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List of African American newspapers in New York

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Inaugural issue of Freedom's Journal, published on Varick Street in Manhattan in 1827.

This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in the state of New York. It includes both current and historical newspapers. New York was the birthplace of the African American press, with the publication of Freedom's Journal in 1827, and has remained a vibrant center of publishing ever since.

Newspapers

[edit]

Upstate

[edit]
An 1856 issue of The North Star, published at Rochester.

For the purpose of this list, Upstate New York is the entirety of New York State outside of New York City and Long Island.

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Albany Albany Capitol 1890s[1] ?[1] Monthly newspaper[1]
  • LCCN sn88074173
  • OCLC 17845789
  • Attested in at least 1894.[1]
Albany The Community Chronicle
The Community News (1993)[3]		 1993[2] 1990s[2] Monthly newspaper[2]
  • Attested through at least 1994.[2]
  • Edited by Arthur Mitchell.[2]
Albany / Buffalo The Fortnightly Spectator 1899[4] 1900s[4] Biweekly[4]
  • Attested through at least 1900.[4]
Albany The Albany Liberator 1960s[5] 1900s[5] Biweekly[5]
  • Attested from at least 1967–1968.[5]
Albany The New York Sojourner-Herald
The Sojourn-Herald (1993–1994)[6]		 1993[6] ? Monthly newspaper[7]
  • Extant through at least 1998.[7]
  • Edited by Paul C. Webster.[6]
Albany The Northern Star and Freeman's Advocate 1842[8] 1843[8] Weekly[8] or monthly[9]
Albany The Scene
South End Scene[11]		 1977[11] 1990s[10] Monthly newspaper[10]
Albany Urban Voices 2000[12] ? Monthly newspaper[12]
  • "Executive editor: Kenneth Braswell; contributing editor: Carolee Sherwood."[12]
Albany Whazup! 1994[13] 1990s[13] Monthly newspaper[13]
  • Attested through at least 1995.[13]
Buffalo The Buffalo American 1920[14] ? Weekly[14]
Buffalo Black News 1970[15] ?[15] Unknown[15]
Buffalo The Buffalo Broadcaster 1937?[16] ?[16] Weekly[16]
Buffalo The Buffalo Criterion /
The Metropolitan Buffalo Criterion (1973–1978)[17]		 1925[18] current Weekly[18]
  • Hiatus from 1973 to 1978.
Buffalo
  • The Empire Star Weekly
  • The Empire Star (1948–1953)[20]
 1948[20] ?[19] Weekly[19]
  • Circulation of 8,115 in 1951.[21]
Buffalo Empire State Bulletin 1966[22] 1900s[22] Weekly[22]
Buffalo Fine Print 1972?[23] ?[23] Weekly[23]
  • Published by Ronald H. Fleming. Edited by Carolyn Fleming.[23]
Buffalo The Buffalo Guardian 1946[24] 1900s[24] Weekly[24]
  • Edited by Eric E.L. Hercules.[24]
Buffalo The Buffalo Newscaster 1963[25] 1900s[25] Weekly[25]
  • Edited by Calvin Kimbrough.[25]
Buffalo Buffalo Spokesman 1928?[26] ?[26] Weekly[26]
Buffalo Buffalo Weekly Challenger 1977[27] 1979[27] Weekly[27]
Buffalo Challenger Community News /
Challenger /
Buffalo, New York Challenger News Weekly[28] /
