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Lapulapu

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"Lapu-Lapu" redirects here. For the city named after him, see Lapu-Lapu City. For other uses, see Lapu-Lapu (disambiguation).
In this Philippine name for indigenous people, this person is addressed by the sole name, Lapulapu.

Lapulapu
Imaginary posthumous portrait of Lapulapu by Carlo Caacbay for the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, 2019
Datu of Mactan
Reignc. 1521
PredecessorRajah Mangal
SuccessorRajah Mangubat[1]

Lapulapu[2][3][4] (fl. 1521) or Lapu-Lapu, whose name was first recorded as Çilapulapu,[5] was a datu (chief) of Mactan, an island now part of the Philippines. Lapulapu is known for the 1521 Battle of Mactan, where he and his men defeated Spanish forces led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his native allies Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula.[6][7] Magellan's death in battle ended his voyage of circumnavigation and delayed the Spanish occupation of the islands by over forty years[8] until the expedition of Miguel López de Legazpi in 1564.

Modern Philippine society regards him as the first Filipino hero because of his resistance to Spanish colonization. Monuments of Lapulapu have been built all over the Philippines to honor Lapulapu's bravery against the Spaniards. The Philippine National Police and the Bureau of Fire Protection use his image as part of their official seals.

Besides being a rival of Rajah Humabon of neighboring Cebu, very little is reliably known about the life of Lapulapu. The only existing primary source mentioning him by name is the account of Antonio Pigafetta, and according to historian Resil B. Mojares, no European who left a primary record of Magellan's voyage/vessel "knew what he looked like, heard him speak (his recorded words of defiance and pride are all indirect), or mentioned that he was present in the battle of Mactan that made him famous."[9] His name, origins, religion, and fate are still a matter of controversy.

Name

[edit]

The earliest record of his name comes from Italian diarist Antonio Pigafetta who accompanied Magellan's expedition. Pigafetta noted the names of two chiefs of the island of Matan (Mactan), the chiefs Zula and Çilapulapu.[5][2] Pigafetta's account of Magellan's voyage, which contains the only mention of Lapulapu by name in an undisputed primary source, exists in several variant manuscripts and print editions, the earliest dating to around 1524.

In an annotation for his 1890 edition of Antonio de Morga's 1609 Sucesos de las islas Filipinas, José Rizal spells the name as Si Lapulapu. This supplements a passage where Morga mentions Magellan's death in Mactan, but does not mention the Mactan leader by name.[10] In Philippine languages, si (plural siná) is an article used to indicate personal names. Thus Si Lapulapu, as rendered by Rizal, was subsequently interpreted by others to mean this way (though Rizal never explicitly asserts this himself) and the Si was dropped, eventually cementing the Mactan leader's name in Filipino culture as Lapulapu or Lapu-Lapu (e.g. Siya si Lapulapu "He is Lapulapu" vs. Siya si Si Lapulapu "He is Si Lapulapu"). However, this meaning for Si or Çi in Lapulapu's recorded name is doubtful because not all names recorded by Pigafetta contain it, as would be the case if it were. In an annotation of his 1800 edition of Pigafetta's account, Carlo Amoretti surmised that the Si or Çi found in several native names recorded by Pigafetta was an honorific title.[5] E. P. Patanñe (1999) thus proposes that this usage of Si was derived from a corruption of the Sanskrit title Sri.[11]

In 1604, Fr. Prudencio de Sandoval in his Historia de la Vida y Hechos del Emperador Carlos V spelled the name as Calipulapo, perhaps through transposing the first A and I and misreading the Ç.[12] This further became Cali Pulaco in the 1614 poem Que Dios le perdone (May God Forgive Him) by mestizo de sangley poet Carlos Calao.[13] This rendition, spelled as Kalipulako, was later adopted as one of the pseudonyms of the Philippine hero Mariano Ponce during the Propaganda Movement.[14] The 1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence of Cavite II el Viejo, also mentions Lapulapu under the name Rey Kalipulako de Manktan [sic] (King Kalipulako of Mactan).[15][16] This name variation has further led to claims that Lapulapu was a Caliph and thus Muslim, whereas Pigafetta notes that the region was not Islamized.

