Kennedy's betrayal
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Kennedy's betrayal refers to a perspective on the Bay of Pigs Invasion that supposes that President Kennedy's refusal to give proper air support to Brigade 2506 caused the defeat of the invasion. This lack of air support later spurred a sense that John F. Kennedy had betrayed Brigade 2506. According to some,[like whom?] this caused Cuban exiles to view him as soft on communism. This soft reputation also supposedly pushed early Cuban exiles to vote Republican in contrast to Kennedy's own Democratic party, creating a long tradition of popular support for the Republican party among Cuban Americans. The supposed immediate distaste for Kennedy among early Cuban exiles has also inspired conspiracy theories that Cuban exiles were involved in Kennedy's assassination.[1][2][3]
Critics of this interpretation claim that a notion of "betrayal" was not popular among Brigade 2506 veterans immediately after the invasion, and that the "Kennedy's betrayal" narrative wholly explains neither the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion nor why Cuban Americans came to largely support the Republican party.[1][3]
History
[edit]Kennedy and Cuban exiles
[edit]One day into the Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy received a telegram from Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow, stating the Soviets would not allow the U.S. to enter Cuba and implied swift nuclear retribution to the United States heartland if their warnings were not heeded.[4]
On the second day into the invasion, Kennedy ordered the Alabama Air National Guard to halt its bombings of Cuba. The Alabama Air National Guard originally intended to bomb Cuban airports to debilitate the Cuban Air Force. Without the bombings, the Cuban Air Force could effectively bomb the Brigade 2506 invasion force, ending the invasion.[5][3]
After the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Kennedy briefly established Operation Mongoose to organize clandestine missions against Cuba. After the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy agreed with Khruschev that the United States would not sponsor any more exile incursions into Cuba. By 1963, Kennedy was ordering Cuban exile militants to cease all violent operations launched from the United States, while operations from other countries were still tolerated.[6]
In 1964, a series of failed exile attacks occurred against Cuba. Manuel Ray's Cuban Revolutionary Junta and Manuel Artime's Movement for Revolutionary Recovery both failed in their respective attacks on Cuba. Soon after, the CIA began cutting funding to various militant exile organizations.[3]
Interpretations of the Bay of Pigs invasion
[edit]Soon after the invasion, Brigade 2506 started a veterans association, and published a note in 1964, praising Kennedy on his birthday. Journalist Haynes Johnson interviewed many of these veterans and published a book in 1964 The Bay of Pigs: The Leaders' Story of Brigade 2506. In the book, most of the veterans fault CIA planning for the invasion's failure, rather than Kennedy himself.[3]
Cuban-American lawyer Mario Lazo published in 1968 his book Dagger in the Heart; American Policy Failures in Cuba, that Kennedy is at fault for the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. Bay of Pigs veteran and Miami politician Alfredo Duran claims that the betrayal narrative became popular among Cuban Americans by the mid-1960s because it served as a propaganda tool for Republican politicians in Miami. Historian Michael Bustamante has claimed that the Kennedy's betrayal narrative only became popular after the United States started reducing support for Cuban exile militancy in the mid-1960s.[3]
In 1976, the betrayal narrative was expounded upon by the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations. In their investigation into John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories, the committee concluded that Cuban exiles had a "motive" to assassinate Kennedy: namely, a sense of betrayal after the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion.[7]
In 1998, Bay of Pigs veteran and ex-CIA officer Grayston Lynch published his book Decision for Disaster: Betrayal at the Bay of Pigs which openly described Kennedy as cowardly. Lynch claimed that official U.S. intervention in the invasion was a reasonable idea and would not have been diplomatically disastrous, unlike what Kennedy and other officials believed. The 1998 book Politics of Illusion by James G. Blight and Peter Kornbluh, and the 2001 book Bay of Pigs by Victor Andres Triay, sustain the betrayal thesis of Lynch, and go on to focus on the suffering of the Brigade 2506 soldiers captured and imprisoned after the invasion.[8]
In the 2015 book Latinos and the 2012 Election, political scientist Gabriel R. Sanchez proposes the idea that the Kennedy's betrayal narrative may explain the Republican affiliation of early Cuban exiles, but that later Cuban immigrants are unconcerned with the legacy of the Bay of Pigs invasion, instead making political decisions based on recent policies regarding family travel to Cuba and remittances.[9]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Fernando Castro, Mauricio (2024). Only a Few Blocks to Cuba Cold War Refugee Policy, the Cuban Diaspora, and the Transformations of Miami. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 82. ISBN 9781512825732.
- ^ Novas, Himilce (2007). Everything You Need to Know About Latino History. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 192. ISBN 9780452288898.
- ^ a b c d e f Bustamante, Michael (2021). Cuban Memory Wars Retrospective Politics in Revolution and Exile. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 9781469662046.
- ^ State Department File CF611.37/5-361 Loyola University
- ^ Howard Johnson (2008). The Bay of Pigs. Oxford University Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780199743810.
- ^ Russo, Gus (1998). Live by the Sword The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK. Bancroft Press. pp. 155–157. ISBN 9781890862015.
- ^ Knott, Stephen (2022). Coming to Terms with John F. Kennedy. University Press of Kansas. p. 162. ISBN 9780700633654.
- ^ A Companion to John F. Kennedy. Wiley. 2014. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-118-60886-9.
- ^ Latinos and the 2012 ElectionThe New Face of the American Voter. Michigan State University Press. 2015. ISBN 9781628951714.