Buffalo Challenger (1979–1981)[29]
Challenger News Weekly		 1962[30] current Weekly[30]
Hastings on Hudson The Westchester County Press 1928[31] current Weekly[31]
  • Published in White Plains from May 4 to December 28, 1989.[32]
  • Edited and published by Sandra Blackwell as of 2018.[33]
  • Circulation of 12,000.[34]
Ithaca The Monitor 1923[35] 1900s[35] Monthly newspaper[35]
  • Published by J. Elliott Douglass, Jr.[35]
Ithaca The Wheat Street Independent 1990[36] ? Monthly newspaper[36]
  • Motto: "Until the last blade of grass is free."[36]
Mount Vernon The Westchester Observer 1947?[37] 1971?[37] Weekly[37]
  • Edited and published by Ben Anderson.[37]
Newburgh The Hudson Valley Black Press 1983[38] or 1984[39] current Weekly[39]
Poughkeepsie Mid-Hudson Herald 1968[40] 1900s[40] Biweekly[40]
Rochester Rochester Challenger 1962[41] 1971?[41] Weekly[41]
Rochester The Communicade 1972[43] or 1973?[42] ?[42] Biweekly[42]
Rochester Douglass' Monthly 1858[44] 1863[44] Monthly newspaper[44]
Rochester Frederick Douglass Voice 1967[45] 1970s[45] Biweekly[45]
Rochester Frederick Douglass Voice 1934?[46] ?[46] Weekly[46]
  • Published by Howard W. Coles. Edited by Alma K. Coles.[46]
Rochester Frederick Douglass' Paper 1851[47] 1860[47] Weekly[47]
Rochester The North Star 1847[48] 1851[48] Weekly[48]
Rochester Star Weekly[49]
  • Circulation of 2,825 in 1951.[49]
Rochester
  • The Voice
  • Rochester Voice[50]
  • Voice of New York State[50]
 1933[51] 1967[50] Biweekly[51]
  • Circulation of 3,267 in 1951.[49]
Schenectady The Communicator 1993[52] ? Monthly newspaper[52]
  • In English and Spanish.[52]
Syracuse The Syracuse Banner 1980[53] ? Irregular[53]
Syracuse CNY Syracuse Gazette 1980[54] 1980[54] Weekly[54]
Syracuse Syracuse Challenger 1970[55] 1900s[55] Weekly[55]
Syracuse The Syracuse Constitution 1989[56] ? Irregular[56]
  • Attested through at least 2000.[56]
Syracuse The Syracuse Crusader 1988[57] ? Monthly newspaper[57]
Syracuse Syracuse Gazette News Weekly 1973[58] 1976[58] Irregular[58]
Syracuse Syracuse Gazette 1900s[59] 1973[59] Irregular[59]
Syracuse The Syracuse Gazette 1976[60] 1980[60] Weekly[60]
Syracuse Home Town News 1960s[61] 1960s[61] Weekly[61]
  • Published by Chris Powell.[61]
Syracuse The Impartial Citizen 1980[62] ? Weekly
  • Billed as "[t]he nation's first multi-ethnic newspaper."[62]
  • Extant through at least 1990.[63]
  • Some articles in Spanish.[63]
Syracuse Progressive Herald 1932[64] 1957[64] Weekly[64]
  • Official organ of the Federation of Colored Men's Clubs.[64]
  • Circulation of 5,500 in 1951.[49]
Utica The Utica Sentinel / The Black Sentinel (1983)[66] 1983[65] 1900s[65] Monthly newspaper[65]
  • Published by Suzanne M. Felton and Willie R. Felton.[65]
Utica The Western Echo 1870s[67] ?[67]
  • Extant through at least 1878.[67]
White Plains The Westchester County Press 1928[68] 2010s Weekly[68]