In 2019, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines' National Quincentennial Committee, tasked with handling preparations for the 500th anniversary commemoration of Magellan's arrival, stated that Lapulapu without the hyphen is the correct spelling of the Mactan ruler's name, being based on Pigafetta's original spelling, which they took to be Çilapulapu (approximately rendered as "Silapulapu", not "Kilapulapu", in equivalent Philippine orthography). The committee agreed with previous scholarship that the Si in his name reported by Pigafetta probably was an indigenous form of the Hindu honorific Sri, so Lapulapu would probably have been called Si Lapulapu.[2]

The Aginid chronicle, whose historicity is doubtful,[17] calls him Lapulapu Dimantag.[17][18]

In 2021, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Executive Order No. 152, officially calling to change the rendering of the Filipino hero's name from "Lapu-Lapu" to "Lapulapu", to conform with earlier references.[19] This executive order now requires government and non-government entities to adopt the name "Lapulapu" in all references pertaining to him.[19]

Early life

[edit]
Location of Mactan in Cebu

There had been many folk accounts surrounding Lapulapu's origin. One oral tradition is that the Sugbuanons of Opong was once ruled by a datu named Mangal and later succeeded by his son named Lapulapu.[20]

Another is from the book Aginid, Bayok sa Atong Tawarik ("Glide on, Odes to Our History") published in 1952 by Jovito Abellana, which supposedly records the oral chronicles from the reign of the last king of Cebu, Rajah Tupas (d. 1565). However, its historicity is doubtful. The chronicle records the founding of the Rajahnate of Cebu by a certain Sri Lumay (also known as Rajamuda Lumaya), who was a Hindu prince from the Chola dynasty of Sumatra. His sons, Sri Alho and Sri Ukob, ruled the neighboring communities of Sialo and Nahalin, respectively. The islands they were in were collectively known as Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya (literally "[the islands] of the lady"). Sri Lumay was known for his strict policies in defending against Moro raiders and slavers from Mindanao. His use of scorched earth tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbo (literally "that of Sri Lumay's great fire") to the town, which was later shortened to Sugbo ("conflagration").[18] Upon his death in a battle against the raiders, Sri Lumay was succeeded by his youngest son, Sri Bantug, who ruled from the region of Singhapala (literally "lion city"), now Mabolo in modern Cebu City. Sri Bantug died of a disease during an epidemic and was succeeded by his son Rajah Humabon (also known as Sri Humabon or Rajah Humabara).[18] During Humabon's reign, the region had become an important trading center. The harbors of Sugbo became known colloquially as sinibuayng hingpit ("the place for trading"), shortened to sibu or sibo ("to trade"), from which the modern name "Cebu" originates.[18]

According to the Aginid, this was the period in which Lapulapu (as Lapulapu Dimantag) was first recorded as arriving from "Borneo" (Sabah). He asked Humabon for a place to settle, and the king offered him the region of Mandawili (now Mandaue), including the island known as Opong (or Opon), hoping that Lapulapu's people would cultivate the land. They were successful in this, and the influx of farm produce from Mandawili enriched the trade port of Sugbo further.[18] The relationship between Lapulapu and Humabon later deteriorated when Lapulapu turned to piracy. He began raiding merchant ships passing the island of Opong, affecting trade in Sugbo. The island thus earned the name Mangatang ("those who lie in wait"), later evolving to "Mactan".[18]

