Jump to content

Womyn's land

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Lesbian land movement)
Part of a series on
Lesbian feminism
People
Groups
Key issues
Media
Books
Other
Actions and ideas
Feminism portal
Part of a series on
Radical feminism
Women's liberation movement
People
Groups
Issues
Media
Books
Other
Other
Feminism portal

Womyn's land is an intentional community organised by lesbian separatists to establish counter-cultural, women-centred space, without the presence of men.[1][2] These lands were the result of a social movement of the same name that developed in the 1970s in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and western Europe.[3] Many still exist today.[4] Womyn's land-based communities and residents are loosely networked through social media; print publications such as newsletters; Maize: A Lesbian Country Magazine;[5][6] Lesbian Natural Resources, a not-for-profit organisation that offers grants and resources; and regional and local gatherings.[7]

Womyn's lands practice various forms of lesbian separatism, an idea which emerged as a result of the radical feminist movement in the late 1960s.[8] Lesbian separatism is based on the idea that women must exist separately from men, socially and politically, in order to achieve the goals of feminism.[9] These separatist communities exist as a way for women to achieve female liberation by separating themselves from mainstream patriarchal society.[10] Men are not allowed to live in these communities, but a few lands allow men to visit.[4] Some communities ban male infants and/or male relatives.[4]

Womyn's lands have generated a wide range of criticisms, most of which centre around the lack of acceptance by many residents of bisexual and heterosexual women; the exclusion of transgender women; ideological conflicts with local communities that include violence and threats of violence targeting residents of womyn's lands;[11][12] and local community concerns about expanded lesbian visibility.[11][13] Examples of present-day womyn's lands include Hawk Hill Community Land Trust, HOWL, Susan B. Anthony Memorial Unrest Home (SuBAMUH) and Sugar Loaf Women's Village.[14] Today, these communities are facing decline as founders age, and they struggle to connect with younger generations of women.[4]

Terminology

[edit]

Feminists have used a variety of alternative spellings for women, most notable womyn. Separatist intentional communities have been referred to using these alternative spellings, and other terms, like womyn's land, lesbian land, wimmin's land, landdyke communities, or women's land. The associated social movement has similarly been called the womyn's land movement, lesbian land movement, landdyke or landyke movement, and women's land movement.[1][3] Open women's land refers to lands that are open to any female for visiting, staying, or building homes.[15]

Historical precedent

[edit]

Sanctificationists a.k.a. Woman's Commonwealth

[edit]
Main article: Woman's Commonwealth

A precursor to womyn's land and the womyn's land movement in the United States is the Sanctificationists, or Woman's Commonwealth, which was established in Texas in the late 1870s.[16] A brief article published in the lesbian separatist periodical, Austindyke (alternately spelled as Austin Dyke), in 1979 and then reprinted in Sisters United in 1980 described the Woman's Commonwealth as a forerunner of the lesbian land movement.[17][full citation needed] It is unclear whether the Sanctificationists influenced the movement that flourished in the 1970s and 1980s.[18]

Founded in the late 1870s to early 1880s, the Sanctificationists, later known as the Woman's Commonwealth, were a women's land-based commune first established in Belton, Texas.[16] The community was originally established by Martha McWhirter and her women's bible study group on land that was inherited when the women's husbands died or quit the home. Residents of the commune were women and their dependent children; many of the women fled abusive homes to join the community. The Sisters embraced first wave feminist ideologies, and sought spiritual, economic, and social equality for women.[19] To that end, they practised celibacy as a way to liberate women from the spiritual degradation of heterosexual intercourse, the oppressive needs of children and child rearing, and male violence.[19][20] The Sanctificationists were economically successful; they ran several boarding houses, two hotels, formed holding companies to manage their properties, and operated two farms to provide food for their multiple dining rooms. At one point, there were between 42 and 50 women members on record,[19][16] including at least one African-American woman who is thought to be a former slave.[16] In the 1880s, the citizens of Belton blamed the Sanctificationists for rising separation and divorce rates, and of undermining the meaning of marriage through their practice of celibacy.[20][21] In 1899, the entire commune moved to Washington, DC, where they opened boarding houses, a hotel, and participated in urban feminist organisations.[19][20] McWhirter died in 1904, and the commune began a slow decline. In 1917, there were six remaining members who purchased a farm in rural Maryland to provide food for their urban dining halls, and to provide a pastoral retreat for themselves in a rural landscape. The last member of the commune died in 1983 at the age of 101.[20]

