Lindley system
An early system of plant taxonomy, the Lindley system, was first published by John Lindley as An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (Natural History, 1830).[1] This was a minor modification of that of de Candolle (1813).[2] He developed this further over a number of publications, including the Nixus plantarum (1833)[3][4] and a second edition of Natural History (1836), in which he introduced the concept of a higher order of taxonomic rank, the Alliances, in which he embedded the Tribes (families).[5][6] He also expanded his ideas on Exogens in his entry of that name in the Penny Cyclopedia (1838).[7][8] In 1839 he revised his division of the plant kingdom into classes in an article in the Botanical Register.[9][10] Lindley's system culminated in the three editions of his Vegetable Kingdom (1846, 1847, 1853).[11][12][13]
The schema of the Natural History is shown on pages xxxv and xxxvii-xlviii.[14] In the Vegetable Kingdom,[13] the schema for the first edition is on pp. lv–lxviii. The third and final edition was published in 1853,[13] with the schema on p. lv.[15] Cross references from Natural History to Vegetable Kingdom in [Square brackets].
Summary
[edit]An Introduction to the Natural History of Botany (1830)
[edit]- Schema p. xxxv,[16]
- Outline p. xxxvii
- Index p. 345
- Genera organised into Orders (referred to as Tribes, in English)
- Class I: Vasculares (Flowering plants) p. 1
- Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons) p. 1
- Tribe I. Angiospermae p. 2
- Tribe II. Gymnospermae p. 245
- Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons) p. 251
- Tribe I Petaloideae p. 252
- Tribe II Glumaceae
- Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons) p. 1
- Class II: Cellulares (Flowerless plants)
- 1. Filicoideae
- 2. Muscoideae
- 3. Aphyllae
- Index to Introduction to Natural History p. 345[17]
Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)
[edit]- Summary of previous systems p. xxxv (see Notes)
- Schema for 1846 and 1853 p. lv[15]
- Genera organised into Alliances and Orders
Flowerless plants (Asexual)
- Class I: Thallogens
- Class II: Acrogens
Flowering plants (Sexual)
- Class III: Rhizogens
- Class IV: Endogens
- Class V: Dictyogens
- Class VI: Gymnogens
- Class VII: Exogens
- Index to Vegetable Kingdom p. 833[18]
Natural History orders (1830–1836)
[edit]165 orders (list p. 3)
Class I: Vasculares: Flowering plants
[edit]p. 1
Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons)
[edit]- Tribe I. Angiospermae p. 2
- Polypetale 165 orders p. 2
- Thalamiflorae
- Apocarpae
- 23. Menispermeae p. 31
- ...
- 117. Coriarieae p. 135
- Syncarpae
- 5. Nymphaeaceae
- ...
- 130. Violaceae (Violets) p. 146
- ...
- 107. Humiriaceae
- Apocarpae
- Calyciflorae
- Apocarpae
- 38. Saxifrageae
- ...
- 147. Crassulaceae
- Syncarpae
- 132. Malesherbiaceae
- ...
- 1. Araliaceae (Aralia) p. 4
- ...
- 58. Alangieae
- Thalamiflorae
- Apetale
- Achlamydeae
- Podostemeae
- ....
- Piperaceae
- Monopetale
- Gesnereae
- ...