Battle of Mactan

[edit]
Main article: Battle of Mactan

Lapulapu was one of the two datus of Mactan before the Spanish arrived in the archipelago, the other being Zula, both of whom belong to the Maginoo class. When Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in the service of Spain, Zula was one of those who gave tribute to the Spanish king while Lapulapu refused.[21] In the midnight of April 27, 1521, Magellan led a force of around 60 Spaniards and 20 to 30 war boats (karakoa) of Humabon's warriors from Cebu. They arrived in Mactan three hours before dawn. However, because of the presence of rock outcroppings and coral reefs, Magellan's ships could not land on the shores of Mactan. Their ships were forced to anchor "two crossbow flights" away from the beach. According to Antonio Pigafetta, they faced around 1,500 warriors of Lapulapu armed with iron swords,[note 1] bows, and "bamboo" spears.[note 2]

Magellan repeated his offer not to attack them if Lapulapu swore fealty to Rajah Humabon, obeyed the Spanish king, and paid tribute, which Lapulapu again rejected. At the taunting request of Lapulapu, the battle did not begin until morning. Magellan, perhaps hoping to impress Humabon's warriors with the superiority of European armor and weapons, told Humabon's warriors to remain in their ships. Magellan and 49 of the heavily armored Spaniards (armed with lances, swords, crossbows, and muskets) waded ashore to meet Lapulapu's forces. They set fire to a few houses on the shore in an attempt to scare them. Instead, Lapulapu's warriors became infuriated and charged. Two Spaniards were killed immediately in the fighting, and Magellan was wounded in the leg with a poisoned arrow. He ordered a retreat, which most of his men followed except for a few who remained to protect him. However, he was recognized as the captain by the natives, whereupon he became the focus of the attack. Outnumbered and encumbered by their armor, Magellan's forces were quickly overwhelmed. Magellan and several of his men were killed, and the rest escaped to the waiting ships.[21][22]

Illustration from Antonio Pigafetta's journal showing Cebu, Mactan, and Bohol; with a label indicating that the "Capitaine general" died on Mactan (c. 1525)

The historian William Henry Scott believes that Lapulapu's hostility may have been the result of a mistaken assumption by Magellan. Magellan assumed that ancient Filipino society was structured in the same way as European society (i.e. with royalty ruling over a region). While this may have been true in the Islamic sultanates in Mindanao, the Visayan societies were structured along a loose federation of city-states (more accurately, a chiefdom). The most powerful datu in such a federation has limited power over another member datu, but no direct control over the subjects or lands of the other datu.[23]

Thus Magellan believed that since Rajah Humabon was the king of Cebu, he was the king of Mactan as well. But the island of Mactan, the dominion of Lapulapu and Zula, was in a location that enabled them to intercept trade ships entering the harbor of Cebu, Humabon's domain. Thus, it was more likely that Lapulapu was actually more powerful than Humabon, or at least was the undisputed ruler of Mactan. Humabon was married to Lapulapu's niece. When Magellan demanded that Lapulapu submit as his King Humabon had done, Lapulapu purportedly replied that: "he was unwilling to come and do reverence to one whom he had been commanding for so long a time".[23]

The Aginid chronicle also records that Humabon had actually purposefully goaded the Spaniards into fighting Lapulapu, who was his enemy at that time. However, the men of Humabon who accompanied Magellan did not engage in battle with Lapulapu, though they helped with recovering the wounded Spaniards. Humabon later poisoned and killed 27 Spanish sailors during a feast. According to the Aginid, this was because they had started raping the local women. It was also possibly to aid Magellan's Malay slave interpreter, Enrique of Malacca, in gaining his freedom. The Spanish were refusing to release him, even though Magellan explicitly willed that he be set free upon his death.[18][21] A discourse by Giovanni Battista Ramusio also claims that Enrique warned the Chief of "Subuth" that the Spaniards were plotting to capture the king and that this led to the murder of the Spaniards at the banquet.[24] Enrique stayed in Cebu with Humabon while the Spanish escaped to Bohol.[18][21]