Long Island

[edit]
City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Freeport Community Journal 1993[69] ? Biweekly[69]
Great Neck New York Trend 1991[70] Bimonthly newspaper[70]
Hempstead Hempstead Beacon (1963–)
The Beacon (1956–1963)		 1956[71] Weekly[72]
  • Edited by Sheila H. Noeth.[72]
Hempstead Community Reporter 1990s[73] ? Monthly newspaper[73]
Hempstead Economic Forum 1973?[74] ? Biweekly[74]
Hempstead Hempstead Village Times 1996[75] ? Unknown[75]
Huntington Black Starliner 1988[76] 1900s[76] Monthly newspaper[76]
Long Island Long Island Call 1952[77] ?[77] Weekly[77]
Roosevelt Community Journal 1993[78] ? Twice monthly[78] or weekly[79]
  • Attested through at least 1996.[79]
West Hempstead Long Island Rapper 1973[80] ?[80] Weekly[80]
Westbury Long Island Free Press 1970[81] 1970s[81] Monthly newspaper[81]
Wyandanch Point Of View 1900s[82] Biweekly[82]

New York City

[edit]
A 1920 issue of Marcus Garvey's Negro World.

Newspapers are listed by borough where available.

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks
Bronx Caribbean Daylight 1992[83] Weekly[83]
Bronx The Bronx Independent 1956[84] ?[84] Monthly except July and August[84]
Bronx The Listener-News: Thought And Opinion / The Listener: Thought And Opinion (1938–1939)[86] 1938[86] 1900s[85] Weekly[87]
Brooklyn New York Echo 1974[88] 1900s[88] Weekly[88]
  • Published by Echo Reporter Inc.[88]
Brooklyn The Brooklyn Advocate 1993[89] Monthly newspaper[89]
Brooklyn Afro Times / Afro-American Times (1987)[90] 1987[91] Weekly[91]
Brooklyn Big Apple After Five 1975[92] 1994?[92] Weekly[92]
Brooklyn Black Community 1968[93] ?[93] Twice monthly newspaper[93]
Brooklyn The City Sun 1984[94] 1996[94] Weekly[94]
  • Published by Utrice C. Leid. Edited by Andrew Cooper.[94]
Brooklyn Daily Challenge
New York Daily Challenge		 1972[95] ? Daily (except Saturday, Sunday and legal holidays)[95]
  • Edited by Thomas H. Watkins.[95]
  • Circulation of 79,540 in 1999.[96]
  • Began placing daily news online in 2000.[96]
  • Officially Democratic.[97]
  • Billed as "[t]he City's only black daily."[98]
Brooklyn Fort Greene News 1991?[99] Twice a month[99]
  • Edited by S. Eric Blackwell.[99]
Brooklyn Haiti Diaspo 1987?[100] ?[100] Monthly[100]
  • Published by Haitian Universitarian Association.[100]
  • Mostly in French.[100]
Brooklyn Haïti Progrès 1983[101] current Weekly[101]
Brooklyn The Network Journal 1991?[102] Monthly[102]
  • Edited by Njeru Waithaka.[102]
Brooklyn The New York Beacon
Big Red News (1976–1993)[103]		 1976[103] current Weekly[104]
Brooklyn New York Recorder 1953[105] 1987[105] Weekly[105]
  • Published by Thomas H. Watkins.[105]
Brooklyn Our Time Press 1996[106] current Monthly[106]
Brooklyn Brooklyn Trend 1987[107] ?[107] Monthly[107]
Brooklyn The Brooklyn Voice 1939[108] ?[108] Weekly[108]
Manhattan Carib News /
The New York Carib News: the Weekly Voice of the Caribbean-American Community		 1983[109] current Weekly[109]
Manhattan Freedom 1950[110] 1955[110] Monthly[110]
  • Published by Freedom Associates [111]
Manhattan Freedom's Journal 1827[112] 1829[112] Weekly[112]
Manhattan The Harlem Advocate 1996[113] Monthly[113]
Manhattan The Harlem Bulletin 1937?[114] ?[114] Weekly[114]
  • Edited by Columbus A. Austin.[114]
Manhattan Harlem Chronicle 1938[115] ?[115] Twice monthly[115]
Manhattan The Harlem Daily 1965[116] ?[116] Daily, Monday through Friday[117]
  • Published by Clyde H. Reid. Edited by Greg Harris.[116]
Manhattan Harlem Democrat 1949[118] ?[118] Unknown[118]
  • Published by The Independent Democrats.[118]
Manhattan Harlem Evening Star 1928?[119] ?[119] Three times a week[119]
  • Published by MacDonald McLean Publishing Company, Inc.
Manhattan Harlem Heights Daily Citizen 1933[120] 1934[120] Daily (except Sunday)[120]
Manhattan Harlem Home Journal 1928?[121] ?[121] Weekly[121]
Manhattan Harlem News 1967[122] 1971[122] Monthly[122]
Manhattan The Harlem Overheard 1996[123] ? Quarterly newspaper[123]
Manhattan Harlem Reporter 1930[124] ?[124] Weekly[124]
  • Edited by G. W. Abott.[124]
Manhattan Harlem Resident Community News / Harlem Community News 1996[125] current Biweekly[125]
Manhattan Harlem Weekly 1980?[126] ?[126] Weekly[126]
Manhattan Harlem Youth Speaks 1970s[127] ?[127]
Manhattan Manhattan Tribune 1968[128] 1973?[128] Weekly[128]
