nwana Kuah – ADF commander.[9][16]
  • "General Ebube" – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Operated in Bafut, Bui, and Donga-Mantung; led the blockade of the Kumbo-Nkambé road. Reportedly killed by security forces either at Nfoyah in October 2021 or at Nseh in January 2022.[24][25]
  • "General Above The Law" † – Commander of the Fako-Meme Black Tar Council. Operated in Fako, Bui and Meme. Killed by security forces at Mbalangi in February 2021.[26][27]
  • Celestine Wanche ("T-Boy") † – Rebel commander associated with "General Above The Law". Killed by security forces at Mbalangi in February 2021.[26][27]
  • "General Satan" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Operated in Bafut and Boyo,[16][28] stronghold at Fudong.[16] Killed by security forces in Operation Bamenda Clean in 2022.[28]
  • Chamberlain Ntou'ou Ndon ("General Gideon") † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Operated along the Kumba-Buea highway. Killed by security forces in November 2022.[29]
  • "General Trouble" †[30] – Rebel commander of the "Restoration Forces" (several groups of this name exist). Operated in Mezam[31] and Ngo-Ketunjia, mainly based at Ndop. Killed by security forces at Ndop in 2022.[30]
  • "General Efang" ("Big Number") (POW) - ADF commander,[32] operates at Bali in Mezam[33] and Batibo in Momo.[34] He was calling himself the "supreme general and commander" of separatist forces by 2021.[35] Efang's militia fought against the rival "Buffaloes of Bali" in 2022.[33] Captured in January 2024.[36]
  • Orock Valentine ("General Mbula") † - ADF commander, operated in Manyu and Lebialem. Allied to "General Ayeke" at one point. Killed by security forces at Ekpor village in Manyu's Upper Bayang in January 2023.[37]
  • "General Bush Rambo" †[4] - ADF commander, leader of the ADF's "Oku faction".[38] Stronghold at Ngomgham in Bamenda.[4] Operated in Bui,[38][39] and Bamenda.[4]
  • "Field Marshall Bitter Kola" † - General and Communication Secretary of the Ambazonia People Liberation Council (APLC). Operated in Fako, where he led the APLC forces, and in Meme, where he was allied to "General Transporter".[40][41] Killed in September 2023 in Meme.[42]
  • Desmond Koa ("General Mad Dog" of Ndian and Meme, also known as "Jonny Mad Dog") – "Ribbons of Ambazonia" commander, operated in Ndian and Meme.[43][44][45] Killed by security forces in April 2024.[43]
  • "General Millepede" – "Ribbons of Ambazonia" commander, operates in Ndian and Meme.[45]

Bafut

[edit]
  • "General A4" Executed – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Captured and subsequently executed by security forces in June/July 2022.[46]
  • "Mama G" Executed – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Captured and subsequently executed by security forces in June/July 2022.[46]
  • "General Lion" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces at Ntanka in February 2021.[47][a]
  • "General Tiger" † - Former Seven Karta commander. Stripped of his title in April 2022 for kidnapping and torturing civilians, but remained active. Killed by security forces in Bafut in August 2023.[48]