The battle left the expedition with too few men to crew three ships, so they abandoned the Concepción. The remaining ships – the Trinidad and the Victoria – sailed to the Spice Islands in present-day Indonesia. From there, the expedition split into two groups. The Trinidad, commanded by Gonzalo Gómez de Espinoza tried to sail eastward across the Pacific Ocean to the Isthmus of Panama. Disease and shipwreck disrupted Espinoza's voyage and most of the crew died. Survivors of the Trinidad returned to the Spice Islands, where the Portuguese imprisoned them. The Victoria continued sailing westward, commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, and managed to return to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain in 1522. In 1529, King Charles I of Spain relinquished all claim over the Spice Islands to Portugal in the treaty of Zaragoza. However, the treaty did not stop the colonization of the Philippine archipelago from New Spain.[25]

According to Aginid, Lapulapu and Humabon restored friendly relations after the Battle of Mactan. Lapulapu later decided to return to Borneo with his family and 17 of his men. Nothing more is known of him after this.[18]

After Magellan's voyage, subsequent expeditions were dispatched to the islands. Five expeditions were sent: Loaisa (1525), Cabot (1526), Saavedra (1527), Villalobos (1542), and Legazpi (1564).[26] The Legazpi expedition was the most successful, resulting in the colonization of the islands.[27][28][29]

Religion

[edit]
Depiction of the Visayan Pintados in the Boxer Codex (c. 1595)

Lapulapu's religious beliefs are another subject of debate but it is strongly suggested that he was an adherent of the indigenous animistic anito beliefs. The inhabitants of the Sulu Archipelago believe that Qadi Lapulapu was a Muslim belonging to the Tausūg or the Sama-Bajau people of Mindanao,[30][31] a claim made by the now dissolved Sultanate of Sulu that many historians negate.[32][33] Moreover, prominent Cebuano anthropologist José Eleazar Bersales says that Cebu was never islamized,[34] referenced from an excavation in Boljoon in southern Cebu. Direct evidences such as accounts of Pigafetta and the native oral tradition did not indicate Lapulapu as a Muslim but a Visayan animist and a Sugbuanon native.[35]

Cebuanos were predominantly animist at the time of the arrival of the Spanish.[36][37][38] Visayans were noted for their widespread practice of tattooing; hence, Spaniards referred to them as the Pintados.[39] Pigafetta, who recorded Magellan's encounter with the Cebuanos, explicitly described Rajah Humabon as tattooed. He also records the consumption of pork, dog meat, and palm wine (arak) by the Cebuanos,[21][40] as well as the common custom of penile piercings (tugbuk or sakra).[21][41] Tattooing, body modification, pork, dog meat, and alcohol are all ḥarām (forbidden) in Islam.[42]

The supreme deity of the Visayans, as explicitly recorded by contemporary historians, was identified as Abba by Pigafetta and Kan-Laon (also spelled Laon) by the Jesuit historian Pedro Chirino in 1604, comparable to the Tagalog "Bathala". There is no mention of Islam.[43] This is in contrast to the other locations visited by the Magellan expedition where Pigafetta readily identifies the Muslims whom they encountered; he would call them Moros after the Muslim Moors of medieval Spain and northern Africa, to distinguish them from the polytheistic "heathens".[21][36][44] In fact, during the mass baptism of the Cebuanos to Christianity, he clearly identifies them as "heathens," not Moros:[21][37]

We set up the cross there for those people were heathen. Had they been Moros, we would have erected a column there as a token of greater hardness, for the Moros are much harder to convert than the heathen.