- Orobancheae
- Polypetale 165 orders p. 2
- Tribe II. Gymnospermae p. 245
Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons)
[edit]Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants p. 251[19]
- Tribe I Petaloideae 32 orders p. 252[20]
(May be Tripetaloideous, Hexapetaloideous or Spadiceous)[21]
- Tripetaloideae 8 orders[22]
- 230 Butomeae (p. 253) [Alismales 208]
- 229 Alismaceae (p. 253) [Alismales 209]
- 232 Commelineae (p. 255) [Xyridales 188]
- 233 Xyrideae (p. 255) [Xyridales 187]
- 231 Hydrocharideae (p. 254) [Hydrales 141]
- 234 Bromeliaceae (p. 256) [Narcissales 147]
- 241 Scitamineae (p. 265)
- 242 Marantaceae (p. 267) [Amomales 168]
- Hexapetaloideae(17 orders)[23]
- 235: Hypoxideae
- 236: Burmannieae (p. 257)
- 237: Haemodoraceae (Blood-root tribe) p. 258*** 239: Irideae (Cornflag tribe) p. 260
- 238: Amaryllideae (Narcissus tribe) p. 259*** 240: Orchideae
- 239: Irideae (p. 260) [Narcissales 159]
- 240 Orchideae (p. 262) [Orchidales 173]
- Tripetaloideae 8 orders[22]
.....
- 243 Musaceae (p. 269)
- 235 Hypoxideae (p. 257) [Narcissales 154]
- 238 Amaryllideae (p. 259) [Narcissales 155]
- 237 Haemadoraceae (p. 258) [Narcissales 155]
- ............
- ............
- 244 Junceae (p. 270) [Juncales 191]
- 247 Asphodeleae (p. 273) [Liliaceae 200]
- 248 Gilliesieae (p. 275) [Liliales 196]
- 251 Liliaceae (p. 279) [Liliales 200]
- 249 Smilaceae (p. 277)
- 253 Restiaceae (p. 283) [Glumales 121] - Glumaceae
- Spadiceae (7 orders)[24]
- 254 Pandaneae p. 284
- 255 Typhaceae p. 285
- 256 Aroideae p. 286
- 257 Balanophoreae p. 288
- 258 Fluviales p. 289
- 259 Juncagineae p. 290
- 259 Pistiaceae p. 291 [Arales 124]
- Tribe II Glumaceae 2 orders p. 292 [Glumales 105]
- Cyperaceae [107]
- Gramineae p. 292 [Graminaceae 106]
Class II: Cellulares: Flowerless plants
[edit]p. 307
- 1. Filicoideae, or Fern-like plants
- 2. Muscoideae, or Moss-like plants
- 3. Aphyllae
Vegetable Kingdom alliances and orders (1846–1853)
[edit](pages refer to 1853 edition)
Flowerless plants
[edit]p. 5
Class I: Thallogens
[edit]3 Alliances
- Algales p. 8
- Diatomaceae
- ...
- Characeae
- Fungales, Fungi p. 29
- Lichenales, Lichens p. 45
- Algales p. 8
Class II: Acrogens
[edit]3 Alliances p. 51
- Muscales, or Moss-like plants p. 54
- Hepaticae
- Ricciaceae
- ...
- Equisetaceae, Horsetails
- Musci
- Hepaticae
- Lycopodales p. 68
- Filicales p. 74
- Muscales, or Moss-like plants p. 54
Flowering plants
[edit]Class III: Rhizogens
[edit]3 orders p. 83
- Balanophoraceae p. 88
- Cytinaceae p. 91
- Rafflesiaceae p. 93
Class IV: Endogens (Monocotyledons)
[edit]11 Alliances p. 95
- Glumales 5 orders p. 105
- Graminaceae, Grasses
- Cyperaceae, Sedges
- ...
- Eriocaulaceae, Pipeworts
- Arales 4 orders p. 123
- Palmales, Palms 1 order p. 133
- Hydrales 4 orders p. 140
- Narcissales 6 orders p. 146
- Bromeliaceae p. 147
- Taccaceae
- Haemodoraceae
- Hypoxidaceae p. 154
- Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllids 4 tribes 68 genera 400 species p. 155[25]
- Iridaceae p. 159 (53 Genera, 550 species)
- Amomales 3 orders p. 162
- Orchidales 3 orders p. 170
- Burmanniaceae
- Orchidaceae, Orchids
- Apostasiaceae
- Xyridales 4 orders p. 185
- Philydraceae
- ....
