Anthriscus sylvestris
| Anthriscus sylvestris | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Anthriscus |
| Species: | A. sylvestris
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| Binomial name | |
| Anthriscus sylvestris | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Synonyms list
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Anthriscus sylvestris, known as cow parsley,[2] wild chervil,[2] wild beaked parsley, Queen Anne's lace or keck,[2][3] is a herbaceous biennial or short-lived perennial plant in the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae).[4] It is also sometimes called mother-die (especially in the UK), a name that is also applied to the common hawthorn. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwestern Africa. It is related to other diverse members of Apiaceae, such as parsley, carrot, hemlock and hogweed. It is often confused with Daucus carota, another member of the Apiaceae also known as "Queen Anne's lace" or "wild carrot".[5]
Description
[edit]Cow parsley is an upright herbaceous (non-woody) perennial, growing to 60–170 centimetres (24–67 inches) tall. The stems are hollow, striate (striped with parallel, longitudinal lines), furrowed, and green in colour with flushes of purple, with a diameter up to 1.5 cm (0.59 in). It has tiny hairs on the stem, rachis, and leaf stalks which are difficult to see but can easily be detected by touch. The petioles clasp the stem around the base and are broad and flattened with a downy margin. The rachis has a deep grooved channel.
The leaves are triangular, 2–3 pinnate, roughly 30 cm wide and 45 cm long, green, and fern-like or feathery in appearance with hair on the underside. The lowest primary division is much smaller than the rest of the leaf.[6][7]
The flowers are arranged in compound umbels on short pedicels (<1 cm) with a ring of short, stout hairs at the apex.[8] There are downy oval bractioles with red pointy tips on the umblets, arranged on 4–10 rays 1.5–3 cm long. The rays are glabrous (smooth and hairless), with no bract present. Peduncles are similar in length to rays, more or less glabrous and furrowed. Each flower has 5 white petals, 2 stamens and 2 styles with an enlarged base forming a swelling at the apex of the ovary (stylopodium).[9]
The main stem meets the roots in a single primary taproot which can branch further below the surface. From the roots lateral rhizomes can form. Flowering time in the UK is April to early June.[10]
Habitat
[edit]Cow parsley grows in sunny to semi-shaded locations in meadows and at the edges of hedgerows and woodland. It is a particularly common sight by the roadside and with its frothy early-flowering white blooms is regarded as the most important springtime landscape wildflower in Britain.[11] However, the plant is also sufficiently common and fast-growing to be considered a nuisance weed in gardens. Cow parsley's ability to spread rapidly by means of rhizomes and to produce large quantities of seeds in a single growing season has made it an invasive species in many areas of the United States. Vermont has listed cow parsley on its "Watch List" of invasive species, while Massachusetts has banned the sale of the plant.[12] It is classed as a Class B Noxious Weed in the State of Washington since 1989,[5] where its sale is also banned. In Iceland, cow parsley has been classified as an alien invasive species.[13]
Uses
[edit]All above-ground parts of the cow parsley plant are edible, with a flavour sharper than garden chervil and described as grassy parsley, with a hint of licorice or aniseed. However, it is suspected of being mildly toxic according to some sources.[14] The plant is an invasive species in many places outside of its native range. It spreads easily along roads and the edges of woods and fields, so it is not cultivated but instead foraged in the wild. In the UK it is foraged from February to November. However extreme caution is advised when foraging cow parsley because it is easily confused with other species of the Apiaceae family, such as the deadly poison hemlock, hemlock water-dropwort and fool's parsley. Because the plant's flavour is considered unremarkable and the risk is great, foraging cow parsley in the wild is usually strongly discouraged.[15]: 64
Gallery
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Illustration from Köhler's Medicinal Plants -
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The base of a second-year plant in September and a young layer (Warming 1884)
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References
[edit]- ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 20 December 2015
- ^ a b c "Anthriscus sylvestris". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ "Cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris)". Woodland Trust. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. An Irish Flora. Dundalgan Press Ltd, Dundalk. ISBN 0-85221-131-7
- ^ a b "Wild chervil". King County.
- ^ Rose, Francis (2006). The Wild Flower Key. London: Frederick Warne. ISBN 978-0-7232-5175-0.
- ^ Stace, C.A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles. Suffolk. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Tutin, T.G. (1980). Umbellifers of the British Isles. London: Botanical Society of the British Isles.
- ^ Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (2009). Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, vol 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Harper, Lizzie (2021-11-12). "Cow Parsley: All about an Umbellifer". Lizzie Harper | Natural history illustration for books, magazines, and packaging. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
- ^ Mabey R. 1996. Flora Britannica. Sinclair-Stevenson. ISBN 1-85-619377-2
- ^ The Massachusetts Prohibited Plant List. [1] (Accessed 02/07/2022)
- ^ Ágengar plöntur (Invasive plants). Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands (Icelandic Institute of Natural History. Retrieved on May 2nd 2019. (In Icelandic).
- ^ Cooper MR, Johnson AW. Poisonous plants in Britain and their effects on animals and man. HM Stationery Office ISBN 0-11-242529-1
- ^ Renton, Marlow; Biggane, Eric (2019). Foraging Pocket Guide (2020 ed.). Wild Foods UK. ISBN 978-1-9999222-2-1.
External links
[edit]
- "Anthriscus sylvestris". Plants For A Future.
- "Wild chervil". Wild Foods UK.
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