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Yuriko Koike
小池 百合子
Official portrait, c. 2017
Governor of Tokyo
Incumbent
Assumed office
1 August 2016
DeputyMitsuchika Tarao
Hiroshi Kajihara
Kei Takechi
Manabu Miyasaka
Preceded byYōichi Masuzoe
Minister of Defense
In office
4 July 2007 – 27 August 2007
Prime MinisterShinzō Abe
Preceded byFumio Kyūma
Succeeded byMasahiko Kōmura
Minister of State for Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs
In office
27 September 2004 – 26 September 2006
Prime MinisterJunichirō Koizumi
Preceded byToshimitsu Motegi
Succeeded bySanae Takaichi
Minister of the Environment
In office
22 September 2003 – 26 September 2006
Prime MinisterJunichirō Koizumi
Preceded byShunichi Suzuki
Succeeded byMasatoshi Wakabayashi
Member of the House of Representatives
In office
19 July 1993 – 14 July 2016
ConstituencyHyōgo 2nd district (1993–1996)
Hyōgo 6th district (1996–2003)
Kinki (2003–2005)
Tokyo 10th district (2005–2009)
Tokyo (2009–2012)
Tokyo 10th district (2012–2016)
Member of the House of Councillors
In office
26 July 1992 – 4 July 1993
ConstituencyNational PR
Personal details
Born (1952-07-15) 15 July 1952 (age 72)
Ashiya, Hyōgo, Japan
Political partyIndependent (2018–present)
Other political
affiliations		JNP (1992–1994)
NFP (1994–1997)
LP (1997–2000)
NCP (2000–2003)
LDP (2003–2017)
TFnK (2017)
PoH (2017–2018)
Alma materKwansei Gakuin University
American University in Cairo
Cairo University
WebsiteOfficial website

Yuriko Koike (小池 百合子, Koike Yuriko; born 15 July 1952) is a Japanese politician, who has served as the Governor of Tokyo since 2016. Previously, she was also served as a member of the House of Councillors from 1992 to 1993, a member of the House of Representatives from 1993 to 2016, Minister of the Environment under from 2003 to 2006, and Minister of Defense in between July and August 2007.

Born and raised in Ashiya, a wealthy, small, and popular city near Kobe in Hyōgo Prefecture, Koike graduated from Cairo University in Cairo, Egypt in 1976, and served as a member of the House of Representatives of Japan from 1993 until 2016, when she resigned to run for Governor of Tokyo. Previously, she also served as the Minister of the Environment under Junichiro Koizumi's cabinet from 2003 to 2006 and briefly as Minister of Defense under the first cabinet of Shinzo Abe in between July and August 2007.[1]

Koike was elected Governor of Tokyo in 2016, becoming the metropolis' first female governor.[2] Koike was re-elected in 2020 and 2024, winning 59.7% and 42.8% of the popular vote respectively.[3][4]

Considered one of the most high-profile and well-known Japanese politicians,[5] Koike has been frequently mentioned as holding Prime Ministerial ambitions.[6] She ran in the 2008 Liberal Democratic Party leadership election, becoming the first woman to run for the leadership of a major Japanese political party, however she came in third place losing to Tarō Asō. In 2017, Koike left the LDP amid much media attention and launched two parties: the national party, Kibō no Tō (希望の党/Party of Hope) and the regional party Tomin First no Kai (都民ファーストの会/Tokyoites First Party). Kibō no Tō contested the 2017 general election with Koike as a leader, however the party underperformed expectations and mostly disappeared after merging with the Democratic Party for the People in 2018. The same year, Koike stepped down as leader of Tomin First and officially became independent. However, Koike continues to endorse and campaign for Tomin First candidates in Tokyo and the party still makes frequent use of her image and policies.

Koike has come under some scrutiny from Japanese liberals and Koreans in both Japan and Korean Peninsula for her refusal to acknowledge the occurrence of 1923 Kantō Massacre, which mainly targeted ethnic Koreans, as well as her association with groups that are often labeled anti-Korean.[7]

Early life and education

[edit]