Bui

[edit]
  • "General Abakwa" † – ADF commander, based at Muluf base (which was associated with Capo Daniel). Killed at Muluf by security forces in Operation Bui Clean in 2021.[15]
  • "General Insobu" † – Leader of "Bui Warriors" with his main base at Kikaikom.[15][21] Killed during inter-rebel clashes by the forces of "General No Pity" in April 2022.[21]
  • "General Thunder" † (or "General Amadurah")[7][15] – Bui Warriors commander, second-in-command to "General Insobu",[15] and frontline chief commander of the Ambazonia Self-Defence Council.[7] Killed at Kikaikom by security forces in Operation Bui Clean in 2021.[15]
  • "General Spider" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces in Operation Bui Clean in 2021.[15]
  • "Bui Stars" † – Rebel sub-commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces in Operation Bui Clean in 2021.[15]
  • "Mensah" † – Rebel sub-commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces in Operation Bui Clean in 2021.[15]
  • "Tanga" † – Rebel sub-commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces in Operation Bui Clean in 2021.[15]
  • "General Mad Dog" of Bui – "Bui Unity Warriors" commander.[21] (Not to be confused with Luca Fonteh and Desmond Koa who both also used the name "Mad Dog")
  • "General Asan" † – Rebel sub-commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces in March 2021.[49]
  • Fon Nginyam †[4]
  • "General" Shiyntum Augustine - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. "Allegedly notorious" for attacks on civilians in Kumbo, subsequently denounced by other Ambazonian commanders.[50]
  • "General Hassan" †[4]
  • "General Chacha" †[4]
  • "General Manu Tiger" †[4]
  • "General Fire" of Bui (MIA) - Bui Unity Warriors commander. Wounded, subsequently disappeared during his treatment at the Banso Baptist Hospital in Kumbo around September 2022.[51] (Not to be confused with "General Fire" of Bamendakwe)
  • "General Shakira" † - Bui Warriors commander loyal to "General Insobu". Killed in inter-rebel clashes by troops of "General No Pity" and "General Mad Dog of Bui" at Kikaikom in March 2022.[52]
  • Dzekashu Hans ("General Wolf") Executed[53] - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation.[4] Captured by the "Bui Warriors" during inter-rebel clashes and executed around April 2022.[53]
  • "General Flyover" – ADF commander, allied with "General Bush Rambo".[38]
  • "General Talk and Do" - Leader of the Ambazonia State Army. Stronghold in Kikaikom, Kumbo.[54][55]

Boyo

[edit]
  • "General RK" † – Southern Cameroons Restoration Forces commander,[16] later reported as the leader of an affiliated group known as the British Southern Cameroon Resistance Force (BSCRF). Killed in September 2023 in Fundong.[56]
  • Felix Kibam ("General Slow") Surrendered – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Surrendered to the National Gendarmerie at Fundong in June 2023.[57]
  • Benard Kuh ("Oga Landlord") Surrendered – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Surrendered to the National Gendarmerie at Fundong in June 2023.[57]
  • "General Nyih" - Leader of the Pythons of Boyo.[58]

Donga-Mantung

[edit]
  • "Field Marshal Vincent" † – Stronghold at Ndu.[4]
  • "General Try and See" † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces at Ndu in April 2022.[59]
  • "General Tunde" (POW) - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold around Nkambé. Captured by security forces.[4][60]

Fako

[edit]
  • "General Ten-Ten" – Leader of "Ten-Ten" militia. Stronghold at Buea.[16]
  • "Eugène" – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold at Ekona.[16]
  • "General Obi" of Muyuka † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold at Muyuka. Killed by security forces at Ashum in June 2020.[16][61] (Not to be confused with "General Obi" of Manyu)[4]
  • "General Godfather" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold at Muyuka.[4]
  • "General Beltus" †[4]
  • "General Mendo Ze" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces in October 2020.[62]
  • "General Black Rapen"[63]
  • "General Opopo" Executed - SOCADEF commander at Munyenge. Captured and subsequently executed by security forces in June 2021.[17]
  • "General Wazuzu" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold at Muyuka.[4]
  • "General Opobo" † – SOCADEF commander. Captured in Likoko, Fako, and executed by the rival "Mountain Lions" rebel group in June 2021.[64][65]
  • Angiaboh Luther – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation.[66]

Koupé-Manengouba

[edit]
  • "General" Leonard Nyambere Surrendered – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation.[16][67] Surrendered to the government in 2020.[67]
  • Bessong Eugene † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Died of his wounds around December 2021.[68]
  • Mbu Princely Tabe (POW) – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Wounded, captured by security forces as he received treatment by Médecins Sans Frontières around December 2021.[68]

Manyu

[edit]
  • Martin Ashu – Commander of the Tigers of Ambazonia.[16]
  • "General Animal Pinkin" †[4]
  • "General Papi" †[4]
  • "General" Ntui Lambert †[4]
  • "General Ebot Ebot" † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation.[4]
  • "General Obi" of Manyu † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation (Not to be confused with "General Obi" of Muyuka).[4]
  • Christopher Elejuma †[69]
  • Ako Giant - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold in Upper Bayang.[70]

Mbonge

[edit]
  • "Commander Cross" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces at Nake Bokoko in September 2021.[71]
  • "Emanu Cigar" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces at Nake Bokoko in September 2021.[71]
  • "Gazola" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces at Nake Bokoko in September 2021.[71]

