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Lovage

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For the band, see Lovage (band).

Lovage
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Subfamily: Apioideae
Genus: Levisticum
Hill
Species:
L. officinale
Binomial name
Levisticum officinale

Lovage (/ˈlʌvɪdʒ/ LUV-ij; Levisticum officinale) is a tall perennial plant, the sole species in the genus Levisticum in the family Apiaceae, subfamily Apioideae.[1][2] It has been long cultivated in Europe and the leaves are used as a herb, the roots as a vegetable, and the seeds as a spice, especially in southern European cuisine. Its flavour and smell are reminiscent both of celery and parsley, only more intense and spicier than either. The seeds can be used in the same way as fennel seeds.

Description

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Lovage flowers

Lovage is an erect, herbaceous, perennial plant growing to 1.8–2.5 m (6–8 ft) tall, with a basal rosette of leaves and stems with further leaves, the flowers being produced in umbels at the top of the stems. The stems and leaves are shiny glabrous green to yellow-green and smell somewhat similar to celery when crushed. The larger basal leaves are up to 70 cm (28 in) long, tripinnate, with broad triangular to rhomboidal, acutely pointed leaflets with a few marginal teeth; the stem leaves are smaller, and less divided with few leaflets. The flowers are yellow to greenish-yellow, 2–3 mm (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) diameter, produced in globose umbels up to 10–15 cm (4–6 in) diameter; flowering is in late spring. The fruit is a dry two-parted schizocarp 4–7 mm (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) long, mature in autumn.[3]

Taxonomy

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Carl Linnaeus used the basionym Ligusticum levisticum in Species Plantarum to refer to lovage. [4] Levisticum officinale was described later by W.D.J. Koch and published in Novorum Actorum Academiae Caesareae Leopoldinae-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum in 1824.[5]

Etymology

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A lovage plant in Germany beginning to bloom in June, 2.78 m (9 ft 1 in) tall

The name "lovage" is from "love-ache", ache being a medieval name for parsley; this is a folk-etymological modification of the older French name levesche, from late Latin levisticum, in turn thought to be a modification of the earlier Latin ligusticum, 'of Liguria' (northwest Italy), where the herb was grown extensively.[6] In modern botanical usage, both Latin forms are now used for different (but closely related) genera, with Levisticum for (culinary) lovage, and Ligusticum for Scots lovage, a similar species from northern Europe, and for related species.[6]

Distribution

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Levisticum officinale is native to Afghanistan and Iran,[7] but has been introduced to most of Europe, and parts of Southeast Asia, North and South America.[7] It has been long cultivated in Europe, the leaves being used as a herb, the roots as a vegetable, and the seeds as a spice, especially in southern European cuisine.[8]

Health concerns

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Lovage root contains furanocoumarins which can lead to photosensitivity.[9]

Uses

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The leaves can be used in salads, or to make soup or season broths, and the roots can be eaten as a vegetable or grated for use in salads. Its flavour and smell are reminiscent both of celery and parsley, only more intense and spicy than either. The seeds can be used as a spice in the same way as fennel seeds.[8]

  • In the Netherlands, lovage leaves are traditionally cooked with white asparagus and salt[10][better source needed] and served with boiled eggs.[11][irrelevant citation]
  • In Ukraine, lovage (in Ukrainian любисток/liubystok) is considered an aphrodisiac. Traditionally, an infusion prepared from lovage leaves has been used by women for rinsing their hair, in order to attract men with the pleasant spicy smell of the plant. Nowadays, hair conditioners can be bought which contain lovage extract to strengthen the hair. Lovage leaves and roots are also used in salads and as a spice in Ukraine.
  • In Romania, the leaves are a preferred seasoning for the various local broths and are just as popular, in this respect, as parsley or dill.[12] Furthermore, the dried foliage and seeds are added to pickled cabbage and cucumbers both to aid in their preservation and to add flavour to them.[13]
  • In the UK, an alcoholic lovage cordial is traditionally added to brandy as a winter drink and is or was popular in Cornwall where it was originally added to slightly spoiled smuggled brandy to hide the taste of salt.[14]

The roots, which contain a heavy volatile oil, are used as a mild aquaretic.[15]

