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Kauromal Chandanmal Khilnani

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Deewan Kauromal Chandanmal Khilnani
ديوان ڪوڙومل چندن مل کلناڻي
BornPretam
5 October 1844
Bhirya, District Naushehroz Feroz, Sindh, British India (Now Pakistan)
Died16 December 1916
OccupationScholar, Educationist, Civil Servant
NationalityBritish Indian
GenreProse
Notable worksMore than 50 books

Deewan Kauromal Chandanmal Khilnani (Sindhi: ديوان ڪوڙومل چندن مل کلناڻي) 5 October 1844–16 December 1916) was an educationational, scholar and writer. He was one of the first major prose writer during the British Raj in India. He served as the first principal of the Training College for Men Hyderabad, Sindh, British India (Now Pakistan), City Magistrate, Deputy Collector, Municipal Commissioner and Health Officer. He authored more than 60 books in Sindhi language. He wrote extensively on the panchayat system, health, agriculture, and folklore.[1]

Childhood and education

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Kauromal was born on 5 October 1844 in Bhirya, District Naushehro Feroz, Sindh, British India (Now Pakistan). At his birth he was named 'Pritam', but because none of the children had survived earlier, the women folk felt superstitious and instead of sugar candy (misri) and sugar lump (patashas) they distributed pepper (kara mirch)on his birth. And relatives also changed his name to 'Kauro', meaning bitter.[2] He studied Sindhi and Persian in the private school of Akhund Qazi Muhammad Suleman at village Darya Khan Jalbani (near his hometown Bhirya). He studied there from 1849 to 1855.[3] When first primary school was opened in his hometown in 1855, he got admission there. He was a very intelligent student and mastered Sindhi and Persian language at a very early age. The Education Inspector of Sindh appointed him as a 'Boy Translator' for which he was given a scholarship of Rs 25/-.[4] He then studied at Karachi. He was one of the four Sindhi students who went to Bombay (now Mumbai) for matriculation examination of the University of Bombay (Now University of Mumbai).[5]

Career

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He started his career as a clerk in the office of the Commissioner of Karachi. He then served as a junior school teacher at Hyderabad and Sukkur. Afterwards, he served as Head Master of these schools. He also served as a Sindhi translator.[6]

After qualifying Revenue and Judicial examinations, he was appointed as City Magistrate of Shikarpur and then City Magistrate of Hyderabad. He also served as Deputy Collector of Rohri and Hala subdivisions for seven years. He then joined the education department and served as the founding principal of the Training College for Men Hyderabad.[7] In the year 1866, he got school opened in Bhiriya Sindh from Govt side (which is known as Kauromal Chandanmal Academy after his death). He also served as Municipal Commissioner and Health officer of Hyderabad. He retired in 1899.

After retirement, he remained member of the Sindh Education Department's Text Books Committee for many years. He also served as the as an Examiner for vernacular languages for the convenience of the Englishmen.[3]

Books

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Deewan Kauromal Chandanmal is known as the father of Sindhi prose. He has written many essays on various topics in a simple and effective style. His 44 essays written up to 1907 were compiled by his son Manohar Das Khilnani and published by Sahitya Akademi, Delhi in 1960.[8] He had mastery on Sindhi, Arabic, Persian, English, Sanskrit, Hindi and Bengali languages. He translated many books from Bengali, Hindi, Sanskrit and English into Sindhi. He was among the first who introduced terminology of Geometry and Chemistry into Sindhi. He also produced original work like Mahatmaoon ja Darshan, Arya Naari Charitra, Bhishma Pitamaha and Bhaktan joon Sakhiyun.[9] An incomplete alphabetical list of his books is presented below:,[10][11]

S.No. Name of the Book

(Roman English)

Name of the Book

in Sindhi

Year of Publication Comments
Arya Nari Charitra

(Lives of Aryan Women)

آريہ ناري چتر 1905 Biographies of noted Indian women
Aghaz Ilim-e-Hikmat آغاز علم حڪمت
Andera Aakhani انديرا آکاڻي Translation
Aqleedas (Euclid), Book I, II & III اقليدس (ڪتاب پھريون، ٻيو ۽ ٽيون) 1868 Books on Geometry
Ba Mundiyoon

(Two Rings)

ٻه منڊيون 1915 Translation of the Bankim Chandera Chatterjee's Bengali novel
Baraniyoon Aakhaniyoon

(Children's stories)

ٻاراڻيون آکاڻيون 1891 Short stories for toddlers
Barana Bhajan aeen Pararthna ٻاراڻا ڀڄن ۽ پرارٿنا 1909 (Third Edition)
Barana Geet ٻاراڻا گيت 1891
Bhagat Jevniyoon ڀڳت جيونيون 1908
Bhagatan jon Sakhiyoon ڀڳتن جون ساکيون 1908
Bhalmansi Aeen Painchaityoon Chho Phityoon Aahin ڀلمانسي ۽ پئنچاتون ڇو ڦِٽيون آهن؟ 1907 Articles
Bhajan Malha ڀڄن مالا
Chander Mukhi چندر مکي 1918 Translation of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's Bengali novel Krishnakanta's Will
Chetan Dev jo Jeevan Chariter چيتن ديوَ جو جيوَن چـريــتـر 1912
Coulombs Ji Tareekh ڪولمبس جي تاريخ 1868 Translation
Dadu Sant jo Jeevan Chariter دادو سنت جو جيوَن چريتر 1914
Hari Darshan