Meme

[edit]
  • "General Divine" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Recruited several other rebel leaders. Killed during inter-rebel clashes in 2020.[72]
  • "General Goddy Elangwe" Surrendered – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Recruited for the rebellion by "General Divine". Surrendered to government officials at Kumba in March 2021.[72][73]
  • "General Nokia" (POW) – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Captured by security forces at Konye in March 2021.[74]
  • "General Spirito" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces in March 2021.[75]
  • Abid Elangwe Godwin ("General Gody") Surrendered – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Surrendered to the government at some point before March 2021.[75]
  • "General" Ivo Mbah † - ADF commander,[76] mainly operated at Matoh and Teke.[4] Recruited for the rebellion by "General Divine".[72] Killed by security forces at Kumba in December 2018.[76]
  • "General Deco" † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces near Kumba in June 2022.[77]
  • Ayuk Ndifon Defcam ("General Transporter" of Meme) †[78] - Rebel commander of disputed affiliation.[79][80][81] Blamed for the Kumba school massacre by the government. Killed by security forces at Wame in January 2023.[78] (Not to be confused with Ngo-Ketunjia's "General Transporter")
  • "General Bitter Collar" - Ambazonia Self-Defence Council commander.[5]
  • "General David of Teke" †[4]
  • "General" Andrew Ngoe † - SOCADEF commander at Matoh. Killed in January 2019.[17]
  • "General Shadow" † - Stronghold at Bakundu.[4]
  • "Boss Menti" † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold at Etam.[4]
  • "General Ayuk" † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed in December 2023.[82]
  • "Field Marshall Lucifer" - "King" of the Al-Qaeda Squad of Meme.[83]
  • Besaka Belget ("General Black Bat") † - Rebel leader of unknown affiliation. Killed in June 2024.[84]

Mezam

[edit]
  • Silas Zama – Leader of Ambaland Quifor.[16]
  • Richard Nformumbang Ndango[85] ("General Fire"/"General Fire Man" of Bamendakwe) † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces in 2020.[4][86] (Not to be confused with "General Fire" of Bui)
  • "Colonel John" † – ADF commander. Associate of "General Rasta". Killed by security forces around Batibo and Bambui in July 2022.[87][88]
  • Asenjo Roy Angafor ("General Rasta") † – ADF commander. Killed by security forces around Batibo and Bambui in July 2022.[87][88]
  • "General Sweet Tuma" (POW) – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Captured by security forces in Operation Bamenda Clean in 2021.[85]
  • "General Action Man" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces in Operation Bamenda Clean in 2021.[89]
  • "General Scatter" Surrendered – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Mainly based at Noni. Surrendered to the government in 2022.[90]
  • Luca Fonteh ("General Mad Dog" of Mankon) † – Operated in Bamenda. Killed by security forces at Ntasen in September 2020.[91][92][4] (Not to be confused with Bui's "General Mad Dog" and Desmond Koa in Ndian)
  • "General Blink" † – Stronghold at Bambili. Killed by security forces at Bambelle in April 2021.[4][93]
  • "General Okoro" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces in July 2020.[94]
  • "Bush General" (POW) – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Captured by security forces in July 2020.[94]
  • "General Cobra" (POW) – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Captured by security forces in April 2021.[93]
  • "General Grandpa of the Buffalos" – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold at Bali Nyonga.[95]
  • "General Lion" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces at Mankon in Operation Bamenda Clean in December 2022.[96][a]
  • "Commander Armoured Car" - Ambazonia Self-Defence Council commander.[5]
  • "Boss Acid" † - Stronghold at Bali.[4]
  • "General Cross and Die" †[4]
  • "General Koraman" †[4]
  • Nchuaji Nobert ("General Stone" or "Stone Cornered") † - Born in Mbessa village in Moyo. ADF commander with stronghold in Bamenda. Killed by security forces in June 2024.[97][98]
  • "Commander Iron" † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces in July 2024.[99]

