Levuglandin

Levuglandin E₂
Names
	IUPAC name (5Z,8R,9R,10E,12S)-8-acetyl-9-formyl-12- hydroxyheptadeca-5,10-dienoic acid
	Other names LGE2
Identifiers
CAS Number	91712-41-3;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	4696839;
KEGG	C13807;
PubChem CID	5771742;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID30429543 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C20H32O5/c1-3-4-7-10-18(23)14-13-17(15-21)19(16(2)22)11-8-5-6-9-12-20(24)25/h5,8,13-15,17-19,23H,3-4,6-7,9-12H2,1-2H3,(H,24,25)/b8-5-,14-13+/t17-,18-,19-/m0/s1 Key: WJWAORNTZNRHBP-QNUMDXCLSA-N;
	SMILES CCCCC[C@@H](/C=C/[C@@H](C=O)[C@@H](C/C=C\CCCC(=O)O)C(=O)C)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C20H32O5
Molar mass	352.465 g/mol
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Levuglandin D₂
Names
	IUPAC name (5Z,8R,9R,10E,12S)-9-acetyl-8-formyl-12- hydroxyheptadeca-5,10-dienoic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	91712-44-6 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	7827799 ;
KEGG	C13808 ;
PubChem CID	9548876;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID30429543 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C20H32O5/c1-3-4-7-11-18(23)13-14-19(16(2)22)17(15-21)10-8-5-6-9-12-20(24)25/h5,8,13-15,17-19,23H,3-4,6-7,9-12H2,1-2H3,(H,24,25)/b8-5-,14-13+/t17-,18-,19-/m0/s1 Key: MLLWPVVMXGUOHD-QNUMDXCLSA-N ;
	SMILES CCCCC[C@@H](/C=C/[C@H]([C@@H](C/C=C\CCCC(=O)O)C=O)C(=O)C)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C20H32O5
Molar mass	352.465 g/mol
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Levuglandins are reactive aldehydes formed by the spontaneous rearrangement of prostaglandin H (PGH). Enantiomerically pure levuglandin (LG) E₂ can also be formed through the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway by a rearrangement of the prostaglandin (PG) endoperoxide PGH ₂.^[1] They are nonclassic eicosanoids. One species, levuglandin E₂, (LGE₂), forms neurotoxic adducts with amyloid beta.^[2]^[3] Levuglandins and isolevuglandins can damage proteins by covalent adduction, thereby interfering with their normal functions. These lipid-derived protein modifications may serve as dosimeters of oxidative injury. Elevated plasma levels of isoLG-protein epitopes are associated with atherosclerosis but are independent of total cholesterol, a classical risk factor.

History

Though spontaneous rearrangements of PGH2 are known to generate prostaglandins (PG) PGD2 and PGE2.^[4]^[5] Prof. Robert Salomon at Case Western Reserve University discovered that a novel alternative rearrangement also occurs that producing two γ-ketoaldehydes^[6] and named them levuglandins LGD2 and LGE2 as they are derivatives of levulinaldehyde with prostanoid side chains.

References

^ Salomon RG (2005). "Isolevuglandins, oxidatively truncated phospholipids, and atherosclerosis". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1043 (1): 327–42. Bibcode:2005NYASA1043..327S. doi:10.1196/annals.1333.040. PMID 16037255. S2CID 12782911.
^ Boutaud, Olivier; Montine, Thomas J.; Chang, Lei; Klein, William L.; Oates, John A. (2006). "PGH2-derived levuglandin adducts increase the neurotoxicity of amyloid beta1-42". Journal of Neurochemistry. 96 (4): 917–923. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03586.x. PMC 1621054. PMID 16412101.
^ Boutaud, O.; Brame, C. J.; Salomon, R. G.; Roberts Lj, 2nd; Oates, J. A. (1999). "Characterization of the lysyl adducts formed from prostaglandin H2 via the levuglandin pathway". Biochemistry. 38 (29): 9389–96. doi:10.1021/bi990470+. PMID 10413514.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Hamberg M., Samuelsson B. (1973). "Detection and isolation of an endoperoxide intermediate in prostaglandin biosynthesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70 (3): 899–903. Bibcode:1973PNAS...70..899H. doi:10.1073/pnas.70.3.899. PMC 433384. PMID 4514999.
^ Nugteren D.H., Hazelhof E. (1973). "Isolation and properties of intermediates in prostaglandin biosynthesis". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 326 (3): 448–461. doi:10.1016/0005-2760(73)90145-8. PMID 4776443.
^ Salomon R.G.; Miller D.B.; Zagorski M.G.; Coughlin D.J. (1984). "Prostaglandin endoperoxides. 14. Solvent-induced fragmentation of prostaglandin endoperoxides. New aldehyde products from PGH2 and a novel intramolecular 1*2-hydride shift during endoperoxide fragmentation in aqueous solution". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106 (20): 6049–6060. doi:10.1021/ja00332a049.

[pmid16037255-1] Salomon RG (2005). "Isolevuglandins, oxidatively truncated phospholipids, and atherosclerosis". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1043 (1): 327–42. Bibcode:2005NYASA1043..327S. doi:10.1196/annals.1333.040. PMID 16037255. S2CID 12782911.

[2] Boutaud, Olivier; Montine, Thomas J.; Chang, Lei; Klein, William L.; Oates, John A. (2006). "PGH2-derived levuglandin adducts increase the neurotoxicity of amyloid beta1-42". Journal of Neurochemistry. 96 (4): 917–923. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03586.x. PMC 1621054. PMID 16412101.

[3] Boutaud, O.; Brame, C. J.; Salomon, R. G.; Roberts Lj, 2nd; Oates, J. A. (1999). "Characterization of the lysyl adducts formed from prostaglandin H2 via the levuglandin pathway". Biochemistry. 38 (29): 9389–96. doi:10.1021/bi990470+. PMID 10413514.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[4] Hamberg M., Samuelsson B. (1973). "Detection and isolation of an endoperoxide intermediate in prostaglandin biosynthesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70 (3): 899–903. Bibcode:1973PNAS...70..899H. doi:10.1073/pnas.70.3.899. PMC 433384. PMID 4514999.

[5] Nugteren D.H., Hazelhof E. (1973). "Isolation and properties of intermediates in prostaglandin biosynthesis". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 326 (3): 448–461. doi:10.1016/0005-2760(73)90145-8. PMID 4776443.

[6] Salomon R.G.; Miller D.B.; Zagorski M.G.; Coughlin D.J. (1984). "Prostaglandin endoperoxides. 14. Solvent-induced fragmentation of prostaglandin endoperoxides. New aldehyde products from PGH2 and a novel intramolecular 1*2-hydride shift during endoperoxide fragmentation in aqueous solution". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106 (20): 6049–6060. doi:10.1021/ja00332a049.

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