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DC-8 wheel-well stowaway space re-enactment by FAA CAMI researcher

Wheel-well stowaways are individuals who attempt to travel in the landing gear compartment, also known as the wheel bay or undercarriage of an aircraft. Between 1947 and June 2015, a U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) researcher had documented 113 such attempts on 101 flights. These 113 people were all male and predominantly under age 30.[1] There were 86 deaths, a 76 percent fatality rate,[2] with many unidentified decedents. There may be additional undocumented cases of wheel-well stowaways.[3] A further 19 incidents, identified since 2015, are listed here.

Wheel-well stowaways face considerable risk of death during all phases of flight. Some have been unable to remain in the well during takeoff and landing and have fallen to their death. Immediately after takeoff, the landing gear retracts into the wheel wells, with the potential to crush the stowaway.[4] If the stowaway is able to avoid physical injury, they still face hypothermia and hypoxia risks at the extremely low temperatures and low atmospheric pressure at high altitude, as well as hearing damage from prolonged exposure to the dangerously high noise levels outside the cabin.

Aeromedical physiology

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At altitudes above approximately 2,500 m (8,000 ft), hypothermia becomes a risk and reduced atmospheric pressure and partial pressure of oxygen, which drop below the level required to support brain consciousness at the cruising altitudes of jet aircraft, may impair physiological processes.[5] At altitudes above 6,000 m (20,000 ft), stowaways may also develop decompression sickness and nitrogen gas embolism.[5]

Temperatures continue to decrease with altitude, and may drop as low as −63 °C (−81 °F).[5] As the plane descends to lower altitudes, a gradual rewarming and reoxygenation occur;[5] if the stowaway does not regain consciousness and mobility by the time the landing gear is lowered during the final approach, or has already died, the body may fall from the aircraft.[2] According to the FAA, it is likely that the number of stowaways is higher than records show because bodies have fallen into the ocean or in remote areas.[6][3] Many wheel-well stowaways are found, dead or alive, with their bodies covered in frost, suggesting severe hypothermia during flight. Fidel Maruhi, who survived a wheel-well flight from Tahiti to Los Angeles in 2000, had a body temperature of 26 °C (79 °F), well below the level usually considered fatal, when emergency personnel began treating him on the runway.[7]

It is unknown how survivors did not perish from such extreme conditions. A 1996 FAA paper proposed that humans, when placed in an environment that overwhelms the body's ability to control its own temperature, become poikilothermic and enters a state of hibernation that allows the body to temporarily survive in low-oxygen environments.[3] Among 99 known cases of wheel-well stowaways from 1947 through June 6, 2013, there were 76 fatalities and 23 survivors.[8] It is possible there are additional undocumented cases of successful surviving wheel-well stowaways escaping the aircraft undetected possibly with outside assistance.[3]

One survivor, Armando Socarras Ramirez, who defected from Cuba aboard an Iberia flight from Havana to Madrid in 1969, recalled in 2021 that his earliest post-flight memories are of Spanish doctors calling him "Mr. Popsicle" because ice covered his body when the pilot discovered him after his arrival. He had boarded the plane while it was taxiing, carrying a flashlight, rope, and wool to stuff his ears; a companion fell out of the other wheel well before takeoff and a third backed out at the last moment. After takeoff, he had suffered frostbite on his middle finger so severe it turned black holding on until the wheels retracted, but then remembered nothing save shivering and shaking from the extreme cold until he lost consciousness. It took him a month in a Spanish hospital to regain his hearing, but he reports no lingering medical issues from the experience.[1]

In the media

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Wheel-well stowaways have been widely covered in the press and media at large throughout the history of passenger airlines. One of the most notable incidents involved Keith Sapsford (14) from Sydney, Australia, who fell 200 feet (60 m) to his death from the wheel-well of a Tokyo-bound Japan Air Lines Douglas DC-8 on February 24, 1970, shortly after takeoff from Sydney Kingsford Smith Airport. Amateur photographer John Gilpin was testing his new camera lens by taking pictures of planes taking off that day, and did not realize he had captured the boy's final moments until he developed the pictures a week later. The photo was then featured in Life magazine's issue for the week of March 6, 1970, in their "Parting Shots" section of particularly newsworthy photos, across the fold of a two-page spread.[9][10][11][12][13][14]

List of wheel-well stowaways

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Below is a chronological list of documented aircraft wheel-well stowaway incidents. Stowaways have also traveled in a cargo hold,[15] or in a spare parts compartment,[16] both of which are pressurized, or even in the pressurized cabin itself.[17] In at least one other instance, on July 31, 2013, a cat survived a flight from Athens to Zürich in the front undercarriage of an Airbus A321.[18] Those types of incidents are not included in the scope of the list below.

