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Koizumi Setsuko

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In this Japanese name, the surname is Koizumi.
Lafcadio Hearn (left) and Setsuko (right)

Koizumi Setsuko[1] (Japanese: 小泉 節子、26 February 1868 - 18 February 1932), also known as Koizumi Setsu[2] (Japanese: 小泉 セツ) was the wife of the writer Lafcadio Hearn (Koizumi Yakumo). She helped Lafcadio in writing, and is author of Reminiscences of Lafcadio Hearn (Japanese: 思い出の記).[3] Her registered given name in the koseki was "Setsu", but she preferred "Setsuko".[4]

Born as a daughter of the Koizumi family, whose members had served the Matsue Domain feudal clan in Izumo, at the age of 22 she married Hearn, who lived in Matsue as an English teacher. Since she liked stories from childhood, she helped her husband to understand Japanese folk tales and supported his writing about Japan.[5]

Early life

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Koizumi Setsu was born on 4 February 1868.[6] Her father was Koizumi Yaemon Minato, bangashira [ja] of the domain of Matsue feudal clan in Izumo whose karoku [ja] (hereditary stipend) was 400 koku, and her mother was Chie.[6] Soon after she was born, she was adopted by the Inagaki family.[7]

She liked stories from childhood, and often listened to fairy tales, folk tales, and local legends. After the Meiji Restoration, shizoku families lost stipends and were impoverished, and the Inagaki family was no exception: Setsuko graduated from primary school with excellent academic records and hoped to enter further education, but she had to work as a weaver at the age of 11.[8]

When Setsuko was 18, the Inagaki family adopted a son of a shizoku family Maeda Tameji as their mukoyōshi (adopted son-in-law) and Setsuko's husband, but he left the family within a year since he could not bear the poverty.[9] In 1890, Setsuko officially got divorce and returned to the Koizumi family.[10]

Marriage to Lafcadio

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The date of the marriage of Setsuko and Lafcadio is uncertain. According to Setsuko herself, she married Lafcadio around December 1890.[11] Another story says that since the Koizumi family was also impoverished, around February 1891 Setsuko started her work as a live-in housekeeper in Lafcadio's house, where he lived by himself as an English teacher.[12] Nishida Sentaro, Lafcadio's colleague and English teacher, volunteered as an interpreter between Setsuko and Lafcadio.[13] Lafcadio Hearn was known as "Herun-san" by local people in Matsu.[14] On 11 August 1891, Lafcadio sent a letter to a friend of his to announce his marriage with Setsuko.[15] Interracial marriage was frowned upon in Japan around the time when Lafcadio and Setsuko married.[16]

In November 1891, Lafcadio moved to Kumamoto with Setsuko.[17] Setsuko unsuccessfully studied English to talk to Lafcadio.[18] Setsuko, however, correctly understood Lafcadio's broken Japanese, called "Herun-san Kotoba" (Hearn-speak) in their family, and the couple communicated with each other.[19] In 1893, their first son Kazuo was born.[17]

In 1894, the couple moved to Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture.[17] He became a full-time writer after Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, a book which he wrote during his stay in Kumamoto, gained popularity.[20] After that, Setsuko provided much of the material for Lafcadio's major works.[21] In 1896, during their stay in Kobe, his application for naturalisation was granted by the governor of Shimane Prefecture and he became a member of the Koizumi family, officially changing his name to Koizumi Yakumo.[22]

In 1896, the couple moved to Ichigaya, Ushigome-ku, Tokyo.[23] Setsuko not only told Japanese folk legends but also explained what she read in published books to Lafcadio to help him in writing.[24] Lafcadio asked Setsuko to be a "storyteller" who did not just read books aloud but told the stories in her own words, and Setsuko followed his requests.[25] The couple had two sons and one daughter in Tokyo, but after they moved to Nishiokubo in 1902, Lafcadio's health began to deteriorate.[26] On 26 September 1904, Laficadio died.[23]

Later years

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Lafcadio left all assets to his wife in a will.[27] Living in their house with a study in Nishiokubo as they were when Lafcadio was alive, Setsuko raised her children in affluence.[28] In 1914, Reminiscences of Lafcadio Hearn, her memoir about Lafcadio, was included in Koizumi Yakumo, edited by Tanabe Ryuji.[29] She suffered from atherosclerosis in her last years, and died on 18 February 1932 at the age of 64.[30] Her grave is at the Zōshigaya Cemetery.[14]