Koike was born on 15 July 1952 in Ashiya near Kobe in Hyōgo, Koike went to Kōnan Girls' Junior and Senior High School for her secondary education. Her father, Yūjirō Koike, was a foreign trade merchant who handled oil products. He was also involved in politics, supporting Shintarō Ishihara and the Tatenokai in the 1960s, and ran unsuccessfully for Japanese general election in 1969.[8] Yūjirō emphasised to Yuriko that it was essential for Japan to strengthen relations with Arab countries to ensure a stable petroleum supply to prevent Japan being thrust into an oil war again in the future. After dropping out of Kwansei Gakuin University's School of Sociology in September 1971, she went on to study Arabic at the American University in Cairo and allegedly[9] received a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology as the top student from Cairo University in October 1976.[8][10] When she was 21, she married a fellow Japanese student but divorced soon after.[11][12] She began to work as an interpreter of Arabic and later became a journalist, interviewing Muammar Gaddafi and Yasser Arafat in 1978,[13] and becoming a news anchor in 1979. She received the Female Broadcaster of Japan award in 1990.

Graduation from Cairo University

[edit]

Koike has been alleged several times of falsifying her credentials, particularly regarding her graduation from Cairo University in Cairo, Egypt. In June 2020, Cairo University released a statement that "Cairo University certifies that Yuriko Koike... graduated from the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts, Cairo University in October 1976," denying the allegations.[14]

Meanwhile, Egyptian allegations that she had committed job fraud first surfaced during 1992,[15] they were more widely reported during the Tokyo's gubernatorial election in 2016, and first reported by Japanese news program Tokudane!. Koike sent her graduation certificate to the program in response to allegations.[16][17] In January 2018, a woman who claimed to have been Koike's roommate at Cairo University wrote to the Japanese monthly magazine Bungei Shunjū after reading an article on Koike.[18][19][15] In 2024, the magazine published an article on their website, including a video where Toshiro Kojima, a lawyer and former aide of Koike, said that he helped to falsify Koike's academic credentials including drafting a fake graduation document.[20] Koike has denied the allegations.[21]

Political career

[edit]
Koike, dubbed "Japan's Condi Rice",[22] shakes hands with Condoleezza Rice in August 2007.

After her graduation in Egypt, Koike was elected to the House of Councillors in 1992 as a member of the Japan New Party. She was then elected to the House of Representatives in 1993, representing the Hyogo 2nd district. In 1996, she was re-elected to the House of Representatives, this time representing the Hyogo 6th district for the New Frontier Party. She held this seat in the 2000 election as a candidate of the New Conservative Party. She joined the Liberal Democratic Party in 2002.[23] She also has been a regular contributor to Project Syndicate since 2010.

Cabinet service (2003–2007)

[edit]

She served as the Minister of the Environment and Minister of State for Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Jun'ichirō Koizumi. Along with Satsuki Katayama and Makiko Fujino, Koike became known as one of Koizumi's "assassins" in the 2005 Lower House election, running in Tokyo against an LDP hardliner candidate who opposed Koizumi's policies.[24]

She was appointed the first female Minister of Defense in June 2007 during the first term of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, but announced in August 2007 that she intended to resign from the post, citing the Aegis classified information leak scandal as a reason.[1] Koike later hinted that the much-publicized fight she had had with Chief Cabinet Secretary Yasuhisa Shiozaki over a vice-minister replacement was the real reason, as the opposition would use that to oppose a bill on Japan's terrorism laws.[25]

2008 LDP leadership election

[edit]

On 8 September 2008, she launched her bid to become president of the LDP and became the first woman ever to seek the premiership in Japan's history: "I have received the enthusiastic support of my colleagues. In order to break through the deadlock facing Japanese society, I believe the country might as well have a female candidate. Hillary used the word 'glass ceiling' ... but in Japan, it isn't glass, it's an iron plate. I'm not Mrs. Thatcher, but what is needed is a strategy that advances a cause with conviction, clear policies and sympathy with the people."[26] In the leadership election, held on 22 September, Tarō Asō won with 351 of the 527 votes; Koike placed third with 46 votes.[27]

Governor of Tokyo

[edit]

Following the resignation of Tokyo Governor Naoki Inose in December 2013, Koike was widely rumored to be a potential candidate for the gubernatorial election expected to be held in February 2014, along with Hideo Higashikokubaru, Hakubun Shimomura, Seiko Hashimoto and Yōichi Masuzoe.[28] She ultimately did not run, and Masuzoe won.