— Antonio Pigafetta, Primo viaggio intorno al mondo (c. 1525)

A more dubious claim from the Aginid is that Lapulapu may have been from Borneo. The Aginid calls him an orang laut ("man of the sea") and an outsider who settled in Cebu from Borneo.[18][31] The Oponganon-Cebuano oral tradition effectively disputes this claim, saying his father was Datu Mangal of Mactan, indicating that Lapulapu a native of Opong.[35][18]

Legacy

[edit]

Recognition as a Filipino hero

[edit]

Lapulapu is regarded, retroactively, as the first Filipino hero.[45][46]

On April 27, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared April 27 (the date when Battle of Mactan happened) as Lapu-Lapu Day for honoring as the first hero in the country who defeated foreign rule.[47][48] Duterte also signed Executive Order No. 17 creating the Order of Lapu-Lapu which recognizes the services of government workers and private citizens in relation to the campaigns and advocacies of the President.[49]

During the First Regular Season of the 14th Congress of the Philippines, Senator Richard Gordon introduced a bill proposing to declare April 27 as an official Philippine national holiday to be known as Adlaw ni Lapu-Lapu, (Cebuano, "Day of Lapu-Lapu").[50]

Kadaugan sa Mactan

[edit]

On April 27, 2024, "Lapulapu Day", 300 “eskrimadores,” with "Lapu-Lapu Arnis de Abanico" performed a historical reenactment of “Kadaugan sa Mactan” at Mactan Shrine as witnessed by Mayor Junard Chan.[51]

Commemorations

[edit]
Left: Lapulapu's profile on the obverse of a Philippine 1-centavo coin from the Pilipino Series. Middle and Right: Lapulapu is a central figure in the seal of the Philippine National Police and the Bureau of Fire Protection.

The government erected a statue in his honor on Mactan Island and renamed the town of Opon in Cebu to Lapu-Lapu City. A large statue of him, donated by South Korea, stands in the middle of Agrifina Circle in Rizal Park in Manila, replacing a fountain and rollerskating rink. Lapulapu appears on the official seal of the Philippine National Police.[52] His face was used as the main design on the 1-centavo coin that was circulated in the Philippines from 1967 to 1994.[53][failed verification]

In the United States, a street in South of Market, San Francisco is named after Lapulapu.[54] That street and others in the immediate neighborhood were renamed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors with names derived from historical Filipino heroes on August 31, 1979.[55]

On January 18, 2021, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, in cooperation with the Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines, launches the 5,000-Piso commemorative non-circulating banknote, in honor of his heroism.[56]

In urban legend and folklore

[edit]

According to local legend, Lapulapu never died but was turned into stone, and has since then been guarding the seas of Mactan. Fisherfolk in Mactan would throw coins at a stone shaped like a man as a means to "ask permission" from Lapulapu to fish "in his territory". Another urban legend concerns the statue of Lapulapu erected in 1933 at the center of the town plaza of Lapu-Lapu when the city was still a municipality with the name Opon. The statue faced the old town hall, where mayors used to hold office; Lapulapu was shown with a crossbow in the stance of shooting an enemy. Superstitious citizens proposed to replace this crossbow with a sword, after three consecutive mayors of Opon (Rito dela Serna, Gregorio dela Serna and Simeon Amodia) each died of heart attack. The statue was modified during the administration of Mayor Mariano Dimataga who took office in 1938.[57]