Appreciation and legacy

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Since Setsuko is a major source of Japanese ghost stories for her husband, she is appreciated as "one of Hearn’s main partners in this highly discursive and collaborative culture of translation."[1] Setsuko "provided him [Lafcadio Hearn] with new folk narratives to ponder, and he turned from his Creole work to focus on Japanese".[31]

References

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  1. ^ a b Evangelista, Stefano (2023-08-01). ""Clothed with Poetry": Lafcadio Hearn's Decadent Aesthetics of Translation". Modern Philology. 121 (1): 104–123, p. 112. doi:10.1086/725415. ISSN 0026-8232.
  2. ^ Makino, Yoko (2023), Saeki, Shōichi; Haga, Tōru (eds.), "Lafcadio Hearn Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (1894)", Masterpieces on Japan by Foreign Authors: From Goncharov to Pinguet, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 55–60, doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9853-9_11, ISBN 978-981-19-9853-9, retrieved 2024-09-04
  3. ^ 小泉節子. "思い出の記". www.aozora.gr.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  4. ^ 長谷川洋二、p.13
  5. ^ 長谷川洋二、pp.42-43
  6. ^ a b 長谷川洋二、pp.11-13
  7. ^ 三成, 清香 (2015). "「孝」に生きる女性たち―「蝿のはなし」、「雉子のはなし」を手がかりとして". 宇都宮大学国際学部研究論集. 39: 117-132、p. 118.
  8. ^ 長谷川洋二、pp.85-86
  9. ^ 長谷川洋二、pp.99-103
  10. ^ 長谷川洋二、p.104
  11. ^ 長谷川洋二、p.126
  12. ^ 高橋彰典、p.88
  13. ^ 高瀬彰典、p.91
  14. ^ a b "小泉セツ—ラフカディオ・ハーンの妻として生きて Koizumi Setsu—Living as Lafcadio Hearn's Wife - 企画展・イベント - 小泉八雲記念館 | Lafcadio Hearn Memorial Museum". www.hearn-museum-matsue.jp. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  15. ^ 長谷川洋二、pp.146-150
  16. ^ Hansen, Kelly (2020). "Lafcadio Hearn as Global Citizen". Soseki and Hearn Studies (in Japanese). 1: 7–12, p. 8.
  17. ^ a b c "2 小泉八雲(ラフカディオ・ハーン)". 熊本アイルランド協会 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  18. ^ 長谷川洋二、p.161
  19. ^ 長谷川洋二、pp.162-163
  20. ^ 長谷川洋二、p.168
  21. ^ 長谷川洋二、p.169
  22. ^ 長谷川洋二、pp.183-184
  23. ^ a b "小泉八雲終焉の地 | 一般社団法人新宿観光振興協会". www.kanko-shinjuku.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  24. ^ 長谷川洋二、pp.211-214
  25. ^ 高橋彰典、p.96
  26. ^ 高橋彰典、p.98
  27. ^ 長谷川洋二、pp.181-182
  28. ^ 高橋彰典、pp.99-100
  29. ^ 長谷川洋二、pp.274-275
  30. ^ 高橋彰典、p.100
  31. ^ Bronner, Simon J (2005). ""Gombo" Folkloristics: Lafcadio Hearn's Creolization and Hybridization in the Formative Period of Folklore Studies". Journal of Folklore Research. 42 (2): 141–184, p. 176. doi:10.1353/jfr.2005.0020. ISSN 1543-0413.

Bibliography

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  • 小泉節子・小泉一雄 (1967). "祖母のこと、父のこと". 全訳小泉八雲全集. Vol. 12. 恒文社. pp. 567–580.
  • 高瀬彰典 (2019). "小泉セツ". 国際社会で活躍した日本人. 弘文堂. pp. 81–100.
  • 長谷川洋二 (2014). 八雲の妻 小泉セツの生涯. 今井書店. (Hasegawa, Yōji; Koizumi, Setsu; Hearn, Lafcadio (1997). A walk in Kumamoto: the life & times of Setsu Koizumi, Lafcadio Hearn's Japanese wife ; including a new translation of her memoir "Reminiscences" (1. published ed.). Folkestone: Global Oriental. ISBN 978-1-86034-029-1.)
  • 中井孝子 (February 2017). "ハーンの妻セツの役割の再検討 －小泉一雄、雨森信成、三成重敬の証言を中心に－". 多元文化 (17). 名古屋大学国際言語文化研究科国際多元文化専攻: 61–75.
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