Date Stowaway(s) Flight Aircraft Stowaway's fate
Aug 7, 1946 Bas Wie, 12 Kupang–Darwin Douglas DC-3 Survived, naturalised in Australia in 1958 and married[19]
Aug 5, 1947 Francisco Carvalho, 30 Lisbon–Natal Douglas DC-3 Survived. Returned home to Portugal and was arrested for leaving the country illegally[3][20][21]
Nov 15, 1948 Sayabali (Fiji Indian), 18 Nadi–Honolulu Douglas DC-4 Survived, arrested, jailed for 60 days and deported back to Fiji[22][23]
Sep 9, 1960 Daniel Melo, 16 Santa Maria-Bermuda Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation Survived, caught by LAV's ground team and deported.[24]
Sep 28, 1966 Francisco Cuevas Garcia, 17 Bogotá–Mexico City Boeing 707 Survived at 34,000 feet (10,000 m). Returned home to Querétaro and was pardoned. [3][25][26][27] [28][29]
Apr 18, 1966 Unidentified man, about 24 Moscow–Paris Sud Aviation Caravelle Died[30][31]
Apr 19, 1966 Unknown youth, 20/21 Orly–Morocco Sud Aviation Caravelle Died (frozen)[3]
Jun 4, 1969 Armando Socarras Ramírez, 17, Jorge Pérez Blanco, 16 Havana–Madrid
(Iberia Flight 904) 		Douglas DC-8 Pérez fell out before takeoff and survived to be imprisoned by the Cuban government. Socarras made to Madrid, was released after 52 days in a Spanish hospital, and as of 2021 lives in Virginia.[1]
Jul 26, 1969 Male, 17, and a second unknown Havana–Madrid Douglas DC-8 One survived, second fell to death[3]
Feb 22, 1970 Keith Sapsford, 14 Sydney–Tokyo
(Japan Airlines flight) 		Douglas DC-8 Sapsford fell to his death after the landing gear doors opened underneath him as the gear retracted, falling from 200 feet (61 m) during the take off sequence.[3] His fatal fall was inadvertently captured by amateur photographer John Gilpin and the photograph was published in Life magazine.[32][14][33]
Jun 21, 1970 Jean-Pierre Viers, 13 Lyon–Abidjan Douglas DC-8 Died (fell at Abidjan when landing gear lowered)[3][34]
Apr 14, 1972 John J. Gribowski, 18 San Diego–New York City Boeing 707 Died (froze)[3][35]
Mar 23, 1975 Luis Albert Fula Camacho, 18 Bogotá–Miami Boeing 707 Died (fell)[3][36]
Nov 14, 1986 Gabriel Pacheco, 35 Panama–Miami Boeing 707 Survived at 39,000 feet (12,000 m)[3][37]
Feb 19, 1990 Two men from Trinidad Trinidad–Toronto BWIA West Indies Airways Lockheed L1011 Both survived 5 hour flight[38]
Mar 15, 1993 Shamsul Ramli, 17 Kuala Lumpur–Johannesburg
(Malaysia Airlines flight) 		Boeing 747 Died. Body found in the 747's wheel well at Johannesburg Airport on arrival.[39]
Jun 4, 1993 Juan Carlos Guzmán-Betancourt, 17 Bogotá–Miami
(Arca Airline flight) 		Douglas DC-8 Survived at 35,000 feet (11,000 m), but frosted[3]
Aug 4, 1993 Male, 19 Bogotá–New York City Boeing 747 Died[40]
Sep 13, 1994 Male Tonga-Raratonga (diverted to Samoa) Boeing 737-300 Died. Body prevented landing gear from extending, requiring crash landing.[41][42]
1995 Unknown migrant worker To Shanghai Boeing 747 Died (froze and fell during landing at Pudong International Airport)[43]
Aug 2, 1996 Two Mongolian boys, about 9 and 12 Ulan Bator–Kadena Air Base U.S. Air Force Lockheed C-141B 12-year-old declared dead after discovery. Other child died two days later.[44][45]
Oct 14, 1996 Pardeep Saini, 22, Vijay Saini, 19 New Delhi–London Boeing 747 Pardeep survived in the nose wheel well at 35,000 feet (11,000 m),[40] Vijay died[46]