Momo

[edit]
  • "General Idi Amin Dada" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces at Guneku in April 2021.[93]
  • "General King Commando" † (or "General Commando") - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Opponent to the ADF during inter-rebel fighting. Killed by security forces at Andek Ngie in November 2021.[100]
  • "General Nanfang" - Stronghold at Ngie.[4]
  • "General Sebastien" † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold at Widikum. Killed by security forces at Widikum in January 2019.[101]
  • "General Soup" † - Stronghold at Batibo.[4]
  • "General Witch Bird"[4] Executed - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Captured and executed by unknown individuals at Mbengwi in July 2022.[102]
  • "General Tiger" †[4] – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Rival of the ADF commander "General Ivo". Stronghold at Guzang near Batibo.[103] Killed by forces of "General Ivo" in October 2021.[104]
  • "General One Bullet" † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold at Batibo.[4]
  • "General Christian" † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold at Widikum.[4]
  • "General Popo" † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold in Effa. Killed by security forces in Effa in October 2024.[105]
  • "General Sumanguru" - ADF commander.[55]

Ndian

[edit]
  • "General" Ikeku David †[4]
  • "General John Rambo" † – Stronghold at Bamusso.[4]
  • "General Baron" Surrendered – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Surrendered to government officials at Mundemba in May 2023.[106]
  • "General Jer boy" Surrendered – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Surrendered to government officials at Mundemba in May 2023.[106]
  • "General Ten Kobo" – "Expendables 100" commander. Stronghold at Ekondo-Titi.[107][108][109]

Ngo-Ketunjia

[edit]
  • Sama Elvis Tiamama ("General Transporter" of Ngo-Ketunjia) † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Killed by security forces at Bamali in June 2022.[110][111] (Not to be confused with Meme's "General Transporter")
  • "Sagon Jaguar" (also known as "General Sagard" or "General Sagon") † - "Leader" of the Ambazonia Restoration Forces (several groups of this name exist) and the Jaguars of Bamessing. Operated around Bamessing.[78] Killed by security forces in Bamunka in May 2024.[112]
  • "General" Leonard Tatoh - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation, but allied to "General Transporter" of Ngo-Ketunjia. Stronghold at Bamali.[111]
  • "Unknown Soldier of Bafanji" †[4][60]
  • "General Spoiler" † - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold at Bafanji.[4][60]
  • "General Kolambo" - Leader of the Black Lions of Bamali.[113]
  • "General No Mercy" - Rebel commander of unknown affiliation.[114]
  • Tantoh Leonard ("General Colabo") † - Rebel leader of unknown affiliation. Killed by his own fighters over an internal dispute in August 2024.[115]

Lebialem

[edit]
  • "Field Marshall" Lekeaka Oliver † – Leader of the Red Dragon militia,[16] Self-proclaimed Paramount Ruler of Lebialem.[116] Killed in Menji in July 2022, either by security forces or rival rebels.[117]
  • Agbor Oscar Nkeng – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation.[118]
  • "General Ayeke" (or "Major General Ayeke") † – "Alou Guerilla Fighters" commander. A former member of the Red Dragon militia, he had begun leading his own force by September 2019.[119] Allied to "General Mbula" at one point.[37] He was killed by security forces at Alou or Besali Wabane in October 2020.[118][120]
  • "General Roma" †[4]
  • "General Ambrose" †[4]
  • "General Massacre" – commander of the "Team Retina", conducted IED attack in Lebialem in September 2023.[121]

Cameroon–Nigeria border and Bakassi

[edit]

At the Cameroon–Nigeria border and on the Bakassi peninsula, the Anglophone Crisis overlaps with two other local insurgencies, namely the Bakassi conflict and the insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria. Thus, the local rebels include not just Ambazonian separatists, but also Biafran separatists.[122]

  • "General Black Mamba" (POW) – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation, though of Ambazonian alignment. Captured by Nigerian Special Forces at Ikom in June 2021.[122]
  • "General Basile" (POW) – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation, though of Ambazonian alignment. Captured by the Nigerian police in Kurmi in November 2022.[123]
  • Ebuta Akor Takon - Deputy commander of the Biafra Nations League (BNL).[122]
  • "Aso Rock" - BNL commander.[122]