Governor Koike speaking in 2017

After Masuzoe announced his resignation in June 2016, Koike announced her intention to run in the election for his successor. Koike stated that she would run "as an LDP lawmaker" but did not obtain the approval of the Tokyo LDP chapter before announcing her candidacy.[29] The LDP officially endorsed Hiroya Masuda, and its Tokyo chapter issued a notice that any members supporting Koike would be punished. Nonetheless, several prominent LDP politicians continued to back Koike, while senior leaders such as Shinzo Abe refrained from making speeches in support of either candidate.[30]

Koike was elected Governor of Tokyo on 31 July 2016, becoming the first woman in the post.[31]

On 21 August 2016, at the 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Koike received the Olympic Flag, via Thomas Bach, from the mayor of Rio de Janeiro, Eduardo Paes.

On 31 May 2017, in advance of the upcoming local elections, Koike resigned from the Liberal Democratic Party and officially became the leader of Tomin First no Kai (Tokyoites First). Koike founded the group in 2016 in preparation for the elections and formed an alliance with Komeito in an effort to secure a governing majority in Tokyo's parliament.[32] On 3 July 2017, the alliance took a majority in the prefectural election, pushing out the Liberal Democratic Party with a combined 79 seats of the 127-seat assembly.[33]

Koike joined Shinzo Abe's cabinet, where the country led the government response to COVID-19 pandemic in Japan,[34] as well as the postponement of 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics to 2021.[citation needed]

On 14 August 2022, Governor of Jakarta Anies Baswedan paid a working visit to Japan to meet with his counterpart from Tokyo, Yuriko Koike, to discuss the potential for cooperation in several fields, including for environment-friendly public transportation. Baswedan posted a picture of the meeting with Koike at the Tokyo City Hall accompanied by several delegates on his personal Instagram account. However, the governor did not furnish further details on the potential for cooperation between the two cities and the length of his stay in Japan. However, Baswedan did invite Koike to attend the Urban 20 forum as a G20 side event in Jakarta at the end of August 2022. He later noted that Tokyo and Jakarta were sister cities, with longstanding relations. Hence, the meeting offered momentum to demonstrate commitment to intensifying relations between the two metropolitan cities.[35]

Koike announced on 29 August 2022 that Tokyo would begin implementation of the world's fastest mobile internet network. Leading the charge is Manabu Miyasaka, the newly appointed counselor to the governor on digital transformation of Tokyo and former chairman of Yahoo! Japan Corporation.[36]

Koike ran her platform based on seven zeros, which were basically socio-economic problems faced by residents of Tokyo. Out of these goals, she was able to reduce the number of children on waitlists to gain admission to daycares and cutting down the number of euthanized dogs and cats. However, critics say other goals like tackling the overwork culture, reducing crowding on rush hour trains, and getting rid of above-ground electricity poles have not yet been achieved.[37]

Koike and her preferred candidate, Hirotada Ototake, placed fifth in the Tokyo 15th district by-election of lower house. This has caused discussion to increase on if Koike is losing much of her reputation as an intensely popular governor. This also came ahead of the next Tokyo gubernatorial election held in July 2024. The crushing loss Ototake faced was reported as potentially putting a damper on continuous rumors regarding her wish to return to national politics following her failure in the 2017 Japanese general election.[38] However, exit polls projected after the 2024 Tokyo election that Koike would win a third term as governor.[39]

On August 6, 2024, Koike fractured her left knee while making a ceremonial first pitch at a Central League baseball match at the Meiji Jingu Stadium, forcing her to work remotely.[40]

Political positions

[edit]
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Koike supports economic liberalism, promotes administrative and budgetary reform, and insists on further advancement of the status of women in the working world. In promising the pursuit of women-friendly policies, she has stated, "I believe that pushing policies for women will be good for Tokyo and bring happiness to the capital." Her stated basic principles and stance regarding political reform are encompassed by "The 5 Cs: Check, Challenge, Change, Creative and Communication".[41] In terms of the economy, she has pushed for aggressive privatization of Japanese assets to diminish the government's debt burden. A strong turn towards IT development, natural sciences, sustainable infrastructure, and efficiency-based administrative reforms for public services were also on the docket.[42] She is also one of the main figures in Japan's right-wing populist camp.[43][44][45] She is also sometimes referred to as "ultraconservative".[46]

Environmentalism

[edit]

Having learned an environmental way of life from her own experience of wartime austerities in Egypt,[10] Koike addresses environmental issues. She expressed the idea of introducing a carbon tax in 2005 so that Japan might achieve the goals of the Kyoto Protocol.[47] The next year, she inaugurated the "Mottainai Furoshiki" campaign, which urges shoppers to use furoshiki in place of plastic shopping bags.[48] She is against the use of biofuels made from food crops.[49]