Theory

[edit]

Radical feminism

[edit]

Radical feminism advocates for the elimination of female oppression through social and political transformation of patriarchal society.[22] The idea of female oppression rather than discrimination on the basis of sex came in part due to Simone De Beauvoir's work The Second Sex. It was the belief of radical feminists that the study of the oppression could aid in its dismantling.[23]

Radical feminism grew out of other radical movements during the 1960s such as the Anti-War Movement.[22] Women who took part in these radical movements felt under-represented in comparison to the men, which contributed to the formation of second-wave feminism and radical feminism.[22]

Radical feminist ideology is different from mainstream or liberal feminism because it believes that women's liberation can only be achieved through the re-ordering of patriarchal society, while mainstream/liberal feminism seeks equality within the current system in place.[24] Radical feminism also focuses on sex as the root of female oppression, as opposed to social class and/or race.[24] Notable radical feminist groups and organisations include Cell 16, Redstockings, The Radical Feminists #28 and The Furies Collective.[25][8][26][10]

Lesbian separatism and separatist spaces

[edit]

Lesbian separatism is rooted in the idea that women should and must exist separately from men in order to transform patriarchal society. Lesbian separatist ideology has changed over time as the Radical Feminist Movement continued in its development. In the earlier stages of lesbian separatism the term lesbian separatist was considered synonymous to the term radical feminist. However, as each group developed distinct ideologies, tension formed between radical feminists and lesbian separatists.[27] Lesbian separatists used the separatist ideology as a way to "test one's feminist commitment,"[28] which resulted in a divide.

An increase in lesbian feminism essays and papers centred around the subject of lesbian separatism, influenced and shaped lesbian separatist ideology as well.[29] Influential works which helped shape lesbian separatism included Lesbian Separatism: Amazon Analysis, the Collective Lesbian International Terrorists Papers, and Cell 16's No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation.[30]

Lesbian separatism is not only practised and utilised in communal areas such as womyn's lands; it is also practised in separatist events and women-only spaces. One example of a feminist separatist event (the invited participants were womyn-born womyn, girls of all ages, boys 10 and under) is the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival.[31] This music festival was held in Michigan every year from 1976 to 2015.[32] It was created by women for the purpose of establishing an annual safe, social space dedicated for lesbians and women alike.[32][31] The Michigan Womyn's Music Festival embraced a separatist ideology by not permitting men, male children, or trans women to participate in the festival.[31]

Significance to feminist thought and woman-based communities

[edit]

Feminist ideology maintains that the patriarchal institutions and social norms which make up society are the source of female oppression. Lesbian separatist ideology recognises the oppression which results from patriarchal society, however, it asserts that the root of oppression derives from men themselves, individually and as a group.[33] Unlike feminism, lesbian separatism views men as the main source of their oppression.[34] Through this ideology, many lesbian separatists consider men as the sole perpetrators of adverse economic, societal, and cultural issues which affect them.[10] As a result, lesbian separatists sought to construct autonomous womyn's land communities where they could live segregated from men entirely.[10]

Criticisms

[edit]
Photograph of Camp Sister Spirit resident donating supplies to church community.
Residents of Camp Sister Spirit were active in their local community, donating food, clothing, and other supplies.

Cisgender lesbians are usually the only persons permitted to be members of most womyn's lands. This policy has been criticised for excluding bisexual, heterosexual, and transgender women.[31][4] In the past, some womyn's lands were criticised for excluding women of color and working class lesbians;[35] and lesbian separatist communities were also accused of being a privilege offered solely to the few who could afford the closed-off lifestyle.[36]

Michigan Womyn's Music Festival

[edit]