Manhattan The Negro Liberator / Harlem Liberator (1933–1934)[129] 1933[129] 1935[129] Weekly[129] or twice monthly[130]
Manhattan The New American / Black American 1972[131] ? Weekly[131]
  • Published by Carl Offord.[131]
Manhattan The New York News and Harlem Home Journal 1914?[132] ?[132] Weekly[132]
Manhattan Uptown: The Voice of Central Harlem 1979[133] ?[133] 10 times per year[133] or monthly[134]
  • Founded and published by Helen Brodie Baldwin.[133]
New York Mr. Muhammad Speaks 1960[135] 1961[135] Monthly newspaper[135]
New York People's Community News 1970[136] 1900s[136] Weekly[136]
The Pine And Palm 1861[137] 1861[137] Weekly[137]
  • Published simultaneously in New York and Boston.[137]
  • Promoted emigration to Haiti.[137]
New York Africa and World News 1977[138] 1978?[138] Weekly[138]
  • Edited by D. C. Aharanwa.[138]
  • Billed as “[t]he first African paper printed in New York.” [138]
New York African News & Views 1959[139] ?[139] Irregular[139]
Manhattan The African Sun Times 1996[140] ? Twice monthly[140]
  • Edited and published by Chika A. Onyeani.[140]
New York The New York Age / New York Age Defender (1953–1957)[142] 1887[143] 1960[141] Weekly[143]
New York Alternatives 1973[144] ? Irregular[144]
New York The American Recorder 1928[145] ?[145] Weekly[145]
New York The American West Indian News 1928[146] ?[146] Weekly[146]
New York New York Amsterdam News / Amsterdam News 1909[147] 1941[147] Weekly[147]
  • Published by Powell-Savory Corp.[147]
New York New York Amsterdam News 1943[148] current Weekly[148]
New York New York Amsterdam Star-News 1941[149] 1943[149] Weekly[149]
New York The Anglo-African 1860s[150] 1865[150] Weekly[150]
New York The Business Journal 1922?[151] ?[151] Twice a month[151]
New York The Business World 1921[152] ?[152] Weekly[152]
New York Calvin's Newspaper Service 1935[153] ?[153] Weekly[153]
  • Published and edited by Floyd J. Calvin.[153]
New York Caribbean Echo 1969[154] 1970[154] Weekly[154]
  • Published by Caribbean Enterprises Inc.[154]
New York Champion 1943[155] ?[155] Monthly[155]
  • Published by Harlem Labor Union, Inc. Edited by V. Ollivierre.[155]
New York New York Citizen-Call 1960[156] 1961[156] Weekly[156]
New York The City Sun 1984[157] 1996[157] Weekly[157]
  • Published by City Sun Pub. Co.[157]
New York The Colored American 1837[158] 1842[158] Weekly[158]
New York Connection: All African Community Newsweekly 1987[159] ?[159] Weekly[159]
  • Published by Kwasi S. Scipio-Okpabla.[159]
New York New York Courier 1961[160] 1971[160] Weekly[160]
New York The Crusader 1853[161] 1854[161] Weekly[161]
New York Daily Journal 2001[162] ? Daily (except Saturday and Sunday)[162]
New York The Daily Star 1921[163] ?[163] Daily[163]
  • Edited by Arthur V. Craig.[163]
New York The Dunbar News 1929[164] ?[164] Biweekly[164]
  • Attested through at least 1934.[164]
New York El Mulato 1854[165] ?[165] Weekly[166] or biweekly[165]
New York Ethiopian World 1934[167] ?[167] Weekly[167]
New York New York Evening Express 1955[168] ?[168] Daily[168]
  • Published by William L. Watkins Jr.[168]
New York New York Freeman 1884[169] 1887[169] Weekly[169]
  • Published and edited by Timothy Thomas Fortune.[169]
New York The New York Globe 1880[170] 1884[170] Weekly[170]
  • Edited by Timothy Thomas Fortune. Published by George Parker & Co.[170]
  • Supersedes Rumor and superseded by the New York Freeman.[170]
New York The Home Journal News 1933[171] 1900s[171] Weekly[171]
  • Extant through at least 1937.[171]
New York The Hotel Tattler 1922[172] 1924[172] Weekly[172]
New York In-formation: Black Revolutionary Newspaper 1965?[173] ?[173] Unknown[173]
New York The Inter-State Tattler 1925[174] ?[174] Weekly[174]
New York Kontact 1932[175] 1900s[175] Irregular[175]
  • Official organ of the Liberian Knights of Industry.[175]
New York Liberator 1996[176] Weekly[176]
  • Edited by William Pleasant.[176]
New York The Liberator 1929[177] 1932[177] Weekly[177]
New York The Light: A Journal of Opinion, Information, Inspiration, Education 1927[178] ?[178] Twice monthly[178]
  • Published and edited by A. McDonald Ifill.[178]
New York Lincoln News 1929[179] ?[179] Weekly[179]
New York Metro Exchange 1988?[180] ? Monthly[180]
  • Edited by Lori Thompson Reid.[180]
New York National Negro News 1938?[181] ?[181] Unknown[181]
