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La Gimblette

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La Gimblette (Munich version)
ArtistJean-Honoré Fragonard
Yearc. 1770
MediumOil on canvas
MovementRococo
Dimensions89 cm × 70 cm (35 in × 28 in)
LocationAlte Pinakothek, Munich

La Gimblette is one of the most famous paintings by the French painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard and one of the most famous Rococo paintings. Like other paintings by Fragonard, such as The Swing, La Gimblette also has a frivolous component.

"The lovers' paradise in the middle of the 18th century is no longer ours at the end of the 20th century. It is therefore not surprising that these pictures remain, in some respects, strange to us."

— Jean-Pierre Cuzin (* 1944), General Curator of the Paintings Department of the Louvre Museum from 1973 to 2003[1]

A testimony to the Ancien Régime in several versions

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According to auction sales catalogues and further sources, there were several versions of this painting. Three versions of La Gimblette can be traced back to the 18th century with the help of auction catalogues of that time. Since two of these three versions are considered lost, it cannot be clearly established which was the first version i.e. the original version.

The painting is a testimony to the Ancien Régime period. The composition of the painting is full of symbolism, which changes depending on the version of the painting and must be interpreted accordingly.[2][3]

Description

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The painting shows a girl lying under a canopy in a voluminous bed generously furnished with bed linen and playing with a dog. The subject of the painting is also known by the titles: Young girl in her bed, making her dog dance, Girl playing with a dog and Girl with dog.[4]

The two protagonists, the girl and the dog, differ slightly in their appearance and behaviour in the different versions of the painting. However, this has a significant influence on the interpretation of the scene in the painting. This applies to the way the girl wears her clothes, whether or not she feeds the dog a gimblette, and how she holds the dog, as well as the position of the dog and the breed of dog. In some of the versions the dog looks more like a spaniel and in others more like a pug or a poodle. In the Besenval version the dog even looks like a poodle with a judge's wig or with the long ceremonial wig of a King's Counsel, which could be seen as a caricature. Edmond and Jules de Goncourt commented accordingly:[2]

"At the end of her feet, a curly poodle with the face of a bewigged counsel; and laughing, she digs the soles of her feet into the dog's hair."

— Edmond and Jules de Goncourt[5]

The dog plays a clear role in the composition of the painting, which, however, varies depending on the version of the painting. The role of the dog must then be interpreted accordingly. In the Munich version, the dog also takes on the task of covering parts of the girl's body.[2][3][6][4]

The best known four versions of La Gimblette

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It is unknown how many versions of La Gimblette Jean-Honoré Fragonard painted. There are no records of it. Neither is any of the versions in question signed by Fragonard. Over time, however, four versions of La Gimblette became particularly famous. These four paintings have been differentiated as follows:

The Walferdin version

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Excerpt from the auction catalogue of the sale of the Walferdin collection at the Hôtel Drouot in 1880, p. 24, with annotations of the prices achieved for the lots 61 and 62 as well as the names of their buyers (Haro and Cedron).

It is named after the Walferdin collection. It has been proven that there were two versions of La Gimblette in this collection. The dimensions of the first one, now called the Walferdin version, are: 35.0 cm x 40.5 cm. It has a provenance dating back to the 18th century.

This version was sold at auction at the Hôtel Drouot in Paris in 1880 in the sale of the Walferdin collection, lot 62, for FRF1,010. This version is considered lost. The second one is the one now known as the Munich version.[7]

The Munich version

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It is named after its current location, the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. The dimensions are: 89.0 cm x 70.0 cm. It has a provenance dating back to the 18th century.

This version was sold at auction at the Hôtel Drouot in Paris in 1880 in the sale of the Walferdin collection, lot 61, for FRF7,000. The buyer was none other than the expert in painting of the sale himself, Henri Haro (1855–1911). Later, in 1977, this painting was bought by the HypoVereinsbank and has since been made available to the Alte Pinakothek.[7][8][9]

The Besenval version

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It is named after its former owner Pierre Victor, Baron de Besenval de Brunstatt. The dimensions are: 70.0 cm x 86.5 cm. It has a provenance dating back to the 18th century. This version is considered lost.[10][11][3]

The Mühlbacher version

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The Mühlbacher version of La Gimblette, as shown in the 1907 sales catalogue of the Galerie Georges Petit. This is probably the earliest photograph of one of the various versions of the painting La Gimblette ever taken. Compared to the picture in the Christie's auction catalogue of 2024, it can be assumed that the painting is still framed in the same frame as described in the 1907 sales catalogue.