In culture

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A recommendation to cultivate lovage on the agricultural properties of Charlemagne appears in chapter 70 of Capitulare de villis, a text written around 800 AD about the maintenance of royal estates.[a][16]

Notes

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  1. ^ De villis vel curtis imperialibus (Of imperial lands and imperial courts). Volumus quod in horto omnes herbas habeant, id est (We want that in the garden they have all sorts of plants, that is): Lilium (lily), Rosas (roses), Fenigrecum (fenugreek or methi), Costum (costmary), Salviam (sage), Rutam (rue), Abrotanum (southernwood), Cucumeres (cucumbers), Pepones (big melons), Cucurbitas (European gourd), Fasiolum (bean, here black-eyed pea), Ciminum (cumin), Rosmarinum (rosemary), Careium (caraway), Cicerum italicum (chickpea), Squillum (squill), Gladiolum (gladiolus), Dragantea (dragon arum), Anesum (aniseed), Coloquentidas (colocynth), Solsequiam (heliotrope), Ameum (meum athamanticum), Silum (seseli), Lactucas (lettuces), Git (black cumin, nigella), Eruca alba (aragula or rocket salad), Nastursium (garden cress), Parduna (burdock), Peledium (pennyroyal), Olisatum (alexanders), Petresilinum (parsley), Apium (celery), Levisticum (lovage), Savinam (savin juniper), Anetum (dill), Fenicolum (fennel), Intubas (chicory), Diptamnum (dittany of Crete or hop marjoram), Sinape (mustard), Satureium (savory), Sisimbrium (water mint), Mentam (corn mint), Mentastrum (apple mint), Tanazitam (tansy), Neptam népite (catmint), Febrefugiam (common centaury), Papaver (poppy), Betas (Swiss chard), Vulgigina (European wild ginger), Mismalvas (marshmallows), Malvas (lavateras), Carvitas (carrots), Pastenacas (parsnips), Adripias (garden orache), Blidas (purple amaranth), Ravacaulos (kohlrabi), Uniones (onions), Britlas (perennial garlic), Porros (leeks), Radices (turnips or radishes), Ascalonicas (shallots), Cepas (Welsh onions), Alia (garlic), Warentiam (madder), Cardones (fuller's teasel), Fabas majores (broad beans), Pisos mauriscos (green peas), Coriandrum (coriander), Cerfolium (chervil), Lacteridas (caper spurge), Sclareiam (clary sage)

References

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  1. ^ Pimenov, M. G. & Leonov, M. V. (1993). The Genera of the Umbelliferae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 0-947643-58-3.
  2. ^ Downie, S. R., Plunkett, G. M., Watson, M. F., Spalik, K., Katz-Downie, D. S., Valiejo-Roman, C. M., Terentieva, E. I., Troitsky, A. V., Lee, B.-Y., Lahham, J., and El-Oqlah, A. (2001). "Tribes and clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: the contribution of molecular data". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 58 (2): 301–330. doi:10.1017/s0960428601000658.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Interactive Flora of NW Europe: Levisticum officinale (Lovage)
  4. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 250. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2024. see also Species Plantarum
  5. ^ W.D.J. Koch. "Levisticum officinale". Tropicos.org Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
  6. ^ a b "lovage". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  7. ^ a b "Levisticum officinale W.D.J.Koch". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  8. ^ a b Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  9. ^ Ashwood-Smith MJ, Ceska O, Yeoman A, Kenny PG (May 1993). "Photosensitivity from harvesting lovage (Levisticum officinale)". Contact Dermatitis. 26 (5): 356–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00138.x. PMID 1395606. S2CID 30154586.
  10. ^ Thyra (2017-06-30). "Thyra: Lovage/Løvstikke". Thyra. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  11. ^ "Blogwatching: white asparagus – A Dutch ritual". DutchNews.nl. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  12. ^ "În ce fel de ciorbe este indicat să folosim leuşteanul. Cât de multe frunze puternic aromate putem pune". adevarul.ro. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
  13. ^ "Cum faci cele mai gustoase murături". Adevarul newspaper. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  14. ^ Information on Lovage Cordial Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Community herbal monograph on Levisticum officinale Koch, radix" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 2012-03-27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-25. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  16. ^ Moncorgé, Marie Josèphe. "Of imperial lands and imperial courts Capitulary of Charlemagne". www.oldcook.com. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
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