  • Published and edited by J.J. Allen.[181]
New York National New York Amsterdam News 1949[182] 1900s[182] Weekly[182]
  • Published by Powell-Savory Corp.[182]
New York National News 1932[183] 1932[183] Weekly[183]
  • Edited by George S. Schuyler.[184]
New York The Negro Champion 1928[185] 1929[185] Weekly[185]
  • "Official organ of and published by the American Negro Labor Congress."[185]
New York The Negro Times / Daily Negro Times 1920s[186] ?[186] Daily[186]
  • Attested from at least 1923.[186]
New York The Negro World 1917[187] 1933[187] Biweekly[187]
New York The New African Observer 1981[189] ?[189] Quarterly newspaper[189]
  • Published by G. Louverture Catus.[189]
New York New York Dispatch 1920?[190] ?[190] Weekly[190]
  • Edited by J.L. Jackson.[190]
New York The Paper 1970[191] ? Monthly newspaper[191]
New York The People's Voice 1942[192] 1948[192] Weekly[192]
New York Pictorial News 1921[193] ?[193] Weekly[193]
  • Edited by C. Ben Curley.[193]
New York The Progressive American 1871[194] 1880s[194] Weekly[194]
  • Edited by John J. Freeman.[194]
New York The Ram's Horn 1847[195] 1848[195] Weekly[195]
New York The Reporter 1935[196] 1937?[196] Weekly[196]
  • Published during the employees' strike against the Amsterdam News.[197]
New York The Rights of All 1829[198] 1830[198] Monthly[198]
New York Rumor 1880[199] 1880[199] Weekly[199]
  • Published by George Parker & Co.[199]
New York New York Star & Amsterdam News 1941[200] 1941[200] Weekly[200]
  • Formed by merger of New York Amsterdam News and New Jersey Star.[200]
New York New York State Contender 1930?[201] ?[201] Weekly[201]
New York The Suffragist 1880[202] ?[202] Weekly[202]
  • Published and edited by J.W.A. Shaw.[202]
New York The Tattler 1924[203] 1920s[203] Weekly[203]
New York The Union 1876[204] 1890s[204] Weekly[204]
  • Edited and published by Charles Henry Bauer.[204]
New York The Unique Advertiser 1904?[205] ?[205] Weekly[205]
  • Edited by J. R. Pedro.[205]
New York Weekly Advocate 1837[206] 1837[206] Weekly[206]
New York The Weekly Anglo-African 1859[208] 1862[207] Weekly[208]
  • Numbering restarted with vol. 1, no. 1 on July 27, 1861.[207]
  • Published and edited by Thomas Hamilton.[209]
New York The West Indian Times and American Review 1928[210] ?[210] Weekly[210]
  • Edited by Samuel Manning.[210]
New York Woman's Echo 1948?[211] ?[211] Monthly[211]
  • Edited by Wittie Anna Biggins.[211]
New York World Echo / World Peace Echo 1934[212] 1934[212] Weekly[212]
New York World Health 1936[213] 1937[213] Weekly[213]
  • Published by A. Honaeel.[213]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) Beton Arme 1994[214] ?[214] Biweekly[214]
  • 50% in French.[214]
  • Published by Patrick Xavier.[214]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) Brooklyn Informer 1920[215] ?[215] Weekly[215]
  • Edited by William S. McKinney Jr.[215]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The Jamaican Gleaner 1940[216] ?[216] Biweekly[216]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) Long Island Review 1937[217] ?[217] Twice monthly[217]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) Long Island Star 1953[218] ?[218] Weekly[218]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) New Voice Of New York, Inc 1999[219] ? Weekly[219]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The New York Page 1984[220] ? Irregular[220]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The New York Voice 1971[221] ?[221] Weekly[221]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The Queens Voice 1959[222] 1970[222] Weekly[222]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The Voice 1970[223] 1971[223] Weekly[223]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The Weekly Gleaner 1976?[224] Weekly[224]
Queens, New York (Jamaica) Weekly Star 1995?[225] ?[225] Weekly[225]
  • Published by Gleaner Publishing Company.[225]
Queens (Corona) Enspire 1996[226] Monthly[226]
Queens (Fresh Meadows / Jamaica (1968–1981) / Flushing) [228] New York Voice, Inc. Harlem USA 1958[228] 1990s[227] Weekly[228] or biweekly [227]
Staten Island The Black Agenda 1900s[229] ? Monthly newspaper[229]
  • Attested through at least 2001.[229]
Staten Island The Staten Island Black Press 1979[230] ?[230] Unknown[230]
Staten Island The Black Reign Community Newspaper 1996[231] ? Biweekly[231]