Nationalism and associated controversy

[edit]

As a nationalist, Koike was one of the five vice secretaries general of the Diet Members' Committee of Nippon Kaigi, the country's largest conservative think tank and the main nationalist lobby, once chaired by Tarō Asō. She is also known to have powerful ties to other large conservative political groups.[citation needed]

As a Governor of Tokyo, she has been criticized for years by Japanese liberals and Koreans in both Japan and the Koreas for refusing to acknowledge the occurrence of the 1923 Kantō Massacre, which mainly targeted ethnic Koreans.[7][50][51][52] Beginning in 2017, Koike broke decades of precedent by previous mayors by refusing to offer condolences to the descendants of survivors at an annual ceremony. She has since justified this by saying that whether a massacre occurred is a matter of historical debate.[53][52]

Koike's possible affiliation with a far-right group was questioned in 2016, when a reporter asked about her speaking at a conference hosted by Japan Women's Group Gentle Breeze (日本女性の会そよ風, or "そよ風"), a women's non-profit with purported ties to anti-Korean hate group Zaitokukai. In response, Koike stated that she wasn't aware of the non-profit's ties to Zaitokukai, and that she is invited to speak at many events.[54][52]

Position on Article 9 of constitution

[edit]

Her foreign and security policies are often regarded as hawkish.[22][55][56] She suggested that the prime minister revise the interpretation of Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan to enable the government to exercise the right to collective self-defense.[55][57]

She has supported the United States and the War on Terror and opposes the Japanese government's tradition of UN-centered foreign policy.[58] However, she has sent mixed messages to the United States in terms of destabilizing the Middle East with democratization efforts. On the other hand, showing parts of the world how powerful the United States is as an ally is a priority. During the 2008 LDP leadership election, she pledged to make Russia return the four disputed islands to Japan if she was elected as prime minister. Back in 2010, she helped strengthen ties between Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and Japan. This led to the creation of the Japan-Libya Friendship Association.[59]

Other positions

[edit]

Koike has also actively promoted Japanese pop culture, appearing in cosplay as Sally from Sally the Witch in 2015, and stating during her 2016 Tokyo gubernatorial campaign that she wanted to turn all of Tokyo into an "anime land".[60]

Koike initiated "Jisa Biz" (時差biz) in July 2017 to promote remote work and staggered work times to reduce traffic congestion during the morning rush hour in Tokyo.[61]

In 2017, Koike launched and led a new national political party. It was called Kibō no Tō, which means "Party of Hope". Although still Governor of Tokyo, she was the primary leader of this party. It was assumed that this party could have been the main opposition to the LDP. On 22 October 2017, the Party of Hope did not perform as well at the polls as expected. Koike's overarching policies were similar to those of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. The policy to set them apart was their differing opinions on nuclear energy. Koike was opposed to it as an advocate of the environment. Koike did not join any successor party to the Party of Hope at its April 2018 dissolution.

In 2023, she ranked 62nd in Forbes list of "World's 100 most powerful women".[62]