It is named after M. Georges Mühlbacher in whose collection the painting was at the beginning of the 20th century. The dimensions are: 72.4 cm x 91.0 cm. It has a provenance dating back to the early 20th century.

After the death of M. Georges Mühlbacher in 1906, the painting was sold at auction in Paris between 13 May and 15 May 1907, by the Galerie Georges Petit, as part of the sale of the Mühlbacher collection, lot 23, offered as painted by Jean-Honoré Fragonard, for FRF31,500. The buyer was none other than one of the experts in painting of the sale himself, Marius Paulme (1863–1928). In the 1907 sales catalogue of the Galerie Georges Petit, the painting was described as follows:[12][13] 

A young woman lies on a bed, half-naked, a muslin cap tied to her blond hair with a blue ribbon. Her head raised on a large pillow, her legs in the air and half-bent, holding a small white dog on the tips of her feet, she offers him a gimblette. Pink curtains are stretched across the background, to the right and left. In the foreground, on a blue stool, a yellow silk skirt. Canvas, height, 72 cm; width, 90 cm. Old frame, in carved and gilded wood, from the Régence period.[12]

The Mühlbacher version was sold again at auction on 31 January 2024 by Christie’s in New York, Old Master Sale, lot 67, for US$756,000.[13]

The composition of this painting is known in three versions. In addition to the Mühlbacher version, there is also the Krämer version and the Cailleux version. In the Cailleux version the dog is black. The three versions are of uneven quality.[2][14]

Further versions

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The subject of the painting was very popular in the 18th and 19th century. It is therefore no surprise that the composition was imitated by many artists, including the engravers Augustin-Claude-Simon Legrand (1765–1815) and Niclas Lafrensen.

Many versions of La Gimblette were sold in the 19th and 20th centuries, painted by different artists. Some of these versions were also sold as painted by Fragonard. Today it is very difficult to tell them apart as the old descriptions in the sales catalogues were not always accurate and the dimensions were often missing. However, there are considerable differences in the quality of the painting in the different versions, which also provides information about whether the painting in question was painted by a master or not.[2]

The Besenval version and the different versions of its engraving

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One of the rare engravings of the limited edition of the Besenval version of La Gimblette (clothed version) by Charles Bertony, dedicated to the Baron de Besenval (dedication to the baron and imprint of his family coat of arms). The dog looks like he's wearing a judge's wig or the long ceremonial wig of a King's Counsel, which could be seen as a caricature. Published in 1783.
The standard version of the engraving of the Besenval version of La Gimblette (clothed version) by Charles Bertony. The execution of this version shows slight differences from the limited edition, dedicated to the Baron de Besenval (see folds in the bed linen). Published in 1783.

According to Luc-Vincent Thiéry's description in his guide on the city of Paris, published in 1787, the Baron de Besenval kept his version of La Gimblette in the boudoir in his house on the Rue de Grenelle, the Hôtel de Besenval. After the baron's death in 1791, his heirs sold the entire contents of the Hôtel de Besenval at auction on 10 August 1795. The auctioneer, Alexandre Joseph Paillet, described the painting in the sales catalogue as follows:[11][6] 

Honoré Fragonard: A young girl lies on her back in a lavishly lined bed and has fun with a pretty spaniel to whom she offers a gimblette; this very appealing and tasteful work of art has a touching lightness; it was engraved under the title « La Gimblette ». H. 26 in. wide. 32.T.[10]

This painting is considered lost. However, there is an engraving based on the Besenval version of the painting, executed by Charles Bertony in 1783 and dedicated to the Baron de Besenval.[15][3]

It is possible that the Baron de Besenval bought La Gimblette from Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Lebrun. Lebrun is known to have traded paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard and the baron was one of his best customers. However, the baron could also have bought the painting directly from Jean-Honoré Fragonard, whom he knew personally.[16][3]

It is therefore entirely conceivable that the Baron de Besenval's version was the original version of La Gimblette. It was around the time when Jean-Honoré Fragonard painted La Gimblette, that the baron bought his house on the Rue de Grenelle, the Hôtel Chanac de Pompadour, later renamed Hôtel de Besenval, which then needed to be furnished. And the baron spent lavishly on furniture and works of art. Furthermore, the baron had excellent contacts in the art world and also maintained personal contacts with artists. It is therefore not surprising that the baron was made an Honoraire Amateur of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture in 1784.[3][17]

The engraving of the Besenval version

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The engraving of the Besenval version by Charles Bertony, which was announced in the issue of 19 April 1783 of the Journal de Paris and of which a limited edition is dedicated to the Baron de Besenval, is also known by the title La Caroline, as reported in the issue of 10 August 1875 of the L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux. This name is an allusion to women suspected of a certain vice.[2]

