Ketonic decarboxylation
 | It has been suggested that this article be merged with Ružička reaction. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2024. |
Ketonic decarboxylation (also known as decarboxylative ketonization) is a type of organic reaction and a decarboxylation converting two equivalents of a carboxylic acid (R−C(=O)OH) to a symmetric ketone (R2C=O) by the application of heat. It can be thought of as a decarboxylative Claisen condensation of two identical molecules. Water and carbon dioxide are byproducts:
- 2 RCO2H → R2CO + CO2 + H2O
Bases promote this reaction. The reaction mechanism likely involves nucleophilic attack of the alpha-carbon of one acid group on the other acid group's carbonyl (C=O), possibly as a concerted reaction with the decarboxylation. The initial formation of an intermediate carbanion via decarboxylation of one of the acid groups prior to the nucleophilic attack has been proposed, but is unlikely since the byproduct resulting from the carbanion's protonation by the acid has never been reported.[1] This reaction is different from oxidative decarboxylation, which proceeds through a radical mechanism and is characterised by a different product distribution in isotopic labeling experiments with two different carboxylic acids. With two different carboxylic acids, the reaction behaves poorly because of poor selectivity except when one of the acids (for example, a small, volatile one) is used in large excess.
Examples
[edit]The dry distillation of calcium acetate to give acetone was reported by Charles Friedel in 1858[2] and until World War I ketonization was the premier commercial method for its production.[3]
Ketonic decarboxylation of propanoic acid over a manganese(II) oxide catalyst in a tube furnace affords 3-pentanone.[4] Of commercial interest are related ketonizations using cerium(IV) oxide and manganese dioxide on alumina as the catalysts. 5-Nonanone, which is potentially of interest as a diesel fuel, can be produced from valeric acid.[5] Stearone is prepared by heating magnesium stearate.[6]
An example of intramolecular ketonization is the conversion of adipic acid to cyclopentanone with barium hydroxide.[7]
The synthesis of 4-heptanone illustrates the production of the metal carboxylate in situ. Iron powder and butyric acid are converted to iron butyrate. Pyrolysis of that salt gives the ketone. [8]
Ketonization (other meaning)
[edit]Ketonization can also refer to the conversion of some enols to the ketone. Such a conversion is the reverse of enolization.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ Renz, M (2005). "Ketonization of Carboxylic Acids by Decarboxylation: Mechanism and Scope" (PDF). Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2005 (6): 979–988. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200400546 – via The Vespiary.
- ^ Friedel, C. (1858). "Ueber s. G. gemischte Acetone". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 108: 122–125. doi:10.1002/jlac.18581080124.
- ^ Squibb, E. R. (1895). "Improvement in the Manufacture of Acetone.1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 17 (3): 187–201. doi:10.1021/ja02158a004.
- ^ Furniss, Brian; Hannaford, Antony; Smith, Peter; Tatchell, Austin (1996). Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry 5th Ed. London: Longman Science & Technical. p. 613. ISBN 9780582462366.
- ^ Pileidis, Filoklis D.; Titirici, Maria-Magdalena (2016). "Levulinic Acid Biorefineries: New Challenges for Efficient Utilization of Biomass". ChemSusChem. 9 (6): 562–582. doi:10.1002/cssc.201501405. PMID 26847212.
- ^ A. G. Dobson and H. H. Hatt (1953). "Stearone". Organic Syntheses. 33: 84. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.033.0084.
- ^ Thorpe, J. F.; Kon, G. A. R. (1925). "Cyclopentanone". Org. Synth. 5: 37. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.005.0037.
- ^ Davis, Robert; Granito, Charles; Schultz, Harry P. (1967). "4-Heptanone". Organic Syntheses. 47: 75. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.047.0075.
- ^ Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, p. 794, ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1