The Michigan Womyn's Music Festival was an annual women's music festival held on 650 acres (260 ha) of privately owned land near Hart, Michigan.[37] Founded in 1976 by Lisa Vogel, Kristie Vogel and Mary Kindig,[38] MichFest ran for 40 years until 2015.[39][40] Controversy over the festival's intention permitting only womyn-born womyn (excluding transgender women) volunteers and attendees at the event began in 1991 and continued until the final gathering.[41][42] Critics of the festival's viewpoint included actress/comedian Lea DeLaria, musicians the Indigo Girls and Antigone Rising, and poet Andrea Gibson.[43][44] Trans activist/comedian Red Durkin created a boycott petition against MWMF on Change.org in 2013.[45]

Camp Sister Spirit

[edit]

Camp Sister Spirit, located in southern Mississippi in the town of Ovett, was a 120-acre (49 ha) feminist retreat[46] founded by lesbian couple Brenda and Wanda Henson in July 1993.[47] Soon after work on the property had begun, the camp was criticized by many local residents and community leaders,[48] including Southern Baptist ministers, Jones County Deputy Sheriff Myron Holifield, and US Representative Michael Parker, who held well-attended town hall meetings and a fundraiser to raise money to force the camp to close.[11][12] The Reverend John S. Allen, who was a pastor in Richton, a town close to Ovett, preached and wrote against Camp Sister Spirit citing biblical concerns about homosexuality.[11][13][49] Residents of the land received bomb threats, hate mail, vandalism, death threats by phone, and other acts of terrorism.[50][12][13] Local law enforcement officials downplayed the threats against Camp Sister Spirit and failed to adequately investigate.[11]

In 1994, then Attorney General Janet Reno asked the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to investigate the potential for violence against Camp Sister Spirit, and later sent federal mediators to attempt resolution.[11][12][13] The opponents of Camp Sister Spirit refused to participate in mediation; a group filed one lawsuit against Reno, and another against Camp Sister Spirit.[11] The conflict also appeared on talk shows and in a Congressional hearing with both sides arguing their different views.[11][13]

Brenda Henson died in 2008 and Camp Sister Spirit closed two years later.[51][52]

Communities

[edit]

Australia

[edit]

In 1974, Amazon Acres was founded near Wauchope, New South Wales.[53][54] In 1980 and 1982, several women from Amazon Acres founded Herland and The Valley/Vallee.[55]

United States

[edit]

Southern Oregon

[edit]

There were at least 39 communities in southern Oregon—mainly in Douglas and Josephine county—between 1972 and 1995.[56][57] Shelley Grosjean considers Rootworks, Cabbage Lane, WomanShare, Golden, Fly Away Home, OWL Farm, Rainbow's End, Groundworks, WHO Farm, and Copperland as key womyn's land communities in southern Oregon.[56] Because many of the womyn's lands in southern Oregon have been close to I-5, the section of the interstate between Eugene and the California border has been called the "Amazon Trail."[57]

Oregon Women's Land Trust
[edit]
Main article: Oregon Women's Land Trust
Conjoined trees at Bold Moon Farm in rural Guilford County, North Carolina

The Oregon Women's Land Trust was founded in 1975 and owns 147 acres (59 ha) of land in Douglas County, referred to as OWL Farm. Initial conversations about the idea of an open womyn's land arose from a WomanShare conference about money and power.[58] Members of surrounding womyn's lands wanted a place where economically disadvantaged women could stay with other women without the need for permanent residence or invitation. They wanted to establish a land trust that was accessible to women and children regardless of their financial status. The land would be held in perpetuity and in its initial form would be open for any women to come live on. Open Land Trust meetings were held in 1975 and 1976. Women collectively contributed money to buy the land together, giving anywhere between $25–5000.[56][58] In the spring of 1976, a 147-acre piece of land was found in southern Oregon.[59][60][61] Over 100 women attended the first meeting that took place at OWL Farm. Soon after this meeting, sixteen women met to form the caretaker collective and moved on to the land in July 1976.[62] Over time the community reorganised financially into a federally recognised 501(c)(3) organization.