See also

[edit]

Works cited

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "About Albany capitol. (Albany, N.Y.) 189?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  2. ^ a b c d e "About The community chronicle. [volume] (Albany, N.Y.) 1993-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  3. ^ "About The community news. (Albany, N.Y.) 1993-1993". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  4. ^ a b c d "About The Fortnightly spectator. (Albany and Buffalo, N.Y.) 1899-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  5. ^ a b c d "About The Albany liberator. [microfilm reel] (Albany, N.Y.) 196?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  6. ^ a b c "About The Sojourn-herald. [volume] (Albany, N.Y.) 1993-1994". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  7. ^ a b "About The New York sojourner-herald. [online resource] (Albany, N.Y.) 1994-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  8. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 431, ¶ 4486.
  9. ^ "About The northern star and freemen's advocate. [online resource] (Albany [N.Y.]) 1842-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  10. ^ a b "About The scene. ([Albany, N.Y.]) 1985-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  11. ^ a b "About South End scene. [volume] (Albany, N.Y.) 1977-1985". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  12. ^ a b c "About Urban voices. (Albany, NY) 2000-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  13. ^ a b c d "About Whazup!. (Albany, NY) 1994-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  14. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 120, ¶ 1244.
  15. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 92, ¶ 940.
  16. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 120, ¶ 1246.
  17. ^ "About The Metropolitan Buffalo criterion. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1973-1978". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  18. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 120, ¶ 1248.
  19. ^ a b "About The Empire star weekly. (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1953-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  20. ^ a b "About The Empire star. (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1948-1953". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-03-31. About The Empire star. (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1948-1953
  21. ^ Smith & Horton 1995, p. 1206.
  22. ^ a b c "About Empire state bulletin. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1966-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  23. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 224, ¶ 2341.
  24. ^ a b c d "About The Buffalo guardian. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1946-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  25. ^ a b c d "About The Buffalo newscaster. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1963-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  26. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 121, ¶ 1250.
  27. ^ a b c "About Buffalo weekly challenger. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1977-1979". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  28. ^ "About Buffalo, New York challenger news weekly. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1962-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  29. ^ "About Buffalo challenger. (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1979-1981". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  30. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 143, ¶ 1484.
  31. ^ a b "About The Westchester County press. [volume] (Hastings on Hudson, N.Y.) 1928-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  32. ^ "About The Westchester County press. [microfilm reel] (Hastings-on-Hudson, N.Y.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  33. ^ AJ Woodson (2018-07-30). "PBP Radio Ep177 – Blacks In Media". Black Westchester Magazine. Retrieved 2020-01-26. Our guests this week are Justin Walters – Fios1 News Sportcaster and Sandra Blackwell – Editor & Publisher of Westchester County Press.
  34. ^ a b c Ford 2019, p. 14.
  35. ^ a b c d "About The monitor. (Ithaca, N.Y.) 1923-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  36. ^ a b c "About The Wheat Street independent. ([Ithaca, N.Y.) 1990-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  37. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 610, ¶ 6378.
  38. ^ "About Us - Hudson Valley Press Newspaper". Retrieved 2020-01-26. Initially named The Hudson Valley Black Press, the newspaper was first published in Newburgh, New York on November 24, 1983.
  39. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 285, ¶ 2999.
  40. ^ a b c "About Mid-Hudson herald. (Poughkeepsie, N.Y.) 1968-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  41. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 495, ¶ 5167.
  42. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 167, ¶ 1736.
  43. ^ "About Communicade. [volume] (Rochester, N.Y.) 1972-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  44. ^ a b c d "About Douglass' monthly. [volume] (Rochester, N.Y.) 1858-1863". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  45. ^ a b c "About Frederick Douglass voice. (Rochester, N.Y.) 1967-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  46. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 236, ¶ 2476.
  47. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 236, ¶ 2475.
  48. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 430, ¶ 4478.
  49. ^ a b c d Smith & Horton 1995, p. 1207.
  50. ^ a b c "About Rochester voice. (Rochester, N.Y.) 194?-1967 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  51. ^ a b "About The Voice. (Rochester, N.Y.) 1933-194?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  52. ^ a b c "About The communicator. [volume] (Schenectady, N.Y.) 1993-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  53. ^ a b c "About The Syracuse banner. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1980-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  54. ^ a b c "About CNY Syracuse gazette. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1980-1980". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  55. ^ a b c "About Syracuse challenger. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1970-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  56. ^ a b c "About The Syracuse constitution. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1989-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  57. ^ a b "About The Syracuse crusader. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1988-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  58. ^ a b c "About Syracuse gazette news weekly. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1973-1976". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  59. ^ a b c "About Syracuse gazette. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 19??-1973". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  60. ^ a b c "About The Syracuse gazette. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1976-1980". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  61. ^ a b c d "About Home town news. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 196?-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  62. ^ a b "About The impartial citizen. [volume] (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1980-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  63. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 292, ¶ 3072.
  64. ^ a b c d "About Progressive herald. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1932-1957". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  65. ^ a b c d "About The Utica sentinel. (Utica, N.Y.) 1983-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  66. ^ "About The Black sentinel. (Utica, N.Y.) 1983-1983". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  67. ^ a b c "About The western echo. (Utica, N.Y.) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  68. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 610, ¶ 6377.