Mar 22, 1997 Male, adolescent Nairobi–London Boeing 747 Died (crushed in nosewheel well)[40]
1998 Trevor Jacobs, 30 Antigua–Trinidad McDonnell Douglas MD-80 Died (Trevor Jacobs was wanted on several criminal charges, including kidnapping)[47]
Feb 7, 1998 Unknown male Baku–London
(British Airways Flight 2028) 		Boeing 767 Died, body discovered upon arrival at Gatwick Airport on February 8[48]
Jun 28, 1998 Chinese male, 23 Shanghai–Tokyo Boeing 747 Survived, but hospitalized in critical condition[49]
Sep 14, 1998 Emilio Dominguez, 23 San Pedro Sula–Miami
(Iberia Flight 6130) 		McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Survived at 33,000 feet (10,000 m), traveled seeking work,[50] but was returned to Honduras
Jul 28, 1999 Yaguine Koita and Fodé Tounkara, both aged 14 Conakry–Brussels
(Sabena Flight 520) 		Airbus A330 Both died (frozen)[51]
Aug 4, 2000 Fidel Maruhi, 24 Papeete–Los Angeles–Paris
(Air France Flight 71) 		Boeing 747-400 Survived at 38,000 feet (12,000 m).[52] Discovered during a refueling stopover in Los Angeles, where his body temperature had dropped to 26 °C (79 °F), well below levels usually considered lethal,[7] Maruhi later told, that the main motive behind his travel to France was to "shake hands" with Zinedine Zidane.[53][54][55]
Jun 2001 Mohammed Ayaz, 21 Muharraq–London Boeing 777 Died (traveled to London due to lack of employment in Pakistan and Bahrain)[56]
Aug 7, 2001 Unknown male London–New York City
(American Airlines Flight 131) 		Boeing 777 Died (fell from 1,500 feet (460 m) on approach to John F. Kennedy International Airport)[57]
Sep 2001 Mikhail Semenyaga, 24 Perm–Yekaterinburg–Frankfurt Died[58]
Dec 24, 2001 Alberto Rodriguez, 15, Maikel Almira, 16 Havana–London Boeing 777 Both died (planned on hiding on a flight to Miami)[59]
Jul 2002 Cameroonian male, 34 Rio de Janeiro–Paris
(Air France flight) 		Died[60]
Dec 2002 Victor Alvarez Molina, 24 Havana–Montreal McDonnell Douglas DC-10 Survived, received refugee status in Canada[55][61]
Dec 5, 2002 Two boys, 12 and 14 Accra–London McDonnell Douglas DC-10 Both died[62]
Jan 11, 2003 Mariano Alexis Herrera-Ba, Punta Cana International Airport technician Punta Cana–Toronto Airbus A320 Died[63]
Jan 23, 2003 Two unidentified men Paris–Shanghai
(Air France Flight 112) 		Boeing 777 Both died (fell on approach to Pudong International Airport)[64]
Feb 25, 2003 Unknown male Mali or Gabon–Paris? Died (fell near Paris)[65]
Mar 25, 2003 Unknown Russian male, 19 To Frankfurt Died (was crushed and then fell when approaching Frankfurt)[66]
Dec 24, 2003 Unknown male, about 25 Montego Bay–New York City Died[67]
Dec 30, 2003 Unknown male, 30s Lagos–London–New York City
(British Airways Flight 117) 		Boeing 747 Died (body found upon arrival at John F. Kennedy International Airport)[68]
Jul 21, 2004 Unknown male, 20 Dominican Republic–Düsseldorf Died (froze)[65]
Oct 22, 2004 Unknown male, 20s Miami–Detroit Boeing 737[69] Died[70]
Nov 11, 2004 Liang Kailong, 14, Su Qing, 13 Kunming–Chongqing Airbus A320 Liang survived, Su died (fell shortly after takeoff)[43]
Nov 16, 2004 Unknown Mali–Paris Died[65]
Nov 30, 2004 Unknown male Died (fell, body found in Louvain)[65]
May 25, 2005 Unknown boy, about 10 Dunhuang–Lanzhou Airbus A320 Died (fell soon after takeoff)[43]