There are two versions of the engraving by Charles Bertony: A nude one and a clothed one. The nude version came with the following recommendation for the print dealers: This subject should not be displayed. It can therefore be assumed that even the audience of the Ancien Régime, accustomed to a certain degree of frivolity, viewed this engraving as a scandal.[2]

The name La Gimblette

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A gimblette is a type of French pastry that is dry and ring-shaped. The pastry originally comes from Albi, a municipality in the southwest of France. In certain versions of La Gimblette, as in the Mühlbacher version and in both versions of Charles Bertony's engraving, the young girl actually offers such a pastry to the little dog. Since this is the case in Bertony's engraving, it can be assumed that this was also the case in the lost Besenval version. Due to the shape of the pastry and the way it is offered in the context of the composition of the painting, it could also be understood as an ambiguous allusion. However, as can be seen, in the Munich version this is not the case. In this version the girl just plays with the dog.[2][4][8][18]

The composition and the name of the painting must be understood in the spirit of the last decades of the Ancien Régime. The Baron de Besenval aptly summarised this Zeitgeist in his memoirs:

"Men were only busy expanding the list of their mistresses and women were busy dumping their lovers with great fanfare and publicity."

— Pierre Victor, Baron de Besenval[19]

La Gimblette: An inspiration for the decor of the Baron de Besenval's nymphaeum

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Jean-Honoré Fragonard was a master at creating suspense with erotic scenes. Several terracotta artworks by Claude Michel were more or less directly inspired by works by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. Claude Michel delivered several of his artworks to the Baron de Besenval. Furthermore, he was also responsible for the artistic decoration of the baron's nymphaeum, which the baron had built in 1782 by the architect Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart in the basement of his house, the Hôtel de Besenval. It is therefore quite possible that Claude Michel was also inspired by the works of Fragonard, especially by the painting La Gimblette, when he created the large reliefs with erotic scenes for the baron's nymphaeum, such as the relief titled Pan pursuing Syrinx under the gaze of Cupid, which is now part of the collections of the Louvre.[20][21][22]