Unknown territory

[edit]
  • "General" Ekeom Polycarb Surrendered – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Surrendered to North West Governor Adolphe Lele Lafrique in 2019.[124]
  • Success Nkongho Surrendered – Leader of "Ground Zero" militia. Surrendered to the government in 2020.[67]
  • "General Ekeku"[72] - Leader of unknown affiliation. Recruited for the rebellion by "General Divine".[72]
  • "General" Apande Kingsley †[4]
  • "General Ashu" †[4]
  • "General Virus" †[4]
  • "The Liberator" - Spokesman of "Ambazonia Military Forces" (several groups of this name exist).[125]
  • "General" A.M. Michael[125]
  • "General Boss Kala" † – Rebel commander of unknown affiliation. Stronghold at Ntangka.[4]
  • Chia Martin ("Tiger 1") – Tigers of Ambazonia commander.[126]
  • "General Molua C" – SOCADEF commander.[127]
  • "General Jason" – SOCADEF commander.[64]

Footnotes

[edit]
  • a Two deceased separatist commanders have been known as "General Lion". One of them was killed in February 2021, the other in December 2022.[128][96]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nkwain 2022, p. 253.
  2. ^ Pelican 2022, p. 17.
  3. ^ Pelican 2022, pp. 16–17.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Maxcel Fokwen (8 June 2023). "After over 100 dreaded Amba 'Generals' killed: Shouldn't these last two standing surrender?". The Guardian Post Cameroon. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Mbah Godlove (3 August 2022). "Ground Zero To Dictate Pace Of Revolution After Decisive Meeting". Bareta News. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  6. ^ Pelican 2022, p. 18.
  7. ^ a b c d e Gareth Browne (13 May 2019). "Cameroon's Separatist Movement Is Going International". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  8. ^ Njie, Paul (September 26, 2024). "Top Cameroonian separatist leader arrested in Norway". BBC News. Yaoundé. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c DeLancey, DeLancey & Mbuh 2019, p. 48.
  10. ^ Yves Plumey Bobo (8 June 2023). "Cameroon: Lucas Ayaba Cho, public enemy number one". The Africa Report. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  11. ^ "NOSO/ Contestation: Lucas Ayaba Cho dos au mur, des nouvelles révélations sortent". Africa Press. 6 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
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  13. ^ "Cameroon: 'Ambazonians' threaten journalists". Deutche Welle. 2023-05-11. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
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  18. ^ a b "Cameroon/USA: Is the FBI Investigating On Ambazonia Activists, Tapang Ivo And Chris Anu ?". Actu Cameroun. 18 May 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  19. ^ Atia T. Azohnwi (8 October 2019). "Cameroon – Anglophone Crisis: Tapang Ivo Stings 'Field Marshal' For "Raping The People's Culture", Imposing Himself 'King Of Lebialem'". Cameroon Info. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
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  23. ^ Mua Patrick (31 May 2023). "As infighting over succession of late 'No Pity' rages". The Guardian Post Cameroon. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  24. ^ Bisong Etahoben (26 October 2021). "Self-Acclaimed Separatist General Killed In Cameroon's Northwest Region". HumAngle. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  25. ^ "Military Kills Dreaded Amba 'General', two fighters in Bui". Mimi Mefo. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  26. ^ a b Bisong Etahoben (10 February 2021). "Cameroon Army Kills Anglophone Separatist Self-Proclaimed 'General'". HumAngle. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  27. ^ a b Cameroon:Two suspected Ambazonia separatists killed in restive South West Region, Journal du Cameroun, Feb 9, 2021. Accessed Feb 9, 2021.
  28. ^ a b ""General Satan" Anglophone Separatist Killed In Cameroon". HumAngle. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  29. ^ "Cameroon's army kills separatist commander in restive Anglophone region - China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. 5 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  30. ^ a b Bisong Etahoben (26 October 2021). "Self-Acclaimed Separatist General Killed In Cameroon's Northwest Region". HumAngle. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  31. ^ "LES SÉCESSIONNISTES ANGLOPHONES DONNENT LES RAISONS DE L'ATTENTAT CONTRE L'AVION DE CAMAIR-CO". Coups Francs. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  32. ^ "Un « général » ambazonien présente ses excuses aux populations du Nord-ouest et du Sud-ouest". Le Bled Parle. 7 March 2021. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  33. ^ a b Moki Edwin Kindzeka (26 September 2022). "Cameroon's Separatists Say Splinter Groups Kill, Abduct Fighters". VOA. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  34. ^ "ADF confirms death of 11 combatants, says Cameroon military offensive at headquarters came in wake of major operation". Cameroon News Agency. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  35. ^ Moki Edwin Kindzeka (20 May 2021). "Cameroon Unity Day Marred by Violence in Separatist Regions". VOA. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  36. ^ "Gov't forces capture ADF supreme commander". Cameroon News Agency. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