Jun 7, 2005 Unidentified Johannesburg–Dakar–New York City
(South African Airways Flight 203) 		Airbus A340[71] Died (crushed on approach to John F. Kennedy International Airport)[72]
Jan 12, 2007 Male Johannesburg–Dakar–Atlanta
(Delta Air Lines Flight 35) 		Boeing 767 Died (frozen and crushed)[73]
Jan 15, 2007 Unidentified Banjul–Dakar–Brussels Airbus A330-300[74] Died[75]
Jan 28, 2007 Samuel Peter Benjamin, 17 Singapore–Vancouver–Hong Kong–Cape Town–London–Los Angeles Boeing 747 Died in the front wheel well, presumably after hitching the aircraft in his hometown Cape Town on January 22, body discovered in Los Angeles[76]
Jul 19, 2007 Asian, 50s Shanghai–San Francisco
(United Airlines flight) 		Boeing 747 Died (in the nose gear wheel well)[61]
Sep 21, 2007 Andrey Shcherbakov, 15 Perm–Moscow Boeing 737 Survived, but suffered severe frostbite[77]
Oct 12, 2007 Osama R.M. Shublaq Kuala Lumpur–Singapore
(Singapore Airlines Flight 119) 		Boeing 777-200 Survived[78]
Oct 21, 2007 Ilgar Ashumov, 15 Baku–Moscow Died on approach to Domodedovo International Airport, body found 12 km from the airport[79]
Aug 9, 2009 Filipp Yurchenko, 19 Irkutsk–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok
(Vladivostok Avia Flight 486) 		Airbus A320 Died[80]
Feb 7, 2010 Unknown male New York City–Narita
(Delta Air Lines Flight 59) 		Boeing 777 Died[81]
Feb 18, 2010 Unknown Dominican male Santo Domingo–Miami
(Amerijet flight) 		Boeing 767 Died (fell during takeoff)[82]
Mar 2010 Okechukwu Okeke, Nigerian Lagos to the United States
(Delta Air Lines flight) 		Boeing 777 Died in the nose wheel well[83]
Apr 2010 Unknown African male To Zürich Died (fell after landing gear was lowered on approach to Zürich, body found in Weisslingen)[84]
Jun 6, 2010 Romanian male, 20 Vienna–London Boeing 747 Survived[85]
Jul 9, 2010 Unknown male Beirut–Riyadh
(Nasair flight) 		Airbus A320 Died[86]
Sep 10, 2010 Nigerian national Johannesburg–Lagos
(Arik Air flight) 		Died (crushed)[83]
Nov 2, 2010 Roman Sorokovikov, 16 Yerbogachen–Kirensk Antonov An-24 Survived, but planned to reach Irkutsk[87]
Nov 15, 2010 Delvonte Tisdale, 16 Charlotte–Boston
(US Airways Flight 1776) 		Boeing 737 Died (possible fatal injury inside wheel well from landing gear, fell on approach to Boston)[88]
Jan 15, 2011 Qasim Siddique Lahore–Dubai
(Airblue flight) 		Died (fell shortly after takeoff)[89]
Jul 13, 2011 Adonis Guerrero Barrios, 23 Havana–Madrid Airbus A340[90] Died[91]
Jul 26, 2012 Unidentified male Cape Town–London
(British Airways flight) 		Boeing 747-400 Died[92]
Sep 9, 2012 Jose Matada, 27 Luanda–London Boeing 777[93] Died (fell)[94][95]
Oct 26, 2012 Unidentified male London–Lagos Airbus A340-500 Died[96]
Apr 8, 2013 Unidentified male Yaoundé–Paris
(Camair-Co flight) 		Boeing 767 Died[97]
Jun 6, 2013 Georgian national, 22 (presumably) Rimini–Moscow
(I-Fly flight) 		Airbus A321 Died[33][98] four days before discovery, and may have been undetected for seven or more previous flights; stowaway boarding location undetermined.[8]
Jul 18, 2013 Hikmet Komur, 32 Istanbul–London
(British Airways Flight 675) 		Airbus A320 Died (froze), body found upon arrival at Heathrow Airport[99]
Jul 25, 2013 Unknown male Ouagadougou–Niamey–Paris