- Mayaceae
- Juncales 2 orders p. 190
- Juncaceae, Rushes
- Orontiaceae
- Liliales p. 195 4 orders
- Gilliesiaceae p. 196
- Melanthaceae
- Liliaceae, Lilyworts 11 tribes 133 genera 1200 species p. 200[26]
- I Tulipeae
- ...
- IV Scilleae
- ...
- IX Asparageae
- ...
- XI Ophiopogoneae
- Pontederaceae
- Alismales 3 orders p. 207
Class V: Dictyogens
[edit]5 orders p. 211
- Dioscoreaceae, Yams p. 214
- ...
- Roxburghiaceae
Class VI: Gymnogens
[edit]4 orders p. 221
- Cycadaceae, Cycads
- Pinaceae, Conifers p. 226
- Taxaceae
- Gnetaceae
Class VII: Exogens
[edit]4 subclasses
- Sub-class I: Diclinous Exogens 8 alliances p. 249
- Sub-class II: Hypogynous Exogens 13 alliances p. 325
- Alliance 26: Violales p. 325
- Family 116: Violaceae p. 338
- Alliance 26: Violales p. 325
- Sub-class III: Perigynous Exogens 10 alliances p. 523
- 48. Echiales p. 649
- Family 258: Boraginaceae p. 655
- 48. Echiales p. 649
- Sub-class IV: Epigynous Exogens 7 alliances p. 688
Notes
[edit]His final schemata is illustrated in the Vegetable Kingdom, his last work, on pages lv-lxvii.[27] In this work he also reviews all his previous publications relative to the many known systems published at that time.
References
[edit]- ^ Lindley 1830.
- ^ Lindley 1846, 1830 Lindley An Introduction &c.
- ^ Lindley 1833.
- ^ Lindley 1846, 1833 Lindley Nixus.
- ^ Lindley 1836.
- ^ Lindley 1846, 1836 Lindley A Natural System &c.
- ^ Lindley 1838.
- ^ Lindley 1846, 1838 Lindley Exogens.
- ^ Lindley 1839.
- ^ Lindley 1846, 1839 Lindley Botanical Register.
- ^ Lindley 1846.
- ^ Lindley 1847.
- ^ a b c Lindley 1853.
- ^ Lindley 1830, Summary tables p. xxxvii .
- ^ a b Lindley 1853, p. lv.
- ^ Lindley 1830, General view .
- ^ Lindley 1830, p. 345.
- ^ Lindley 1853, p. 833.
- ^ Lindley 1830, xlvi.
- ^ Lindley 1830, Petaloideae p. 252.
- ^ Lindley 1830, Petaloideae p. xlvi.
- ^ Lindley 1830, Tripetaloideae.
- ^ Lindley 1830, Hexapetaloideae.
- ^ Lindley 1830, Spadiceae.
- ^ Lindley 1853, Order XLVI: Amaryllidaceae - Amaryllids p. 155
- ^ Lindley 1853, Order LXII: Liliaceae - Lilyworts p. 200
- ^ Lindley 1846, p. lv.
Bibliography
[edit]- Lindley, John (1833). Nixus plantarum. London: Apud Ridgway et filios.
- Lindley, John (1838). "Exogens". The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. vol. X Ernesti–Frustum. London: Charles Knight. pp. 120–123.
- Lindley, John (1839). "Primary Distribution of the Vegetable Garden". Botanical Register. xxv: 76–81.
- A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836)
- Lindley, John (1830). An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy (1st ed.). London: Longman.
- Lindley, John (1836) [1830]. A natural system of botany; or, A systematic view of the organization, natural affinities, and geographical distribution of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy (2nd ed.). London: Longman.
- The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)
- Lindley, John (1846). The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (1st ed.). London: Bradbury.
- Lindley, John (1847) [1846]. The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (2nd ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans.
- Lindley, John (1853) [1846]. The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans.
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