  37. ^ a b "Manyu: Military kill notorious Ambazonia 'General' in Upper Bayang". Mimi Mefo Info. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  38. ^ a b c "Separatists Mend Fractured Relations With Oku Citizens After Recent Altercations". Mimi Mefo Info. 9 April 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  39. ^ "le 'Général Bush Rambo' massacre des militaires à Oku". camerounweb.com/. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  40. ^ David Atangana (18 May 2022). "Amba Fighters Storm Ediki- Mbalangi, Mercilessly Torture population for Siding with Military". Mimi Mefo Info. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  41. ^ "South West region: Gov't forces kill FM Bitter Kola, others n". Cameroon News Agency. 2023-09-20. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  42. ^ "5 separatist fighters killed in Cameroon's restive Anglophone region". Xinhua. 2023-09-19. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
  43. ^ a b "Ndian: Selfstyled general mad dog killed in military operation". Cameroon News Agency. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  44. ^ "Self-styled 'general mad dog' goes mad after arrest of girlfriend". Cameroon News Agency. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  45. ^ a b "Separatists impose 'no farming Mondays' in Meme, Ndian". Cameroon News Agency. 31 March 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  46. ^ a b Bisong Etahoben (18 July 2022). "Cameroon Army Accused Of Killing Separatist Fighters". HumAngle. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  47. ^ Moki Edwin Kindzeka (7 February 2021). "Cameroon Military Says It Has Freed 4, Including 2 Students". Voice of America. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  48. ^ "Gov't forces kill two Amba fighters in Bafut". Cameroon News Agency. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  49. ^ Cameroon:'Ambazonia General', 11 others neutralised in military operation in restive NW Region, Journal du Cameroun, Mar 5, 2021. Accessed Mar 5, 2021.
  50. ^ "Bui: Self-styled general at large, colleagues want him punished for molesting civilians". Cameroon News Agency. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  51. ^ "Kumbo: Amba fighters abduct, torture priest for allegedly partaking in the disappearance of 'General' Fire". Mimi Mefo Info. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  52. ^ "Bui division: Infighting among Amba factions leaves 'General', two others dead, over 20 wounded". Mimi Mefo Info. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  53. ^ a b "Bui: Gang Fights Among Ambazonia Camps Kill General Wolf". arreyb.com. 19 April 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  54. ^ "Kumbo: Amba, authorities go 'tooth for tooth'". Cameroon News Agency. 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  55. ^ a b "Southern Cameroons Independence Day Marked by Mixed Celebrations". Mimi Mefo. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  56. ^ "Cameroon kills General RK commander of Ambazonia separatist group". PM News Nigeria. 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  57. ^ a b "Two separatist commanders surrender to Cameroonian army". News Ghana. 2023-06-08.
  58. ^ "Separatists Kill Two Cameroonian Soldiers in Mbingo". Mimi Mefo. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
  59. ^ "Notorious Amba 'General, Five Others Killed In Ndu". Mimi Mefo Info. 27 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  60. ^ a b c "Crise anglophone au Cameroun : voici la liste complète des généraux neutralisés". camerounweb.com/. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  61. ^ "CrisisWatch June 2020", International Crisis Group, Jun 2020. Accessed Jul 29, 2020.
  62. ^ "CrisisWatch October 2020", International Crisis Group, OCt 2020. Accessed Nov 28, 2020.
  63. ^ "Mount Cameroon Race of Hope: Separatist Camp Dismantled in South West Region". Journal du Cameroun. 6 March 2023. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  64. ^ a b SOCADEF of Matoh introduces new General and recruits armed with sophisticated weapons, Mimi Mefo Infos, Sep 19, 2021. Accessed Sep 21, 2021.