References

[edit]
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  11. ^ Masaharu Fujiyoshi. "Koike Yuriko Kenkyū", Shūkan Bunshun, Bungeishunjū, 20 October 2005.
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  19. ^ 「文藝春秋」編集部 (8 June 2018). "「小池百合子さんはカイロ大学を卒業していません」と元同居女性が証言". 文春オンライン (in Japanese). Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  20. ^ 敏郎, 小島 (9 April 2024). "「私は学歴詐称工作に加担してしまった」小池百合子都知事 元側近の爆弾告発". 文藝春秋 電子版. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  21. ^ Inoue, Yukana (12 April 2024). "Tokyo Gov. Koike denies claim she falsified academic credentials". The Japan Times. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  22. ^ a b "'Japan's Condi Rice' known for courting controversy Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine", The Japan Times, 5 July 2007.
  23. ^ プロフィール [Profile]. 小池ゆりこ オフィシャルサイト [Yuriko Koike's Official Website] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  24. ^ Faiola, Anthony (3 September 2005). "In Japan, the Lipstick Ninjas Get Out the Vote". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
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  26. ^ Japan PM contender sees "iron" barrier for women Archived 4 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, reuters.com; accessed 18 June 2015.
  27. ^ "Aso elected LDP head" Archived 25 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, yomiuri.co.jp, 22 September 2008.
  28. ^ 猪瀬知事が辞職表明「都政を停滞させられない」. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2013. 自民党の石破茂幹事長は19日午前、東京都連幹部と協議し、年内の候補者決定を目指す方針を確認した。党内では小池百合子元防衛相や下村博文文部科学相、橋本聖子参院議員らの名前が取り沙汰されている。７月の参院選への出馬を見送った元新党改革代表の舛添要一氏、日本維新の会を離党して衆院議員を辞職した東国原英夫氏らの名前も浮上している。
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  30. ^ "Ruling camp keeps low profile in Tokyo race". The Yomiuri Shimbun. 19 July 2016. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  31. ^ "Yuriko Koike Elected Governor of Tokyo, First Woman in Post". The Wall Street Journal. 31 July 2016. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  32. ^ hermes (2 June 2017). "Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike quits LDP to lead own party to polls". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  33. ^ Shimbun, The Yomiuri. "Koike camp gets majority". The Japan News. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  34. ^ 「何の意味があったのか」都民に困惑、第２波不安 東京アラート終了. Tokyo Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  35. ^ Bhwana, Petir Garda. "Jakarta Governor Visits Japan to Discuss Cooperation in Transportation". Tempo (Indonesian magazine). Retrieved 15 August 2022.
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  40. ^ "Tokyo Gov. Koike suffers bone fracture in opening pitch ceremony". Kyodo News. 7 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  41. ^ Koike Yuriko Kihon Rinen Archived 6 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Koike Yuriko official website.(in Japanese)
  42. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  43. ^ "In Japan, new party challenges Abe with populist slogans; but little policy gap". Reuters. 27 September 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  44. ^ "The main rival to Japan's ruling party is really 'extreme rightist,' analyst says". CNBC. 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2021. But some are already labeling the current Tokyo governor a populist, which is often a euphemism for a far-right politician. Koike has garnered significant public support by promising to move away from nuclear power and to halt consumer tax hikes.
  45. ^ "Why is populism so unpopular in Japan?". Al Jazeera. 10 June 2021. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  46. ^ Spremberg, Felix (25 November 2020). "How Japan's Left is repeating its unfortunate history". International Politics & Society Journal. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2021. While the DPJ had noticeably shifted to the left in the preceding years, Koike comes from the same ultraconservative establishment as former prime minister Abe.
  47. ^ "Koike pledges to push carbon tax to meet goals under Kyoto Protocol" Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, japantimes.co.jp, 6 November 2005.
  48. ^ "Minister Koike created the 'Mottainai Furoshiki'" Archived 16 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, env.go.jp; accessed 18 June 2015.
  49. ^ Mainichi Shimbun Morning Edition, 11 March 2008.
  50. ^ "Tokyo governor rapped for failing to send eulogy to 1923 Korean massacre victims". Mainichi Daily News. 1 September 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  51. ^ Nishimura, Naomi; Kitano, Ryuichi (2 September 2020). "Koike under fire as memorial held for Koreans slain in Tokyo in 1923". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  52. ^ a b c Adelstein, Jake (19 October 2017). "The Pride And (Anti-Korean) Prejudice Of Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike Is A Big Problem". Forbes. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  53. ^ "Tokyo gov. skips 1923 Korean massacre anniv. eulogy for 2nd year, raising denial worries". Mainichi Daily News. 1 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  54. ^ 小池百合子氏、在特会の関連団体での講演を指摘され「よく存じておりません」. Huffington Post (in Japanese). 8 July 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
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  62. ^ "The World's Most Powerful Women 2023". Forbes.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yuriko Koike.
House of Representatives (Japan)
Preceded by
Multi-member
 Member of the House of Representatives
for Hyōgo's 2nd district
Multi-member
1993–1996 		Constituency abolished
New constituency Member of the House of Representatives
for Hyōgo's 6th district
1996–2003 		Kōichirō Ichimura
Preceded by
Proportional representation
 Member of the House of Representatives
for Kinki
2003–2005 		Succeeded by
Proportional representation
Preceded by Member of the House of Representatives
for Tokyo's 10th district
2005–2009 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Proportional representation
 Member of the House of Representatives
for Tokyo
2009–2016 		Succeeded by
Proportional representation
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of the Environment
2003–2006 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of State for Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs
2004–2006 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Defense
2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor of Tokyo
2016–present 		Incumbent
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