As with many back to the land and intentional communities, the community at OWL farm faced challenges related to philosophical and political differences as well as interpersonal issues. These are documented in a number of writings by women who lived in the community.[62] In 1987, a resident caretaker remained and OWL Trust began hosting conferences and other events on the farm. The land continued to provide residential space but was no longer run as a collective. In 1999 the policy that had allowed any woman to live there without any prior vetting or approval was changed to create a more stable and sustainable living environment. [63]

As of 2018 the Trust has an active board and has had resident caretakers for most years since it ceased being a residential community. Infrastructure improvements continue with maintenance of buildings, water system improvements and restoration of the farm's original pond. As well as preserving and maintaining OWL Farm, the Trust runs educational and wildland access programming in the areas of ecological land management, organic gardening, permaculture and out-door skills. Regular hikes and gatherings are offered at OWL Farm.[64] The farm is also the last resting place of women members who have requested natural burial or interment of ashes.

HOWL

[edit]

The Huntington Open Women's Land (HOWL) was established in 1989 on 50 acres of land in Huntington, Vermont.[65][66][67]

Maat Dompim Womyn of Color Land Project

[edit]

Amoja ThreeRivers and Blanche Jackson created Maat Dompim, the Womyn of Color Land Project in 1992. It was structured to be a retreat and conference center, where women could stay for short periods of time.[68] ThreeRivers and Jackson spent seven years raising money and in 1999, they bought 109 acres (44 ha) of land in Buckingham County, Virginia.[69][70] Many women expressed interest in the project but few came to help develop the land.[71] As of 2015, no one lives on the property.[72]

Lists of womyn's lands

[edit]

Active communities

[edit]

Former separatist communities

[edit]
  • Arco Iris (1977–present, Arkansas)[90][75]
  • Susan B. Anthony Memorial Unrest Home/SuBAMUH (1979–present, Ohio)[91]

Defunct communities

[edit]

Womyn's land groups that cease to exist have had their property absorbed by conservation groups and other land trusts, or sold. Others have changed their structure from womyn's lands to non-separatist intentional communities or land trusts.[90]

In media

[edit]

Fiction

[edit]
See also: Feminist science fiction and Single-gender world

Several novels have been published in English that are inspired by womyn's lands.[96] These include:

Non-fiction

[edit]
  • Hawk Madrone's memoir Weeding at Dawn: A Lesbian Country Life (2000) details her time living at Fly Away Home in southern Oregon.[80]
  • Myriam Fougère's 2012 film Lesbiana: A Parallel Revolution documents the history of lesbian separatism, lesbian lands, and lesbian culture in the United States and Canada. It includes artists, activists, and other women who currently or have lived on womyn's lands, attended women's music festivals, or participated in other aspects of lesbian culture.[99][100] The film features many notable lesbian feminists, such as Gloria Escomel, Nicole Brossard, Alix Dobkin, Marilyn Frye, Carolyn Gage, Sonia Johnson, Evelyn Torton Beck, Sarah Hoagland, and Julia Penelope.[101]
  • Amazon Acres, You Beauty: Stories of Women's Lands, Australia (2017) is a collection of women's stories curated by Sand Hall about the Australian womyn's land Amazon Acres.[55]
  • Wild Mares: My Lesbian Back-to-the-Land Life (2018) by Dianna Hunter documents the author's experiences on a womyn's land in Wisconsin.[102]
  • A Woman's Place: A Feminist Collective in the Adirondacks (2020) by Lorraine Duvall chronicles the history of A Woman's Place, a womyn's land that was within the Adirondack Park in Athol, New York.[103]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Levy, Ariel (March 2, 2009). "Lesbian Nation". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  2. ^ Ellison, Kate (September 30, 2013). "Lesbian Intentional Community: "Yer not from around here, are ya?"". Fellowship for Intentional Community. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  3. ^ a b Cheney 1985.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Kershaw, Sarah (January 30, 2009). "My Sister's Keeper". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  5. ^ "Maize, A Lesbian Country Magazine". Woman, Earth & Spirit, Inc. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  6. ^ "Maize". Retrieved 13 June 2018 – via Lesbian Poetry Archive.
  7. ^ Waldner, Lisa K.; Dobratz, Betty A.; Buzzell, Tim, eds. (2004). "Rivers of ideas, participants, and praxis: the benefits and challenges of confluence in the Landdyke movement (by Sine Anahita)". Politics of Change: Sexuality, Gender and Aging (Research in Political Sociology, Volume 13). Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 13–46. ISBN 978-0762309917.
  8. ^ a b Bess, Gabby (October 13, 2015). "No Man's Land: How to Build a Feminist Utopia". Broadly. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  9. ^ Shugar 1995, p. xi.
  10. ^ a b c d Shugar 1995, p. 14.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Lynch, Thomas P. (Winter 1995). "Camp Sister Spirit: A retreat under siege". Mediation Quarterly. 13 (2): 151–163. doi:10.1002/crq.3900130208. ISSN 1536-5581.
  12. ^ a b c d "Reno Sends Mediators To Mississippi As Lesbian-Run Camp Divides Town". The Washington Post. February 19, 1994. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  13. ^ a b c d e Greene, Kate (2003). "Fear and Loathing in Mississippi: The Attack on Camp Sister Spirit". Journal of Lesbian Studies. 7 (2): 85–106. doi:10.1300/J155v07n02_07. ISSN 1089-4160. PMID 24815896. S2CID 32627451.
  14. ^ a b c Conti, Allie (December 18, 2016). "Who's Killing the Women's Land Movement?". Vice. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  15. ^ Anahita 2003, p. 17–18.
  16. ^ a b c d Lufburrow, Debra (2001). Set Apart: The Sanctified Sisters. Booklocker.com. ISBN 978-1929072712.
  17. ^ Peticolas, Anne. (1980). "Reclaiming hystory: The Belton Sanctificationists." Sisters United 20(6): 13.
  18. ^ Anahita, Sine (2009). "Nestled into Niches: Prefigurative Communities on Lesbian Land". Journal of Homosexuality. 56 (6): 719–737. doi:10.1080/00918360903054186. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 19657932. S2CID 28508292.
  19. ^ a b c d Kitch, Sally (Spring 1994). "The Woman's Commonwealth: Celibacy and Women's Rights". Communities (82): 40–44.
  20. ^ a b c d Sokolow, Jayme A.; Lamanna, Mary Ann (April 1984). "Women and Utopia: The Woman's Commonwealth of Belton, Texas". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 87 (4): 371–392. JSTOR 30236969. OCLC 01766223.
  21. ^ Kitch, Sally L. (1992). This Strange Society of Women: Reading the Letters and Lives of the Women's Commonwealth (1st ed.). Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0814205792.
  22. ^ a b c Lewis, Jone Johnson (June 6, 2005). "What Is Radical Feminism?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved April 27, 2017. (Updated August 15, 2017)
  23. ^ Atkinson, Ti-Grace (March 2014). "The Descent from Radical Feminism to Postmodernism" (PDF). Boston University.
  24. ^ a b Echols, Alice (1989). Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0816617869.
  25. ^ Napikoski, Linda (December 30, 2009). "Redstockings Radical Feminist Group". ThoughtCo. Retrieved April 28, 2017. (Updated May 4, 2017)