  65. ^ Mark Bareta (30 June 2021). "Breaking News – "general Opopo" of SOCADEF killed by Sako's Mountain Lion". Bareta News. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  66. ^ "Buea: Taxi Drivers linked to kidnapping allegiance arrested". Cameroon News Agency. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  67. ^ a b c Cameroon Receives First Returning Asylum-Seekers, Ex-Separatists from Nigeria, Voice of America, Jan 2, 2020. Accessed Jan 2, 2020.
  68. ^ a b "Cameroon Releases MSF Health Workers Held After Helping Rebel Leader". Voice of America. 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  69. ^ Cameroon Military kills Ambazonia ‘General’ Christopher Elejuma, 31 August 2023
  70. ^ "Upper Bayang Villages Plead for Military Assistance Amidst Ambazonia Fighters' Deadly Rampage". Mimi Mefo Info. 16 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  71. ^ a b c "Anglophone Separatists Ambush, Kill Many Cameroon Soldiers". HumAngle. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  72. ^ a b c d e "Cameroon: 'Ambazonia General' killed by peers in SW Region". Journal du Cameroun. 16 October 2021. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  73. ^ Separatist commander surrenders to Cameroonian authorities, News Ghana, Mar 3, 2021. Accessed Mar 3, 2021.
  74. ^ "CrisisWatch March 2021", International Crisis Group, Mar 2021. Accessed Apr 11, 2020.
  75. ^ a b Crise anglophone : un « général ambazonien » tué dans un raid du BIR, Actu Cameroun, Mar 20, 2021. Accessed Mar 20, 2021. (French)
  76. ^ a b Cameroon says armed separatist commander among 4 killed in troubled Anglophone zone, Xinhuanet, Dec 21, 2018. Accessed Mar 11, 2019.
  77. ^ "Amba fighters killed in Meme division". Cameroon News Agency. 8 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  78. ^ a b c Moki Edwin Kindzeka (3 February 2023). "Cameroon Says Separatists Relaunch Attacks, IED Use After Death of Self Proclaimed General". Voice of America. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  79. ^ Kingsley Betek (1 February 2023). "Cameroon military kills prominent Ambazonia commander in Kumba-Mamfe road raid". Cameroon Intelligence Report. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  80. ^ David Atangana (26 July 2022). "Soldiers kill four, injure civilians in Ikiliwindi". Mimi Mefo Info. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  81. ^ "CrisisWatch February 2023". International Crisis Group. January 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  82. ^ "Three separatist fighters killed in Cameroon's restive Anglophone region". News Ghana. Retrieved 2023-12-16.
  83. ^ "Whereabouts of 28, including women and children, unknown after abduction". Mimi Mefo Info. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  84. ^ "Meme: Self-styled militant leader "General Black Bat" neutralized by security forces". Cameroon News Agency. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  85. ^ a b Cameroun : L'Armée neutralise deux hommes armés lors d'un raid à Bamenda, Le Bled Parle, Feb 2, 2021. Accessed Feb 2, 2021. (French)
  86. ^ Only Ambazonia General Was Killed In Small Babanki, The Rest Were Civilians-Witnesses, Cameroon News Agency, Mar 1, 2020. Accessed Mar 2, 2020.
  87. ^ a b "Two Ambazonia forces killed in Bambui, 15 killed and hideouts ransacked in Batibo-Security sources". Cameroon News Agency. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  88. ^ a b Bisong Etahoben (2 August 2022). "Cameroon Army Kills Ten Separatist Fighters". HumAngle. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  89. ^ 20 separatists killed in military offensive in Cameroon's troubled Anglophone region, Trend News Agency, Mar 22, 2020. Accessed Mar 22, 2020.
  90. ^ Bisong Etahoben (8 October 2021). "13 Separatists, 1 'General' Surrender In Northwest Cameroon". HumAngle. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  91. ^ "Cameroon: Late Amba 'General Mad Dog' killed over 100 in NW region – Military". Journal du Cameroun. 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  92. ^ "Cameroon – Anglophone Crisis: Soldiers guard burial of Fonteh Lucas Ndefru alias 'General' Mad Dog in Bamenda". Cameroon Info. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  93. ^ a b c "CrisisWatch April 2021". International Crisis Group. April 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  94. ^ a b "Cameroon: 'Ambazonia General' killed as soldiers recover weapons in Awing, Pinyin raids". Journal du Cameroun. 20 July 2020. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  95. ^ "Cameroon's Civil War Continues to Rage On". Inkstick. 2023-04-26. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  96. ^ a b "CrisisWatch December 2022". International Crisis Group. January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  97. ^ "ADF Commander Stone Killed and Burnt by Government Forces". Mimi Mefo Info. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  98. ^ "Amba general, other killed in Bamenda". Cameroon News Agency. 1 July 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  99. ^ "Separatist Leader "Commander Iron", One other Killed in Bamenda". Mimi Mefo Info. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  100. ^ "Crise anglophone: l'armée neutralise le " General King Commando " de Momo". Actu Cameroun. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  101. ^ "Cameroon: 'Ambazonia General' killed in Widikum". Journal du Cameroun. 4 January 2019. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  102. ^ "Amba 'General', One Other Killed, Tied to Sign Post in Mbengwi". Mimi Mefo Info. 8 July 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  103. ^ Peter Kum (16 December 2018). "Cameroun - Crise Anglophone - Nord-Ouest: Deux groupes sécessionnistes s'affrontent". Cameroon Info. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  104. ^ "Fierce Ambazonia commander in Guzang, Batibo known as Commander Tiger has been "assassinated" by General Ivo". solowayne.com. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  105. ^ "Separatist commander killed in Cameroon's restive Anglophone region". Xinhua. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
  106. ^ a b "Two separatist commanders surrender to Cameroonian authorities". Xinhua. 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  107. ^ Joël Honoré Kouam (16 July 2021). "Separatist leader killed in Southwest Cameroon". Africa News. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  108. ^ Rita Akana (17 June 2021). "Southern Cameroons Crisis: 6 Divisional Delegates in Amba protective custody". Cameroon Intelligence Report. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  109. ^ "South west region must rise up- Senator Mbella Moki". Cameroon News Agency. 9 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  110. ^ "Three amba fighters killed in Bamali". Cameroon News Agency. 12 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  111. ^ a b "Cameroon: Separatist Commander kills two civilians in Bamali". Mimi Mefo Info. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  112. ^ "Separatist 'General,' two others killed in Ndop". Cameroon News Agency. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  113. ^ "Separatists Seize Gendarmerie Truck in Ndop". Mimi Mefo Info. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  114. ^ "Bomb Ambazonia Separatists Declare Indefinite Lockdown in Bangolan". Mimi Mefo Info. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  115. ^ "Ambazonia's Colabo Killed by Fellow Separatists over ransom money". Mimi Mefo Info. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
  116. ^ "Cameroon Separatist Fighter Names Himself 'King' of Southwest District". Voice of America. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  117. ^ "War in Anglophone regions: Chris Anu officially announces death of brother, Oliver Lekeaka". Cameroon News Agency. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  118. ^ a b "Cameroon: 11 new civilians freed from Amba captivity in restive SW". Journal du Cameroun. 19 October 2020. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  119. ^ Atia T. AZOHNWI (24 September 2019). "Cameroon – Anglophone Crisis: Ambazonia General, Ayekeh wreaks havoc in Lebialem". Cameroon Info. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  120. ^ Atia T. Azohwi (13 October 2020). "Ambazonia 'Major General' Ayeke killed, leaves fighters stranded". Mimi Mefo Info. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  121. ^ Ambazonia explosive injures soldiers, others feared dead, 6 September 2023
  122. ^ a b c d "Biafra group reacts as Nigerian forces arrest separatist commander, Gen. Black Mamba, others". Daily Post Nigeria. 25 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  123. ^ "Suspected Ambazonia Fighter Arrested In Taraba". ABN TV. 2022-11-11. Retrieved 2022-11-14.
  124. ^ "Cameroon: Ambazonia General drop weapons in restive North West region". Journal du Cameroun. 16 October 2021. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  125. ^ a b R. Maxwell Bone (19 July 2022). "Why the spoils of war may outweigh incentives for peace in Cameroon". The New Humanitarian. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  126. ^ ""They Are Destroying Our Future" Armed Separatist Attacks on Students, Teachers, and Schools in Cameroon's Anglophone Regions". HRW. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
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  128. ^ Moki Edwin Kindzeka (7 February 2021). "Cameroon Military Says It Has Freed 4, Including 2 Students". Voice of America. Retrieved 21 May 2021.

Works cited

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