(Air France Flight 547) 		Airbus A330 Died (fell during landing in Niamey)[100]
Aug 24, 2013 Daniel Ihekina, 13/14 Benin City–Lagos Survived[101]
Jan 5, 2014 Unknown Mashhad–Medina (emergency landing due to landing gear failure) Boeing 767-300ER Died (body parts fell at an intersection in Mushrefa, Jeddah)[102]
Feb 22, 2014 Chris Dikeh, Nigerian national Dakar–Washington, D.C. Airbus A340-300 Died[103]
Apr 20, 2014 Yahya Abdi, Somali national, 16 San Jose–Kahului
(Hawaiian Airlines Flight 45) 		Boeing 767 Survived[104]
Jul 5, 2014 Male, 17 Sandefjord–Amsterdam
(KLM Cityhopper flight) 		Embraer 190 Died[105]
July 27, 2014 Unknown male teenager Mali (presumably)–Ramstein Air Base Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules Died[106]
March 14, 2015 Unidentified male, 40s Lagos–New York City
(Arik Air flight) 		Airbus A340-500 Died (the body was presumed to be in the wheel well from March 11, 2015, when the aircraft had its last flight from New York)[107]
April 7, 2015 Mario Steven Ambarita, 21 Pekanbaru–Jakarta
(Garuda Indonesia Flight 177) 		Boeing 737-800 Survived[108]
June 19, 2015 Carlito Vale, Mozambican national, 28/29, and Themba Cabeka, 24 Johannesburg–London
(British Airways Flight 54) 		Boeing 747-400 Vale died (fell during approach, body recovered from a roof in Richmond).
Cabeka survived with life-changing injuries and has been granted leave to remain.[109][110][111]
September 12, 2015 Unidentified stowaway Nairobi–Amsterdam
(Emirates SkyCargo flight) 		Boeing 777-200 Died, body discovered upon arrival at Schiphol Airport[112]
January 11, 2016 Unidentified male São Paulo–Paris
(Air France flight) 		Boeing 777 Died, body discovered during maintenance operations on the Boeing 777 at Orly Airport[113]
February 14, 2016 Unidentified man Munich–Durban
(Western Global Airlines flight) 		McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Died, body discovered during refuelling at Harare International Airport, Zimbabwe.[114][115][116]
June 7, 2016 Unidentified male Dakar–Brussels
(Brussels Airlines Flight 204) 		Airbus A330 Died, body discovered during regular maintenance at Brussels Airport[117]
September 21, 2016 Unidentified African male Nigeria–Jeddah
(Flynas flight) 		Boeing 747 Died, body discovered in the rear wheel well during regular check at King Abdulaziz International Airport[118][119]
November 30, 2016 Unidentified stowaway Lagos–Johannesburg
(Arik Air flight) 		Airbus A330-200 Died, body discovered at the O. R. Tambo International Airport[120]
August 12, 2017 Unidentified Dominican male Santo Domingo–Miami
(American Airlines Flight 1026) 		Airbus A321 Survived, was returned to Dominican Republic[121]
January 13, 2018 Unidentified male Honolulu–Japan
(Delta Air Lines flight) 		Died, body fell on take-off.[122]
February 11, 2018 Unidentified African man Kinshasa–Ukunda
(Kenya Airways flight) 		Died, found after emergency landing at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport[123]
February 26, 2018 Marco Vinicio PG, 17, and Luis Manuel Ch. P., 16 Guayaquil–New York
(LATAM Flight 1438) 		Boeing 767-300 Both died (bodies fell on takeoff)[124][125]
August 2018 Unidentified male Caracas–La Fría Died (fell on takeoff from Simón Bolívar International Airport)[126]
April 13, 2019 Unidentified male Pointe-à-Pitre–Cayenne