  26. ^ Thomas, June (May 6, 2016). "The National Register of Historic Places Adds Its First Lesbian Landmark". Slate. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  27. ^ Shugar 1995, p. 39.
  28. ^ Shugar 1995, p. 40.
  29. ^ Shugar 1995, p. 38.
  30. ^ Dunbar, Roxanne; Densmore, Dana; Warrior, Betsy, eds. (February 1969). "Table Contents". No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation. 1 (2). Cell 16 – via Duke University Libraries. ("No. 1" in Duke Library title is incorrect.)
  31. ^ a b c d Browne, Kath (October 2009). "Womyn's Separatist Spaces: Rethinking Spaces of Difference and Exclusion". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 34 (4): 541–556. Bibcode:2009TrIBG..34..541B. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2009.00361.x. ISSN 0020-2754. JSTOR 40270736.
  32. ^ a b King, Lori (August 16, 2015). "Womyn's Rite: Annual Michigan Fest roared for 40 years". The Blade. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
  33. ^ Shugar 1995, p. 42.
  34. ^ Frye, Marilyn (1983). ""Some Reflections on Separatism and Power"". Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory (1st ed.). Crossing Press. ISBN 978-0895940995.
  35. ^ Shugar 1995, p. 45-48.
  36. ^ Shugar 1995, p. 49.
  37. ^ "Michigan Womyn's Music Festival". Michfest. 2015. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  38. ^ Stein, Marc, ed. (2003). "Music: Women's Festivals, by Bonnie J. Morris". Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0684312613.
  39. ^ Michigan Womyn's Music Festival (April 21, 2015). "Dear Sisters, Amazon, Festival family". Facebook. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  40. ^ Brownworth, Victoria A. (April 23, 2015). "Michigan Womyn's Music Festival to End after 40 Years". Curve. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  41. ^ Cogswell, Kelly (April 29, 2015). "Dyke-Baiting, Trans-Hating, and the MichFest Debacle". Gay City News. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  42. ^ Macdonald, Jocelyn (October 24, 2018). "Setting the Record Straight About MichFest". AfterEllen. Retrieved 19 June 2019. (Interview with Lisa Vogel)
  43. ^ Heithmar, Judy (September 10, 2014). "Michfest is dying from bigotry". Socialist Worker. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  44. ^ Ring, Trudy (April 21, 2015). "This Year's Michigan Womyn's Music Festival Will Be the Last". The Advocate. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  45. ^ "Heated debate follows Michigan Fest boycott petition". Windy City Times. April 12, 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  46. ^ "Welcome to Camp Sister Spirit". Camp Sister Spirit. 2002. Archived from the original on November 28, 2002. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  47. ^ Lee, Anita (October 27, 2003). "Camp Sister Spirit". Gay Today. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  48. ^ "Mississippi Town Roiled by Lesbians' Plan for Women's Camp". The New York Times. January 9, 1994. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  49. ^ Allen, John S. (January 6, 1994). "The Homosexual Agenda and the Church: Silence Equals Consent". The Baptist Record. Mississippi Baptist Convention Board.
  50. ^ "LGBT History: The Hensons and Camp Sister Spirit". Unity Mississippi. November 16, 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  51. ^ a b Sisco, Marideth (September 22, 2014). "Camp Sister Spirit". My Life and Times. Yarnspinner Press. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  52. ^ McDevitt, John (November 22, 2015). "Hattiesburg, Miss., Pride birthed from decades of struggle". Liberation News. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  53. ^ Meyering, Isobelle Barrett (May 2013). "'There must be a better way': motherhood and the dilemmas of feminist lifestyle change". Outskirts. 28. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  54. ^ Souter, Fenell (29 July 2019). "'No men, no meat, no machines': How a band of women tried to forge a female utopia". ABC News. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  55. ^ a b Hall, Sand; Metcalf, Bill (2017). "Amazon Acres, You Beauty". Communal Societies. 37 (1): 106.
  56. ^ a b c Grosjean 2011.
  57. ^ a b c d e Sandilands, Catriona (June 2002). "Lesbian Separatist Communities and the Experience of Nature". Organization & Environment. 15 (2): 131–163. doi:10.1177/10826602015002002. ISSN 1086-0266. S2CID 58915674.
  58. ^ a b Burmeister 2013, p. 17-18.
  59. ^ "HERSTORY—Oregon Women's Land Trust". Oregon Women's Land Trust. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  60. ^ "Lesbian Intentional Community: 'Yer not from around here, are ya?'". Fellowship for Intentional Community. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
