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King of Hanigalbat

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Not to be confused with the preceding kings of Mitanni, also known as Hanigalbat.
King of Hanigalbat
šar Ḫanigalbat
Details
First monarchIbashi-ili
Last monarchUnknown
Formation13th century BC
Abolition12th–7th century BC
AppointerAppointment, hereditary

The king of Hanigalbat[1][2] (Akkadian: šar Ḫanigalbat)[3][4] or king of the land of Hanigalbat[5] (šar māt Ḫanigalbat)[5] was an Assyrian vassal ruler, essentially a viceroy, in the territory of the Kingdom of Mitanni, also known as Hanigalbat, following its conquest by the Middle Assyrian king Shalmaneser I. The kings of Hanigalbat were members of the Assyrian royal family and also held the title of grand vizier (sukallu rabi'u).[5] Though vassals under their relatives in Assyria, they held sway over virtually the entire western Assyrian Empire. The title, as rendered in Akkadian, was identical to the title applied to the kings of Mitanni by the Assyrians, suggesting that it might have been intended to imply that the Mitanni kingdom continued to exist as a vassal state of the Assyrians.

History

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Kings of Hanigalbat

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After conquering the Mitanni kingdom in the 13th century BC and establishing administrative districts there, the Middle Assyrian king Shalmaneser I named his brother, Ibashi-ili, as grand vizier (sukallu rabi'u) and king of Hanigalbat. The title šar māt Ḫanigalbat was identical to the title used for the Mitanni kings by the Assyrians.[4] The title might intentionally have implied that the conquered Mitanni territories had vassal-like status (rather than being fully incorporated) as a way to appease the locals.[6] The Assyriologist Masamichi Yamada wrote in 2011 that he believed that the kings of Hanigalbat were relatively autonomous, their realm, which he designated as "Assyrian Hanigalbat" (as opposed to the earlier Mitanni kingdom, "Hurrian Hanigalbat"), being a satellite state rather than a full vassal kingdom.[7]

The role of Ibashshi-ili and his successors was comparable to that of a viceroy, being tasked with acting as the local legal authority, hosting passing-by officials, collecting taxes and supplying them to the Assyrian capital as well as overseeing certain military and policing duties. From their seat at Dur-Katlimmu, their authority extended throughout multiple districts within the territory of the former Mitanni kingdom,[5] covering the entire western part of the Middle Assyrian Empire, from the Khabur in the east to the Euphrates in the west, and from Terqa in the south to the mountains in the north.[1] All of Ibašši-ilī's successors descended from his own dynastic line[5] and continued to carry both the title of king of Hanigalbat and the title of grand vizier.[5]

Though they are often ignored in historiography, it is possible that the line of kings in Hanigalbat constituted a junior line of Assyrian co-rulers, with authority and prestige beyond simply being viceroys. A Middle Assyrian-age letter from the Babylonian king Adad-shuma-usur is addressed to the "kings of Assyria" rather than the "king of Assyria, a possible reference to there being two simultaneous kings.[8] Another Babylonian letter, this one to Ibašši-ilī, explicitly referred to him as the "king of Assyria".[9]

Abolition

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It is unclear when the office of king of Hanigalbat was abolished. In 2015, the Assyriologist Rafał Koliński wrote that the title fell into disuse already when Ninurta-apal-Ekur, a great-great-grandson of Ibašši-ilī, usurped the Assyrian throne in the 12th century BC.[1] In 2008, the historian Jeffrey J. Szuchman wrote that the title, and the administrative system surrounding it, probably lasted throughout the Middle Assyrian Empire and possibly to as late as the 10th century BC.[3] In 2003, the Assyriologist Stephanie Dalley wrote that the title and position lasted until near the end of the Assyrian Empire and that the vassal rulers of Hanigalbat were influential in the Assyrian succession. When the Neo-Assyrian king Sennacherib was murdered, his son and intended successor Esarhaddon was in the west and only successfully took the Assyrian throne in Nineveh with the help of an army raised in Hanigalbat.[10] Dalley believes the line of kings in Hanigalbat came to an end at some point during the war between Sinsharishkun and Nabopolassar, which also resulted in the collapse of the Assyrian Empire as a whole, as during the late stage of the war the only royal seats mentioned are Nineveh and Babylon.[11] In 622 BC, Assyrian records tell that a "general" in the empire's western provinces, whose name is not recorded, took advantage of the war and seized Nineveh, ruling there for a hundred days before Sinsharishkun returned and defeated him. The general had taken the city without fighting since the Assyrian army had surrendered before him, indicating that he might have been a member of the royal family, or at least a person that would be acceptable as king.[12]

Known kings and grand viziers

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Koliński 2015, p. 12.
  2. ^ a b c d Wiggermann 2000, p. 171.
  3. ^ a b Szuchman 2008, p. 402.
  4. ^ a b Jakob 2015, p. 177.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Pongratz-Leisten 2015, pp. 161–162.
  6. ^ a b Szuchman 2007, p. 16.
  7. ^ Yamada 2011, p. 217.
  8. ^ Dalley 2003, p. 25.
  9. ^ Szuchman 2007, p. 46.
  10. ^ Dalley 2003, p. 26.
  11. ^ Dalley 2003, p. 28.
  12. ^ Na’aman 1991, p. 263.

Bibliography

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  • Dalley, Stephanie (2003). "The Transition from Neo-Assyrians to Neo-Babylonians: Break or Continuity?". Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies: 25–28. JSTOR 23629850.
  • Harrak, Amir (1987). Assyria and Hanigalbat: A Historical Reconstruction of Bilateral Relations from the Middle of the Fourteenth to the end the Twelfth Centuries B.C. (PhD dissertation). University of Toronto.
  • Jakob, Stefan (2015). "Daily Life in the Wild West of Assyria". In Düring, Bleda S. (ed.). Understanding Hegemonic Practices of the Early Assyrian Empire: Essays dedicated to Frans Wiggermann. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. ISBN 978-9062583362.
  • Koliński, Rafał (2015). "Making Mittani Assyrian". In Düring, Bleda S. (ed.). Understanding Hegemonic Practices of the Early Assyrian Empire: Essays dedicated to Frans Wiggermann. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. ISBN 978-9062583362.
  • Na’aman, Nadav (1991). "Chronology and History in the Late Assyrian Empire (631—619 B.C.)". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie. 81 (1–2): 243–267. doi:10.1515/zava.1991.81.1-2.243. S2CID 159785150.
  • Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2015). Religion and Ideology in Assyria. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-1614514268.
  • Szuchman, Jeffrey J. (2007). Prelude to Empire: Middle Assyrian Hanigalbat and the Rise of the Aramaeans (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of California.
  • Szuchman, Jeffrey J. (2008). "Mobility and Sedentarization in Late Bronze Age Syria". In Hans, Barnard; Wendrich, Willeke (eds.). The Archaeology of Mobility: Old World and New World Nomadism. University of California. ISBN 978-1938770388.
  • Wiggermann, F. A. M. (2000). "Agriculture in the Northern Balikh Valley: The Case of Middle Assyrian Tell Sabi Abyad". In Jas, R. M. (ed.). Rainfall and Agriculture in Northern Mesopotamia: Proceedings of the Third Mos Symposium. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut. ISBN 978-9062583362.
  • Yamada, Masamichi (2011). "The Second Military Conflict Between 'Assyria' and 'Ḫatti' in the Reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 105 (1): 199–220. doi:10.3917/assy.105.0199.
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