(Air France Flight 600)

Airbus A320 Survived. Homeless man found on the tarmac of the Félix Éboué Airport.[127] The flight made a refuelling stop at Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport in Martinique between Pointe-à-Pitre and Cayenne.
June 30, 2019 Unidentified male, 29 Nairobi–London

(Kenya Airways Flight 100)

Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Died (froze during the flight and fell from the landing gear on approach to London Heathrow Airport. The body fell into a garden in Clapham, one meter (3 ft) away from a sunbathing resident).[128] An investigation by Sky News initially identified the man as 29-year old Paul Manyasi, an employee of Colnet, a cleaning company contracted by Kenya Airports Authority (KAA).[129] KAA and Colnet both claimed that their records showed that Manyasi was never employed by Colnet, nor did his name appear on any airport staff registers.[130] Later reporting by KTN News Kenya found that the family who claimed to have positively identified Manyasi as their son was not even named Manyasi, had no son named Paul and had been paid US$200 to make the claim.[1] Sky retracted the story and apologized to its readers for having been misled and Colnet for having erroneously reported the man had been an employee.[131]
September 30, 2019 Unidentified male, 20s. Conakry–Casablanca

(Royal Air Maroc Flight 526)

Boeing 737-800 Died.[132] Unknown man in his twenties was found lifeless in plane's landing gear compartment. External examination of the body revealed severe abrasions, particularly on the chest, abdomen and limbs. The body was frozen and rigor mortis had already set in. The cause of death was judged to occur as a result of the combined effect of hypothermia and thoracic trauma.[133]
January 7, 2020 Unidentified male Abidjan–Paris

(Air France Flight 703)

Boeing 777-300 Died (cause unknown; body found in plane's landing gear upon arrival at Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport)[134]
February 4, 2021 Kenyan national, 16 London Stansted–Maastricht

(Turkish Airlines Flight 6305)

Airbus A330 Survived. Was hospitalized but recovered.[135][136] The flight reportedly left from Nairobi previously, arriving in London after a stop in Istanbul.[137]
April 19, 2021 Unidentified male Lagos–Amsterdam

(KLM Flight 588)

Airbus A330-200 Died during the flight, likely of hypothermia.[138]
August 16, 2021 Shafiullah Hotak(~25), Fida Mohammad (~20), Zaki Anwari (19) Kabul, Afghanistan Boeing C-17 Three men were among those who died during the 2021 Kabul Airport evacuation. Several men were seen clinging on to the landing gear, with at least two of them falling from the plane moments after takeoff.[139] The bodies of the fallen men were later recovered from the rooftop of a house in Kabul and were identified as Shafiullah Hotak (~25 years) and Fida Mohammad (~20 years)[140] Zaki Anwari (19) was a third fatality, whose remains were seen trapped in the landing gear, hours after take-off.[141][142] Anwari was a footballer and had represented Afghanistan's under-23 team.[141]
November 27, 2021 Unidentified male Guatemala City, GUA-Miami, FL (American Airlines Flight 1182) Boeing 737-800 Survived. The unidentified male was taken into the custody of U.S. Customs and Border Protection and was taken to the hospital for medical evaluation.[143]
January 23, 2022 Unidentified male, 22 years old, from Kenya[144] Johannesburg – Nairobi – Amsterdam Cargolux Italia (Flight CLX 7156) Boeing 747-400F Survived. The unidentified male was apprehended by Dutch border control to undergo medical evaluation.[145]
April 17, 2023 Unidentified male, possibly from Nigeria[146][147] Lagos – Toronto – Amsterdam (KLM) Boeing 777 Died on flight, possibly from hypothermia
September 15, 2023 Unidentified male, possibly from Gambia[148] Banjul – Several destinations in Europe – Amsterdam – Istanbul Turkish Airlines Airbus A330 Died, possibly got on in Gambia on September 10. Found on September 15 during routine maintenance in Istanbul.
December 28, 2023 Unidentified male, possibly in his 20s Oran - Paris Orly (Air Algeria) Boeing 737 Alive but in critical conditions (severe hypothermia)[149]

References

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