[edit]
  • Portrayed by Mario Montenegro in the 1955 film Lapu-Lapu.[58]
  • Portrayed by Calvin Millado in the 1995 children's educational series Bayani.
  • Portrayed by Lito Lapid in the 2002 film Lapu-Lapu.[59]
  • Portrayed by Aljur Abrenica in the GMA 2010 Lupang Hinirang Music Video[citation needed]
  • Lapu-Lapu was the inspiration of a playable character of the same name in the mobile game Mobile Legends: Bang Bang. The character is a dual swordsman who has two instances and can swap between two weapons. In the game lore, he serves as the chief of Makadan (now Parlas, a sublocation in Vonetis Island), a reference to Mactan Island.[60][61]
  • In the 2004 Bayani Agbayani song, Otso Otso, he was mentioned the last time the song mentions, Two plus two. Ironically, the child rhyme mentions him at the second line: "One plus one, Magellan, Two plus two, Lapu-Lapu..." This presumably references the Battle of Mactan that Magellan was killed in.[citation needed]
  • The song "Panalo" by Ez Mil, had a line that mentions Lapu-Lapu being beheaded in the Battle of Mactan. The song was met with criticism for the line's lack of historical accuracy. Among the song's critics were the Lapu-Lapu City government [62] and the National Historical Commission of the Philippines.[63]
  • Portrayed by Zeus Collins in the 2019 film The Mall, The Merrier, as one of the statues in Tamol Mall.
  • Portrayed by Armando Alera in the 2022 series Boundless.
  • Portrayed by Michael Copon in the 2023 film 1521
  • The Kuwaiti novelist Saod Alsanousi refers to Lapulapu in his novel, The Bamboo Stalk, which won the International Prize for Arabic literature. The protagonist of this novel Jose/Issa explains that Lapulapu represented Islam to him. [64]

