Khost Protection Force
| Khost Protection Force | |
|---|---|
| Active | 2002-2021 |
| Country | Afghanistan |
| Allegiance | Khalq |
| Type | Paramilitary |
| Role | Counterinsurgency Special operations |
| Size | 3,500 to 10,000 soldiers[1][2] |
| Mascot(s) | Tiger |
The Khost Protection Force (KPF), formally known as the 25th Division by the (Afghan) Ministry of Defence[2] was an Afghan paramilitary group that has been active in eastern Afghanistan. It is the oldest of a number of highly secretive CIA-backed paramilitaries formed following the United States invasion of Afghanistan, in collaboration with the National Directorate of Security (NDS), being under its command.[3]
Initially largely made up of former People's Democratic Party members, the KPF was based at Camp Chapman in Khost Province and it also had battalions in Gardez and Sharana, operating in the region bordering Pakistan's North Waziristan District.[4]
The KPF has been accused of war crimes including torture and killing civilians.[5]
History
[edit]After the fall of the Taliban in 2001, the presence of US forces in the province of Khost led to significant changes in the power dynamics of the region. As military units operated in the area, they sought alliances with like-minded individuals who shared their immediate goals. In a peculiar turn of events, the power vacuum created by the Taliban's defeat allowed former communists, who were once adversaries of the United States during the 1980s, to rise to power. These individuals, being staunchly anti-Taliban, became valuable allies to the US and Coalition partners in the region. This unexpected shift in power dynamics set the stage for the establishment of the Khost Protection Force (KPF), a paramilitary group that would play a significant role in the security landscape of Khost province.[6]
In 2002, General Khailbaz, an exiled Khalq officer from Jaji Maidan, returned to Khost and established his own militia comprising former communist soldiers. It was integrated into what became known as the Khost Protection Force (KPF). Butt the unit faced criticism from other tribes for their perceived lack of accountability, arrogance upon returning to Khost City, harassment of former mujahedeen members, and allegations of ruthlessness and human rights abuses. Observers noted that while nominally subordinate to the National Directorate of Security (NDS), the KPF operated autonomously from the Kabul government. In 2019, the United Nations reported that the organization operated outside of the legal government structure, and the widespread impunity enjoyed by its members remained a grave concern. The KPF received funding from the Central Intelligence Agency until the Fall of Kabul in August 2021.[7][8]
Like other paramilitaries in Afghanistan during the 2001-2021 war, the KPF was mostly trained and recruited by the CIA despite nominally under NDS command;[9][10] it did not come under the command chain of the Afghan National Army or the U.S. Army.[11]
In November 2015, a growing number of deadly night raids by the KPF caused a backlash by the residents in the city of Khost against the United States.[5]
Following the fall of Kabul, the Taliban intensified their hunt to find and kill members of the KPF in October 2021.[12] The KPF disobeyed orders given to abandon their gear and vehicles and simply destroyed anything that they couldn't take with them.[13]
In January 2022, it was reported that surviving KPF soldiers arrived in the US and were living in Bloomington; most of them were forced to leave their immediate families behind.[13] They came through the "Welcome Home Project".[14]
Role
[edit]An American official speaking anonymously told The Washington Post in 2015 that the KPF “is one of the most effective elements fighting the Taliban in Afghanistan, and were it not for their constant efforts, Khost would likely be a Haqqani-held province, and Kabul would be under far greater threat than it is,”.[5] KPF soldiers provide assistance by tracking targets for drone strikes.[15]
The KPF operated with a country-wide informant network.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ "The Ghost of Khost: What History Might Tell Us about the Future of Afghanistan > Air University (AU) > Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs Article Display". www.airuniversity.af.edu.
- ^ a b c https://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=3031&task=view&total=3486&start=705&Itemid=2
- ^ "Khost Protection Force Accused of Fresh Killings: Six men shot dead in Zurmat". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English. January 21, 2019.
- ^ "CIA Afghan counterterrorist forces". afghan-bios.info. 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ a b c Raghavan, Sudarsan (2015-12-03). "CIA runs shadow war with Afghan militia implicated in civilian killings". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ Green, Daniel (2012). The Valley’s Edge: A Year with the Pashtuns in the Heartland of the Taliban. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. p. 130.
- ^ "The Liaison Office, "Khost's Tribes: Between a Rock and a Hard Place," TLO-Policy Brief 4". December 2010.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Giustozzi, Antonio (2009). "Insights from the Afghan Field". Columbia University Press: 87.
- ^ Clark, Kate (2021-07-16). "Menace, Negotiation, Attack: The Taleban take more District Centres across Afghanistan". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English (in Pashto). Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ Hakimi, Aziz A. (2013). "Getting savages to fight barbarians: counterinsurgency and the remaking of Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 32 (3): 388–405. doi:10.1080/02634937.2013.843300. ISSN 0263-4937. S2CID 145614033.
- ^ Grossman, Patrica (2019-10-31). ""They've Shot Many Like This" Abusive Night Raids by CIA-Backed Afghan Strike Forces". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ Grossman, Patricia (2021-11-30). ""No Forgiveness for People Like You" Executions and Enforced Disappearances in Afghanistan under the Taliban". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ a b "Ex-Afghan soldiers arrive in Bloomington after escaping Taliban". WGLT. January 26, 2022.
- ^ "Former Afghan soldiers settle into their central Illinois relocation". WGLT. March 16, 2022.
- ^ Feroz, Emran (November 16, 2020). "Atrocities Pile Up for CIA-Backed Afghan Paramilitary Forces".