Kudungga
Kudungga (read: "Ku-ṇḍu-ṅga", honorific title: Maharaja Kudungga Anumerta Devavarman) was the founder of the Kutai Martadipura kingdom who ruled around the year 350 AD or 4th century AD. Kudungga first ruled the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura as a community leader or chieftain.[2] Kutai Martadipura during Kudungga rule do not have a regular and systematical system of governance.[3] In contrary, the latest claim is said that Maharaja Kudungga is possibly a king from ancient kingdom Bakulapura in Tebalrung (now Tebalai Indah, Muara Kaman), and Asvavarman which his son-in-law rather his son, then become the first king of Kutai Martadipura.[4]
History
[edit]The discovery of the most reliable source stating that Kutai Martadipura is the oldest kingdom in the nusantara archipelago is in yupa inscriptions.[5] Seven pieces of yupa were found in Muara Kaman.[5] According to the results of a study conducted by J.G. de Casparis (1949), yupa-yupa in Muara Kaman which allegedly a Kutai Martadipura civilization heritage were found successively in 1879 and 1940.[5]
In yupa-yupa, there were inscriptions found written using Pallava script in Sanskrit language. Letters engraved on the yupa was thought to have come from the end of the 4th century or early 5th century AD. All of the monument stone was issued at the command of a leader named Maharaja Mulavarman Naladewa.[6] Mulavarman is allegedly an Indianize name of the indigenous people because the name of his grandfather, namely Kudungga (there is also a mention kudunga or kundungga) is the original name of an indigenous Indonesian.[6] Kudungga is what is believed to be the forerunner of the first leader of the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura, while Mulavarman is the successor Asvavarman (son of Kudungga) who brought the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura to their glory.[6]
R.M. Ng. Poerbatjaraka (1952) interpret the circuit Pallava inscriptions in Sanskrit recorded on yupa about the genealogy of the kings who had ruled in the early days of the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura in translation:[7]
śrīmatah śrī-narendrasya; kuṇḍuṅgasya mahātmanaḥ; putro śvavarmmo vikhyātah; vaṅśakarttā yathāṅśumān; tasya putrā mahātmānaḥ; trayas traya ivāgnayaḥ; teṣān trayāṇām pravaraḥ; tapo-bala-damānvitaḥ; śrī mūlavarmmā rājendro; yaṣṭvā bahusuvarṇnakam; tasya yajñasya yūpo ‘yam; dvijendrais samprakalpitaḥ.
Translation:
Mahārāja (emperor) Kundungga, most noble, has a famous son, his name Aśwawarmman, who like Angśuman (the Sun God) cultivates a very noble family. The Aśwawarmman has three sons, like (sacred) fire. The prominent of the three sons is the Mūlawarmman, a king of good civil, strong and might. The Mūlawarmman held kenduri (salvation ceremony) with gold-very-much. For the memorial kenduri (salvation ceremony) that stone pillar was founded by the brahmanas.
From the inscriptions of the heritage above, it can be concluded that the first king of Kutai Martadipura, is Kudungga. Kudungga had a son named Asvavarman who then passed the leadership in the kingdom of Kutai. Asvavarman had three children. Of the three children Aswawarman had, there was a child who was the most prominent, the child's name is Mulavarman who was the crown prince.[7]
Ancestry
[edit]Name Origin
[edit]The belief that Kudungga is indigenous Indonesian people based on the investigation that Kudungga clearly not Indian name, although the names of his descendants, Aswawarman and Mulawarman, containing elements of Indian name.[6] In this case. Poesponegoro and Notosusanto (1993) states that there is a name that is similar in Bugis, namely Kadungga.[6] The resemblance of this name is considered not just a coincidence given in South Sulawesi also found several inscriptions similar to what is found in Kutai.[6]
Poesponegoro and Notosusanto (1993) further concluded that the most likely, both Kudungga who named his son Asvavarman and Asvavarman himself named his son Mulavarman, eager to equate their degree and their descendant align with the knight caste as in India.[6] This possibility based on the fact that the word "varman" is derived from the Sanskrit word which is usually used to suffix the names of people in southern India.[3] In the Hindu tradition that comes from India, the social system of society is divided into classes, known as levels where the warrior caste or aristocratic kingdom included in a respectable caste.[6]
Latest Claim
[edit]The latest claim came from newly reestablished Kutai Mulawarman Kingdom (direct descendant of Sultanate of Kutai Kartanagara) in Indonesia, Maharaja Kudungga is a king of Bakulapura in Tabalrung. Kudungga is son of King Atwangga and King Atwangga is son of Mitrongga, which is descendant of Emperor Pushyamitra Shunga from Shunga Empire in Magadha, India.[4] During Kudungga rule, Shunga Empire no longer exist, and his successor Ashvavarman, use varman to state that his caste is kshatriya. These claims however are one-sided, and unsubstantiated with no historical records proving Atwangga and Mitrongga ever existed.
References
[edit]- ^ a b VOGEL, J. Ph. (1918). "The Yupa Inscriptions of King Mulavarman, from Koetei (East Borneo)". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië. 74 (1/2): 212. ISSN 1383-5408. JSTOR 20769898.
- ^ Pustaka sekolah Archived 2015-04-19 at the Wayback Machine diakses 13 Maret 2015
- ^ a b Melayu Online diakses 20 Februari 2015
- ^ a b "Silsilah Kemashuran Sang Maharaja Kutai Mulawarman". Warta Ekspress. 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ a b c Vogel, J.Ph., 1974.The Yupa Inscriptions of king Mulawarman from koetei (east borneo).BKI:Berlin
- ^ a b c d e f g h Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro & nugroho notosusanto, 1993. Sejarah nasional Indonesia II. Balai pustaka:Jakarta
- ^ a b R.M.Ng.Poerbatjaraka, 1952. Riwajat Indonesia I. Jajasan Pembangunan:Jakarta