Shrine

[edit]
Main article: Mactan Shrine

The Lapu-Lapu shrine is a 20 meters (66 ft) bronze statue in Punta Engaño, Lapu-Lapu, Cebu, Philippines.[65]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Including what Pigafetta described as a "large cutlass", traditionally illustrated as the two-handed kampilan. But this could have been another sword type because Pigafetta further says it resembled "a scimitar, only being larger", and the kampilan is straight while the scimitar is curved.
  2. ^ Bangkaw, a light spear weapon that can be thrown. It is actually made of fire-hardened rattan, which superficially resembles bamboo, and is usually tipped with metal heads.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Mangubat". Philippine Armorial. August 26, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c ABS-CBN News (May 1, 2019). "It's Lapulapu: Gov't committee weighs in on correct spelling of Filipino hero's name". ABS-CBN News. Manila: ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  3. ^ Mendoza, Norman (November 14, 2019). "NQC: Lapulapu (without the hyphen) is Mactan ruler's name". Cebu Daily News. Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  4. ^ Escalante, Rene R. (2019). National Quincentennial Committee Comprehensive Plan. Manila: National Historical Commission of the Philippines.
  5. ^ a b c John Pinkerton (1812). "Pigafetta's Voyage Round the World [...] with notes by Charles Amoretti". A general collection of the best and most interesting voyages and travels in all parts of the world: many of which are now first translated into English; digested on a new plan. Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. pp. 341–344.
  6. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. (July 3, 2019). "The Battle of Mactan, according to Pigafetta". Inquirer.net.
  7. ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (c. 1525). Journal of Magellan's Voyage (in French).
  8. ^ Pedrosa, Carmen N. "The untold stories of Lapu-Lapu and Zheng He". Philstar.com. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  9. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth (April 25, 2018). "Lapu-Lapu, national hero". Inquirer.net. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  10. ^ Antonio de Morga (1559–1636) annotations by José Rizal (1890). Sucesos de las islas Filipinas por el doctor Antonio de Morga, obra publicada en Méjico el an̄o de 1609. Nuevamente sacada à luz y anotada por José Rizal y precedida de un prólogo del prof. Fernando Blumentritt. Garnier hnos. p. 4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ E. P. Patanñe (1996). The Philippines in the 6th to 16th Centuries. LSA Press, Inc. p. 175. ISBN 978-971-91666-0-3.
  12. ^ Prudencio de Sandoval (1604). Historia de la Vida y Hechos del Emperador Carlos V. Maximo, Fortissimo Rey Catholico de Espana, y de las Indias, Islas, y Tierra Firme del Mar Oceano. Vol. 1. Barcelona (published 1625). p. 601.
  13. ^ M.C. Halili (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 74. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
  14. ^ "Mariano Ponce". Provincial Government of Bulacan, Philippines. 2007. Archived from the original on October 20, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  15. ^ Acta de la proclamación de la independencia del pueblo Filipino (in English and Spanish) from Wikisource.
  16. ^ Albert P. Blaustein; Jay A. Sigler; Benjamin R. Beede (1977). "Republic of the Philippines: Cavite Declaration of June 12, 1898". Independence Documents of the World, Vol. 2. Oceana Publications. p. 567. ISBN 0-379-00795-9.
  17. ^ a b Ouano-Savellon, Romola (2014). ""Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 42 (3/4): 189–220. JSTOR 44512020.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Celestino C. Macachor (2011). "Searching for Kali in the Indigenous Chronicles of Jovito Abellana". Rapid Journal. 10 (2). Archived from the original on July 3, 2012.
  19. ^ a b "Executive Order No. 152, s. 2021 | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. December 6, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
  20. ^ "In the nearby satellite island of Opong, Datu Mangal ruled the Sibuanons there and later his son succeeded him, rising in power and popularity. This legendary successor to Mangal was Lapu-Lapu. There had been many versions, even myths surrounding Lapu-Lapu’s origin." John Kingsley Pangan, Church of the Far East (Makati: St. Pauls, 2016), 68
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h Donald F. Lach (1994). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery. University of Chicago Press. pp. 175, 635–638. ISBN 978-0-226-46732-0.
  22. ^ Nowell, Charles E. (1962). Magellan's Voyage Around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts. Northwestern University Press.
  23. ^ a b William Henry Scott (1994). Barangay: sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
  24. ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1874), Lord Stanley of Alderley (ed.), The First Voyage Round the World by Magellan and other documents, Printed for the Hakluyt Society, p. 201
  25. ^ Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990), History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), University of the Philippines, ISBN 971-8711-06-6
  26. ^ Zaide, Sonia M. (2006), The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing Co. Inc., Quezon City, ISBN 971-642-071-4.
  27. ^ Zaide, Gregorio F. (1939), Philippine History and Civilization, Philippine Education Co.
  28. ^ Scott, William Henry (1985), Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history, New Day Publishers, ISBN 978-971-10-0074-5
  29. ^ Williams, Patrick (2009), "Philip II, the Philippines, and the Hispanic World", in Ramírez, Dámaso de Lario (ed.), Re-shaping the World: Philip II of Spain and His Time (illustrated ed.), Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 978-971-550-556-7