  61. ^ Gorman-Murray, Andrew; Cook, Matt (2017). Queering the Interior. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 9781474262224.
  62. ^ a b Summerhawk, Barbara; Gagehabib, La Verne (2000). Circles of Power: Shifting Dynamics in a Lesbian-centered Community. New Victoria Publishers. ISBN 9781892281135.
  63. ^ Luis 2009, p. 145.
  64. ^ "PROGRAMS—Oregon Women's Land Trust". Oregon Women's Land Trust. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  65. ^ a b "HOWL". Huntington Open Women's Land. 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  66. ^ a b Jones, Rachel Elizabeth (March 22, 2017). "The Herstory of Huntington Open Women's Land". Seven Days Vermont.
  67. ^ Raphael, Rina (August 24, 2019). "Why Doesn't Anyone Want to Live in This Perfect Place?". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  68. ^ (:Null) (November 1996). Namsoo, Joanne (ed.). "Women of colour land project". Kinesis. p. 8. doi:10.14288/1.0046854.
  69. ^ "Maat gets the Land". Black Lines. Vol. 4, no. 5. June 1999. p. 23.
  70. ^ Jackson, Blanche; Bloome, Carol; Amoja (April 1995). "Maat Dompim, the Womyn of Color Land Project". Off Our Backs. 25 (4): 8. ISSN 0030-0071. JSTOR 20835115.
  71. ^ Landykes of the South 2015, p. 154–156in "'A Great Big Women of Color Tent:' Blanche Jackson and Maat Dompim" by Merril Mushroom
  72. ^ Luis 2018, p. 50·51.
  73. ^ Cheney 1985, p. 24-29.
  74. ^ Herreras, Mari (April 10, 2013). "Womyn's Land". Tucson Weekly. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  75. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Landykes of the South 2015, pp. 177–191, "Women's Lands in Southwestern States" by Kate Ellison.
  76. ^ "Cabbage Lane Land Trust". Facebook. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  77. ^ a b c d e f g Santana 2013, p. 110.
  78. ^ "Wisconsin Womyn's Land Co-op". History of Gay and Lesbian Life in Wisconsin. February 2011.
  79. ^ Cheney 1985, p. 46-49.
  80. ^ a b Burmeister 2013, p. 17.
  81. ^ Luis 2018, p. 50-51.
  82. ^ "Welcome to Our New Mexico Women's Retreat at Outland". New Mexico Women's Retreat. 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  83. ^ Gass-Pooré, Jordan (August 31, 2015). "Lesbian-only 'intentional community' outlasts others". Arkansas Democrat Gazette. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  84. ^ a b Burmeister 2013, p. 132.
  85. ^ Burmeister 2013, p. 1.
  86. ^ a b Burmeister 2013, p. 18.
  87. ^ "About". We'Moon Land. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  88. ^ Burmeister 2013, p. 81, 110.
  89. ^ Miracle, Billie (Fall 2014). "Local women's land celebrates 40 years" (PDF). Applegater.
  90. ^ a b c d e Zajicek, Anna; Lord, Allyn (October 1, 2015). "Women's Intentional Communities". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. The Central Arkansas Library System. As of 2011, out of six women's land communities created in northwestern Arkansas, three—Yellowhammer, Sassafras, and Whippoorwillow—no longer exist; one—Arco Iris—is no longer women-only land, and another—Spinsterhaven—has changed its mission. The thriving OLHA stands in stark contrast as the remaining women's land community in Arkansas.
  91. ^ "2019 Newsletter". Susan B. Anthony Memorial Unrest Home Women's Land Trust (SuBAMUH). March 7, 2019. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. SuBAMUH is emerging from a transition period as we transform from a women's-only space to one that is open to all sexes and genders.
  92. ^ Cheney 1985, p. 19-23.
  93. ^ Cheney 1985, p. 55-58.
  94. ^ Cheney 1985, p. 61-65.
  95. ^ Ellison, Kate (Fall 2015). "Women's Land in Southern States". Sinister Wisdom. 98: 177–191. ISSN 0196-1853.
  96. ^ Shugar 1995, p. 121.
  97. ^ Singer, Rochelle (1980). The Demeter Flower. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312191948.
  98. ^ Forrest, Katherine V. (1984). Daughters of a Coral Dawn. Naiad Press. ISBN 978-0930044503. OCLC 10019154.
  99. ^ R. R. G. "Lesbiana: A Parallel Revolution." Bitch Magazine: Feminist Response to Pop Culture, no. 58 (Spring 2013): 71–72.
  100. ^ da Silva, Michelle (August 20, 2013). "Vancouver Queer Film Fest: Lesbiana uncovers the power of lesbian communes". Georgia Straight. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  101. ^ Lesbiana – A Parallel Revolution (Cast and Crew), 2012, archived from the original on October 27, 2012, retrieved 3 June 2019
  102. ^ Hunter, Dianna (2018). Wild Mares: My Lesbian Back-to-the-Land Life. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1517902650.
  103. ^ Staff (March 2, 2020). "A Woman's Place: A Feminist Collective in the Adirondacks". New York Almanack. Retrieved September 29, 2020.

Parenthetical sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
Books and journals
[edit]
Look up womyn's land in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Womyn%27s_land&oldid=1256722482"