Lingsberg Runestones
The Lingsberg Runestones are two 11th-century runestones,[1] listed as U 240 and U 241 in the Rundata catalog, and one fragment, U 242, that are engraved in Old Norse using the younger futhark. They are at the Lingsberg farm[2] about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of Vallentuna (halfway to Kusta), which is about 24 kilometres (15 mi) north of the center of Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden, which was part of the former province of Uppland.
The two intact runestones were raised by members of the same family, and on U 241 they engraved for posterity that a grandfather had taken two Danegelds in England. Because the receipt of the Danegeld (tax) indicates likely service with the Scandinavian troops in the Thingmen from 1018 to 1066, the runestones are dated to the second quarter of the 11th century.[3]
U 240
[edit]
The U 240 runestone is known locally as the Lingsbergsstenen 1 and was raised at the end of a causeway facing U 241. The causeway is only seen as traces in a field, and U 240 is the only runestone present. The area was much more marshy in the past and difficult to traverse until the water level in a local lake, Angarn, in Angarnsjöängen Nature Reserve was lowered in the 19th century.[4] The inscription consists of runic text on two serpents or lindworms that bracket a Christian cross and some beasts. The final portion of the text that translates as "and Holmfríðr in memory of her husbandman" is carved on the outside of the serpent to the right. U 240 is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr3, which is also known as Urnes style, and is considered to be a good example of an inscription in style Pr3.[5] This runestone style is characterized by slim and stylized animals that are interwoven into tight patterns. The animal heads are typically seen in profile with slender almond-shaped eyes and upwardly curled appendages on the noses and the necks. The runic text on U 240 was intended to be read together with that on U 241 to form a unified message.[6] Based on stylistic analysis, the inscription has been attributed to the runemaster Åsmund, who was active in the first part of the 11th century.[4]
tan
Danr
Dan
auk
ok
ok
hus(k)arl
Húskarl
Huskarl
+
auk
ok
ok
suain
Sveinn
Svæinn
+
auk
ok
ok
hulmfriþr
Holmfríðr,
Holmfriðr,
×
þaun
þau
þaun
(m)(i)(þ)kin
mœðgin
møðgin
litu
létu
letu
rita
rétta
retta
stin
stein
stæin
þino
þenna
þenna
×
aftiʀ
eptir
æftiʀ
halftan
Halfdan,
Halfdan,
+
fa(þ)ur
fǫður
faður
þaiʀa
þeira
þæiʀa
tans
Dans,
Dans,
'
auk
ok
ok
hum(f)riþr
Holmfríðr
Holmfriðr
at
at
at
buanta
bónda
boanda
sin
sinn.
sinn.
Danr and Húskarl and Sveinn and Holmfríðr, the mother and (her) sons, had this stone erected in memory of Halfdan, the father of Danr and his brothers; and Holmfríðr in memory of her husbandman. [7]
U 241
[edit]
The U 241 runestone, known locally as the Lingsbergsstenen 2, was originally at the end of a causeway facing U 240. It was discovered in 1909 during the plowing of a field.[4] It has been moved and is in the courtyard of the main building of Lingsberg. The inscription consists of runic text carved on an intertwined serpent that is under a cross. Similar to U 240, U 241 is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr3 and is attributed to the runemaster Åsmund.[4]
The runic text mentions Húskarl and Sveinn like U 241, except for Holmfríðr, and it adds Halfdan's father Ulfríkr, who had taken two danegelds in England. It does not mention which leaders paid the danegelds, unlike the other two runestones in Uppland that talk of danegelds, U 344 and U 194. The runic texts of U 240 and U 241 were intended to be read together to form a unified message, with the text on U 241 beginning with the Old Norse word en meaning "and."[6]
It was common to only carve a single rune for two consecutive letters, even when the letters were at the end of one word and the beginning of a second word.[8] When the text shown as Latin characters, the transliterated runes are doubled and separate words are shown. U 241 has three examples in its runic text where this occurred. The runes onklanti are transliterated as o| |onklanti, kialtakit as kialt| |takit, and salukuþs as salu| |uk| |kuþs. The Norse word salu for soul in the prayer at the end of the inscription was imported from English and was first recorded during the tenth century.[9]
n
En
En
tan
Danr
Dan
auk
ok
ok
huskarl
Húskarl
Huskarl
'
auk
ok
ok
sua(i)n
Sveinn
Svæinn
'
l(i)tu
létu
letu
rita
rétta
retta
stin
stein
stæin
aftiʀ
eptir
æftiʀ
'
ulfrik
Ulfrík,
Ulfrik,
'
faþurfaþur
fǫðurfǫður
faðurfaður
sino
sinn.
sinn.
'
hon
Hann
Hann
hafþi
hafði
hafði
o|
á
a
|onklanti
Englandi
Ænglandi
tuh
tvau
tu
kialt|
gjald
giald
|takit
tekit.
takit.
+
kuþ
Guð
Guð
hialbi
hjalpi
hialpi
þiʀa
þeira
þæiʀa
kiþka
feðga
fæðga
salu|
sálu
salu
|uk|
ok
ok
|kuþs
Guðs
Guðs
muþ(i)
móðir.
moðiʀ.
And Danr and Húskarl and Sveinn had the stone erected in memory of Ulfríkr, their father's father. He had taken two payments in England. May God and God's mother help the souls of the father and son. [10]
U 242
[edit]
The U 242 runestone has been found as only a fragment. It is lying beside U 241 at the drive of the main building of Lingsberg.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^
- "Lindsberg". Vallentuna Kommun.
- Otto von Friesen. "Historiska runinskrifter. 3. Lingsbergastenarna, Vallentuna socken, Uppland" (PDF). Samla.
- ^ "Riksintressen K77" (PDF). Vallentuna Kommun.
- ^ Fuglesang, Signe Horn (1998). "Swedish Runestones of the Eleventh Century: Ornament and Dating". In Düwel, Klaus; Nowak, Sean (eds.). Runeninschriften als Quellen Interdisziplinärer Forschung. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 201–202. ISBN 3-11-015455-2.
- ^ a b c d Friesen, Otto von (1911). "Historiska runinskrifter. 3. Lingsbergastenarna, Vallentuna socken, Uppland" (PDF). Fornvännen. 6. Swedish National Heritage Board: 105–125. ISSN 1404-9430. Retrieved 2010-10-08. pp. 105-113.
- ^ Gräslund, Anne-Sofie (2006). "Dating the Swedish Viking Age Runestones on Stylistic Grounds". In Stoklund, Marie; Nielsen, Michael Lerche; et al. (eds.). Runes and Their Secrets: Studies in Runology. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 122. ISBN 87-635-0428-6.
- ^ a b Bäckvall, Maja (2010), "Dvärgstenen U 359 Skepptuna k:a (pre-symposium version)" (PDF), Seventh International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions: "Runes in Context" Oslo, 2010, Oslo, Norway, p. 6
{{citation}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Runic inscription U 240". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages. Retrieved Feb 26, 2024.
- ^ Page, Raymond Ian (1987). Runes. University of California Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-520-06114-4.
- ^ Spurkland, Terje (2005). Norwegian Runes and Runic Inscriptions. van der Hoek, Betsy (trans.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 1-84383-186-4.
- ^ "Runic inscription U 241". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages. Retrieved Feb 26, 2024.
- ^ "Runic inscription U 242". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages. Retrieved Feb 26, 2024.