  30. ^ Frank "Sulaiman" Tucci (2009). The Old Muslim's Opinions: A Year of Filipino Newspaper Columns. iUniverse. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4401-8343-0.
  31. ^ a b Yusuf Morales. "Looking at the other Lost Moro Kingdoms". Scribd. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  32. ^ Macasero, Ryan (April 29, 2021). "Bong Go apologizes for wrongly claiming Lapulapu was from Mindanao". Rappler. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  33. ^ Israel, Dale G. (April 27, 2021). "Historians say 'huh?' as Bong Go says Lapulapu is from Sulu". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  34. ^ "Boljoon excavation shows gold jewelry, China trade – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". June 8, 2008. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008.
  35. ^ a b "In the nearby satellite island of Opong, Datu Mangal ruled the Sibuanons there and later his son succeeded him, rising in power and popularity. This legendary successor to Mangal was Lapu-lapu. There had been many versions, even myths surrounding Lapu-lapu’s origin. One account tells that many years before Magellan’s arrival, a man called Dimantag traveling from Borneo reached to shores of Sibu. He asked Rajah Humabon for a place to settle. The wanderer was given the nearby Opong island, though Dimantag primarily preferred to settle in Mandawili (modern-day Mandaue). Ages passed, Dimantag rose to power in Opong and became known by Sibuanons as Sri Lapu-lapu (Çilapulapu by the Spaniards). Farther south in Mindanao, the annals of Moro history made Lapu-lapu a Muslim. He was said to have an allegiance with the Sultan of Sulu. However, direct evidence such as accounts of Pigafetta and the ancient Sugbuanon oral tradition did not indicate Lapu-lapu as a Muslim but a Visayan animist."John Kingsley Pangan, Church of the Far East (Makati: St. Pauls, 2016), 68.
  36. ^ a b J.P. Sanger (1905). "History of the Population". Census of the Philippine Islands, Volume I: Geography, History, and Population. Washington, D.C.: United States Bureau of the Census. p. 414. ISBN 978-971-23-2142-9.
  37. ^ a b Antonio Pigafetta. MS. ca. 1525, of events of 1519–1522 (1906). "Primo viaggio intorno al mondo". In Emma Helen Blair & James Alexander Robertson (ed.). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803; explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century. The Arthur H. Clark Co. p. 161.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Carolyn Brewer (2004). Shamanism, Catholicism, and Gender Relations in Colonial Philippines, 1521-1685. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-7546-3437-9.
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  40. ^ Sebastian Sta. Cruz Serag (1997). The Remnants of the Great Ilonggo Nation. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 95. ISBN 978-971-23-2142-9.
  41. ^ Raquel A.G. Reyes; William G. Clarence-Smith (2012). Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600 – 1950. Routledge. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-136-29721-2.
  42. ^ Jeanne Nagle (2011). Why People Get Tattoos and Other Body Art. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-4488-4617-7.
  43. ^ Gregorio F. Zaide (2006). "Filipinos before the Spanish Conquest Possessed a Well-Ordered and Well-Thought-Out Religion". In Tanya Storch (ed.). Religions and Missionaries Around the Pacific, 1500–1900. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-7546-0667-3.
  44. ^ James A. Boon (1990). Affinities and Extremes: Crisscrossing the Bittersweet Ethnology of East Indies History, Hindu-Balinese Culture, and Indo-European Allure. University of Chicago Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-226-06463-5.
  45. ^ Zaide, Sonia M. (1994). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All Nations Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 83–84. ISBN 971-642-005-6.
  46. ^ de Guzman, Maria O. (1967). The Filipino Heroes. National Bookstore, Inc. p. 58. ISBN 971-08-2987-4.
  47. ^ Kabiling, Genalyn (April 27, 2017). "April 27 declared as Lapu-Lapu Day". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
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  51. ^ Saavedra, John Rey (April 27, 2024). "Young arnis practitioners reenact Lapulapu victory in Mactan". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
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  54. ^ "Lapu Lapu Street in San Francisco". Retrieved August 13, 2008.
  55. ^ "The Philippines in San Francisco". The Philippine Consulate General in San Francisco. July 9, 2012. Filipino Heroes and Names: The Streets of San Francisco.
  56. ^ "BSP Issues Lapulapu Commemorative Banknote and Medal". bsp.gov.ph. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  57. ^ Mayol, Ador Vincent (April 25, 2021). "Lapulapu: Hero behind the myth". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  58. ^ "Lapu-Lapu (1955)". Archived from the original on November 22, 2004. Retrieved June 10, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  64. ^ Sanʻūsī, Saʻūd; سنعوسي، سعود. (2015). The bamboo stalk. Jonathan Wright. Doha, Qatar. ISBN 978-9927-101-77-9. OCLC 890435699.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Agoncillo, Teodoro A. "Magellan and Lapu-Lapu". Fookien Times Yearbook, 1965, p. 634
  • Alcina, Francisco, Historia de las Islas e Indios de Bisaya, MS 1668
  • Correa, Gaspar, Lendas de India, Vol. 2, p. 630
  • Cruz, Gemma, "Making Little Hero of Maktan"
  • Estabaya, D. M., "445 Years of Lapu-lapu", Weekly nation 1: 26–27, April 25, 1966
  • Pigafetta, Antonio, Primo Viaje en Torno al Globo Terraqueo, Corredato di Notte de Carlo Amoteti, Milano, 1800
[edit]
  • Media related to Lapulapu at Wikimedia Commons
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