References

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  1. ^ Jean-Pierre Cuzin: Fragonard – Leben und Werk, Ländliche Themen und Schäferszenen, Klinkhardt & Biermann, München, 1988, Seite 34
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Pierre Rosenberg: Fragonard, Exhibition 1987/88 in The Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais in Paris & The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Distributed by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 1988, exhibition number 110, pp. 232–235
  3. ^ a b c d e f Jean-Jacques Fiechter: Le Baron Pierre-Victor de Besenval, Delachaux et Niestlé, Lausanne – Paris, 1993, p. 100
  4. ^ a b c Alte Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlung – Alte Pinakothek München: Jean-Honoré Fragonard – La Gimblette, website. Retrieved 28 February 2024
  5. ^ Edmond et Jules de Goncourt: L'Art du XVIIIe siècle – Eisen, Moreau, Debucourt, Fragonard, Prudhon, Oeuvre historique, troisième série, Bibliothèque-Charpentier, G. Charpentier et E. Fasquelle, éditeurs, 11, Rue de Grenelle, Paris, 1895, p. 275
  6. ^ a b Gabrielle Claerr Stamm: De Soleure à Paris : La saga de la famille de Besenval, seigneurs de Brunstatt, Riedisheim et Didenheim, Société d'Histoire du Sundgau, 2015, p. 147
  7. ^ a b Hôtel Drouot: Collection de feu M. Walferdin, Vente du 12 avril au 16 avril 1880, Paris, salles numéros 8 et 9. Commissaire-priseur: M. Escribe, Peintre-expert: M. Haro. Œuvres importantes de H. Fragonard [deux versions de La Gimblette de Jean-Honoré Fragonard, lot 61 et lot 62, p. 24]. Prix du lot 61: FRF7,000 (Munich version). Prix du lot 62: FRF1,010 (Walferdin version)
  8. ^ a b Jean-Pierre Cuzin: Fragonard – Leben und Werk, Oeuvre-Katalog der Gemälde, Klinkhardt & Biermann, München, 1988, Nr. 282, Seite 315
  9. ^ Gazette des Beaux-Arts – Courrier Européen de l’Art et de la Curiosité: La Collection Walferdin et ses Fragonard, vingt-deuxième année – deuxième période, tome vingt et unième, 8, Rue Favart, Paris, 1880, p. 308 [the article mentions only one version of La Gimblette in the collection. Judging by the description, the article is about the Munich version. However, the article speaks of a replica, but of a replica by Jean-Honoré Fragonard]
  10. ^ a b A. J. Paillet (commissaire-priseur): Catalogue de tableaux précieux, dessins, gouaches et miniatures, etc. (de M. de Besenval), de l'imprimerie du Journal de Paris, rue J. J. Rousseau, n° 14. Vente aux enchères, avec un total de 222 lots, rue de l'Université, n° 905, entre la rue de Beaune & celle des St.-Pères, Paris, le 23 Thermidor, an 3e (10 août 1795), chapitre "Tableaux – École Françoise," lot 77, p. 15
  11. ^ a b Luc-Vincent Thiéry: Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, ou Description raisonnée de cette Ville, de sa Banlieue, et de tout ce qu'elles contiennent de remarquable, tome II, chapitre 'Hôtel de M. le Baron de Besenval,' Libraire Hardouin & Gattey, Paris, 1787, p. 578
  12. ^ a b Galerie Georges Petit: Collection M. G. Mühlbacher, Vente du 13 mai au 15 mai 1907, 8, Rue de Sèze, Paris, à 2 heures. Tableaux, dessins, gouaches, aquarelles et objets d'art et d'ameublement. Commissaires-priseurs: M. Paul Chevallier et M. F. Lair-Dubreuil, Peintre-experts: M. Jules Féral et MM. Paulme & B. Lasquin Fils. La Gimblette, par Jean-Honoré Fragonard, lot 23, p. 23. Prix: FRF31,500
  13. ^ a b Christie's: Jean-Honoré Fragonard – La Gimblette, New York, Old Master Sale, 31 January 2024, lot 67, sold for US$756,000 (mention of the detailed provenance in the auction catalogue of Christie's, which says that: After the auction in Paris in 1907, this painting was sold again at auctions in 1969 and 1975. In both of these auctions it was offered as attributed to Fragonard. And at another auction in 2001, it was offered as French school of the 18th century, follower of Fragonard)
  14. ^ Jean-Pierre Cuzin: Fragonard – Leben und Werk, Oeuvre-Katalog der Gemälde, Klinkhardt & Biermann, München, 1988, Nr. 283, Seite 315
  15. ^ Jean-Jacques de Dardel: L'hôtel de Besenval – siège de l'ambassade de Suisse en France, Labor et Fides, Genève, 2013, p. 53
  16. ^ Paul Gallois: Baron de Besenval's eclectic eye, The Furniture History Society, London, Newsletter 221, February 2021, p. 5
  17. ^ Académie Royale de peinture et de sculpture: Procès-Verbaux de l'Académie Royale de peinture et de sculpture (1648–1793) – Nomination de M. le Baron de Besenval comme Honoraire Amateur, le 7 février 1784, publiés pour la Société de l'histoire de l'art français, par M. Anatole de Montaiglon, tome IX (1780–1788), Charvay Frères, Libraires de la Société, 4, rue de Furstenberg, Paris, 1889, p. 186
  18. ^ Jean-Pierre Cuzin: Fragonard – Leben und Werk, Weitere galante Szenen und Bildnisse, Klinkhardt & Biermann, München, 1988, Nr. 220, Seiten 182 und 183
  19. ^ Pierre Victor, Baron de Besenval: Mémoires de M. Le Baron de Besenval, imprimerie de Jeunehomme, rue de Sorbonne no. 4, Paris, 1805 – chez F. Buisson, libraire, rue Hautefeuille no. 31, Paris, tome I, p. 204
  20. ^ Pierre Rosenberg: Fragonard, Exhibition 1987/88 in the Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais in Paris & The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Distributed by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 1988, exhibition number 110, p. 235
  21. ^ Luc-Vincent Thiéry: Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, ou Description raisonnée de cette Ville, de sa Banlieue, et de tout ce qu'elles contiennent de remarquable, tome II, chapitre 'Hôtel de M. le Baron de Besenval,' Libraire Hardouin & Gattey, Paris, 1787, pp. 579–580
  22. ^ Collections Louvre: Bas-relief à décor "Pan poursuivant Syrinx sous le regard de l'Amour" en pierre de Tonnerre par Claude Michel dit Clodion, lieu de provenance: Hôtel de Besenval, élément du décor de la salle de bains, Département des Sculptures du Moyen Age, de la Renaissance et des temps modernes, salle 223, numéro d'inventaire RF 4200, date d'acquisition (dation) 15 octobre 1987

Further reading

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in alphabetical order

  • Jean-Pierre Cuzin: Fragonard – Leben und Werk, Oeuvre-Katalog der Gemälde, Klinkhardt & Biermann, München, 1988
  • Pierre Rosenberg: Fragonard, Exhibition 1987/88 in The Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais in Paris & The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Distributed by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 1988
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