  69. ^ a b "About Community journal. (Freeport, N.Y.) 1993-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  70. ^ a b "About New York trend. [volume] (Great Neck, N.Y.) 1991-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  71. ^ "About Beacon. (Hempstead, N.Y.) 1956-1963". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
  72. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 273, ¶ 2866.
  73. ^ a b "About Community reporter. (Hempstead, N.Y.) 199?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  74. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 206, ¶ 2151.
  75. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 273, ¶ 2867.
  76. ^ a b c "About Black starliner. ([Huntington, N.Y.]) 1988-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  77. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 345, ¶ 3616.
  78. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 169, ¶ 1758.
  79. ^ a b "About The community journal. (Roosevelt, N.Y.) 1993-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  80. ^ a b c "About Long Island rapper. [volume] (West Hempstead, N.Y.) 1973-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  81. ^ a b c "About Long Island free press. (Westbury, N.Y.) 1970-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  82. ^ a b "About Point of view. [volume] (Wyandanch, N.Y.) 19??-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  83. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 136, ¶ 1407.
  84. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 116, ¶ 1202.
  85. ^ "About The Listener-news: thought and opinion. [online resource] (Bronx, N.Y.) 1939-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  86. ^ a b "About The Listener : thought and opinion. [online resource] (Bronx, N.Y.) 1938-1939". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  87. ^ "About The Listener-news: thought and opinion. [online resource] (Bronx, N.Y.) 1939-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  88. ^ a b c d "About New York echo. ([Brooklyn, N.Y.]) 1974-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  89. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 117, ¶ 1215.
  90. ^ "About Afro-American times. (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 1987-1987". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  91. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 22, ¶ 224.
  92. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 69, ¶ 718.
  93. ^ a b c "About Black community. (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 1968-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  94. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 155, ¶ 1609.
  95. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 183, ¶ 1908.
  96. ^ a b Randy Dotinga (May 12, 2000). "Largest newspapers are now all online". Editor & Publisher Magazine. Retrieved 2020-01-26. 137. The Daily Challenge (New York, N.Y.) 79,540
  97. ^ Tom Scocca (2004-11-01). "Off the Record". Observer. Retrieved 2020-01-26. The Daily Challenge, he said, is officially Democratic, just like the Board of Elections requires.
  98. ^ "About Daily challenge. (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 1972-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  99. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 233, ¶ 2446.
  100. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 260, ¶ 2733.
  101. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 261, ¶ 2744.
  102. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 405, ¶ 4218.
  103. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 723.
  104. ^ "About The New York beacon. [online resource] (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 1993-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  105. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 417, ¶ 4330.
  106. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 448, ¶ 4670.
  107. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 118, ¶ 1218.
  108. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 118, ¶ 1219.
  109. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4320.
  110. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 239, ¶ 2503.
  111. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 2503.
  112. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 240, ¶ 2517.
  113. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 267, ¶ 2797.
  114. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 267, ¶ 2798.
  115. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 267, ¶ 2800.
  116. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 267, ¶ 2802.
  117. ^ "About The Harlem daily. [online resource] (New York, N.Y.) 1965-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  118. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 267, ¶ 2803.
  119. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 268, ¶ 2805.
  120. ^ a b c "About Harlem Heights daily citizen. (New York [N.Y.]) 1933-1934". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  121. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 268, ¶ 2807.
  122. ^ a b c "About Harlem news. (New York) 1967-1971". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  123. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 268, ¶ 2810.
  124. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 268, ¶ 2814.
  125. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 269, ¶ 2815.
  126. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 269, ¶ 2823.
  127. ^ a b "About Harlem youth speaks. [microfilm reel] ([New York, N.Y.]) 197?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  128. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 352, ¶ 3686.
  129. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 401, ¶ 4176.
  130. ^ "About Negro liberator. (New York, N.Y.) 1934-1935". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  131. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 406, ¶ 4231.
  132. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4328.
  133. ^ a b c d "About Uptown. [microfilm reel] (New York, N.Y.) 1979-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  134. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 581, ¶ 6080.
  135. ^ a b c "About Mr. Muhammad speaks. ([New York, N.Y.) 1960-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  136. ^ a b c "About People's community news. [online resource] ([Harlem) 1970-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  137. ^ a b c d e "About The Pine and palm. [online resource] (Boston and New York) 1861-1861". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  138. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 11, ¶ 106.
  139. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 16, ¶ 160.
  140. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 17, ¶ 173.
  141. ^ "About New York age. [microfilm reel] (New York, N.Y.) 1957-1960". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  142. ^ "About New York age defender. [microfilm reel] (New York, N.Y.) 1953-1957". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  143. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 414, ¶ 4313.
  144. ^ a b "About Alternatives. (New York, N.Y.) 1973-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  145. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 42, ¶ 424.
  146. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 43, ¶ 432.
  147. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 415, ¶ 4314.
  148. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 415, ¶ 4315.
  149. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 415, ¶ 4316.
  150. ^ a b c "About The Anglo-African. (New York) 186?-1865". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  151. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 126, ¶ 1304.
  152. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 126, ¶ 1306.
  153. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 130, ¶ 1353.
  154. ^ a b c d "About Caribbean echo. (New York [N.Y.]) 1969-1970". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  155. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 143, ¶ 1488.
  156. ^ a b c "About New York citizen-call. (New York, N.Y.) 1960-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  157. ^ a b c d "About The City sun. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1984-1996". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  158. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 161, ¶ 1675.
  159. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 172, ¶ 1790.
  160. ^ a b c "About New York courier. (New York, N.Y.) 1961-1971". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  161. ^ a b c "About The crusader. (New-York [N.Y.]) 1853-1854". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  162. ^ a b "About Daily journal. (New York, NY) 2001-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  163. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 184, ¶ 1914.
  164. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 201, ¶ 2096.
  165. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 208, ¶ 2172.
  166. ^ "About El mulato. [online resource] (New York, N.Y.) 1854-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  167. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2249.
  168. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4322.
  169. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4323.
  170. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4324.
  171. ^ a b c d "About The Home journal news. (New York [N.Y.]) 1933-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  172. ^ a b c "About The hotel tattler. [microfilm reel] (New York [N.Y.]) 1922-1924". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  173. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 296, ¶ 3119.
  174. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 305, ¶ 3209.
  175. ^ a b c d "About Kontact. (New York, N.Y.) 1932-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  176. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 337, ¶ 3530.
  177. ^ a b c "About The liberator. (New York, N.Y.) 1929-1932". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  178. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 339, ¶ 3558.
  179. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 341, ¶ 3578.
  180. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 360, ¶ 3769.
  181. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 392, ¶ 4083.
  182. ^ a b c d "About National New York Amsterdam news. [volume] (New York) 1949-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  183. ^ a b c "About National news. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1932-1932". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  184. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 393, ¶ 4091.
  185. ^ a b c d "About The Negro champion. [volume] (New York) 1928-1929". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  186. ^ a b c d "About The Negro times. (New York [N.Y.]) 192?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  187. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 403, ¶ 4203.
  188. ^ "About The Negro world. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1917-1933". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  189. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 405, ¶ 4225.
  190. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4321.
  191. ^ a b "About The Paper. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1970-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  192. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 460, ¶ 4799.
  193. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 463, ¶ 4830.
  194. ^ a b c d "About The progressive American. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1871-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  195. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 483, ¶ 5040.
  196. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 489, ¶ 5104.
  197. ^ "About The Reporter. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1935-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  198. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 494, ¶ 5157.
  199. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 497, ¶ 5189.
  200. ^ a b c d "About New York star & Amsterdam news. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1941-1941". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  201. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 417, ¶ 4333.
  202. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 547, ¶ 5712.
  203. ^ a b c "About The tattler. [microfilm reel] (New York [N.Y.]) 1924-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  204. ^ a b c d "About The union. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1876-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  205. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 578, ¶ 6035.
  206. ^ a b c "About Weekly advocate. [online resource] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1837-1837". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  207. ^ a b "About The weekly Anglo-African. [online resource] (New York) 1861-1862". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  208. ^ a b "About The weekly Anglo-African. [online resource] (New York [N.Y.]) 1859-1861". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  209. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 605, ¶ 6328.
  210. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 609, ¶ 6363.
  211. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 618, ¶ 6461.
  212. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 621, ¶ 6492.
  213. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 621, ¶ 6493.
  214. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 68, ¶ 703.
  215. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 118, ¶ 1217.
  216. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 310, ¶ 3262.
  217. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 345, ¶ 3618.
  218. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 345, ¶ 3619.
  219. ^ a b "About New voice of New York, inc. (Jamaica, NY) 1999-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  220. ^ a b "About The New York page. (Jamaica, N.Y.) 1984-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  221. ^ a b c "About The New York voice. [microfilm reel] (Jamaica, N.Y.) 1971-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  222. ^ a b c "About The Queens voice. [volume] (Jamaica, N.Y.) 1959-1970". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  223. ^ a b c "About The voice. [volume] (Jamaica, N.Y.) 1970-1971". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  224. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 606, ¶ 6340.
  225. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6356.
  226. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 212, ¶ 2212.
  227. ^ a b "About New York voice, inc. Harlem USA. (Flushing, N.Y.) 1958-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  228. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 417, ¶ 4334.
  229. ^ a b c "About The Black agenda. (Staten Island, N.Y.) 19??-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  230. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 542, ¶ 5646.
  231. ^ a b "About The Black reign community newspaper. [volume] (Staten Island, N.Y.) 1996-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
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