(The vision of God)

هري درشن 1930 Translation of some philosophical lectures of Devendranath Tagore
Hind Jo Sair ھند جو سير 1939 Travel
Hindustan Ji Tareekha هندستان جي تاريخ
Ilim-e-Keemia علم ڪيميا 1892 Translation
Jeevan Indri Shaster جيوَن اِندري شاستر (حيوانات ۽ نباتات جي بناوت جو علم) 1900
Khaiti (Part I) کيتي (ڀاڱو پھريون) 1897
Khaiti (Part II) (ڀاڱو ٻيو) کيتي 1901
Kheera jo Kheer Pania jo Pani کير جو کير، پاڻيءَ جو پاڻي 1915 Translation of Adarsh Noonha's Bengali Novel
Lakhay Jo Kitab ليکي جو ڪتاب
Mahatma Pavan Ahari Baba مهاتما پون آهاري بابا written in 1915, published in 1937
Mahamari, Tihin man kahri mat sari مهامَري، تنهن مان ڪهڙي مت سَري 1897
Mahatmaun ja Darshana مهاتمائن جا درشن 1907
Nari Nirog Jeevan ناري نروڳ جيون 1943
Naw Sanihta نؤ سنيهتا (نئون نياپو: 1905ع) 1905
Nidoro Haru ندورو هار 1916 Translation from Bengali
Padarath Sikhya پدارٿ سکيا 1900
Pako Pahu

(Firm Resolution)

پڪو پھ 1862 A book on the importance of female education
Phool Mala ڦول مالا 1902
Qiso Makh Aeen Koreearay Jo قصو مک ۽ ڪوريئڙي جو
Purani Shaster پراڻي شاستر 1891 Translation of A Treatise on Biology
Radha Rani راڌا راڻـي 1914 Translation of Bankam Chandra Chatterjee's Radha Rani novel from Bengali language.
Raj Rashi Bheesham Patamah jo Jeevan Chariter راج رشي ڀيشم پتامهه جو جيوَن چريتر (1914ع) 1914
Raja Ram Mohan Rai jo Jevan Chariter راجا رام موهن راءِ جو جيوَن چريتر 1907
Ratnavali رتناولي 1888 Translation of famous Sanskrit drama Ratnavali
Ravti ريوتي 1905
Rohni روهني written in 1915, published in 1937 Novel
Saameea Ja Sulooka (Part I, II, III) ساميءَ جا سلوڪ (ڀاڱو پھريون، ٻيو ۽ ٽيون) 1885 & 1892 Compilation of the poetry of Sufi poet Sami
Sang jo Parsang سنگ جو پرسنگ 1899
Sanitary Primer سينيٽري پرائمر
Sant Jaidev jo Jeevan Chariter سنت جئديو جو جيوَن چريتر 1906
Sant Namdev jo Jeevan Chariter سنت نامديوَ جو جيوَن چريتر 1908
Satela jay tukan diyaran Babat سيتلا جي ٽڪن ڏيارڻ بابت 1887
Sindhi Gujharatoon سنڌي ڳجھارتون 1888
Sindhi Pahaka سنڌي پھاڪا 1888
Sindhi Text Books for Class IV, V, VI and VII سنڌي درسي ڪتاب (ڪلاس چوٿون، پنجون، ڇھون ۽ ستون) 1873–1876 Texts books for schools
Tahaka tay Tahaka ٽهڪ تي ٽهڪ (ٽوٽڪا ۽ لطيفا) 1906 A book of Humour
Zahida Rabia Basery زاھدہ رابعہ بصري

Honours and awards

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In recognition of his competence and services to the society, he was honoured with the title Rai Bahadur and also gifted with 1160 acres of agricultural land by the British Government of India.[2]

Death

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Deewan Kauromal Chandanmal Khilnani died on 16 December 1916 at the age of 73 years.[10]

References

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  1. ^ "Sindhi literature | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Sindhishaan – Rai Bahadur Dewan Kauromal". www.sindhishaan.com. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  3. ^ a b Naseer, Aijaz (2019). بھراور کان ڀريا – تاريخ جو سفر. Sindhi: Arshi Publication, Bhirya City. pp. 200–220.
  4. ^ "Sindhi Literature". lisindia.ciil.org. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  5. ^ Datta, Amaresh (1949). Encyclopedia of Indian Literature. Delhi, India: Sahitya Akademi. p. 2086.
  6. ^ Allana, Ghulam Ali (1977). سنڌي نثر جي تاريخ (in Sindhi) (2nd ed.). Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan: Zeb Adabi Markaz. pp. 82–86.
  7. ^ Khan Bahadur, Alhaj Muhammad Siddique Memon (2000). سنڌ جي ادبي تاريخ (in Sindhi) (4th ed.). University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan: Institute of Sindhology.
  8. ^ Kauromal, Manohas Das (1960). ساهتڪ پشپ (ديوان ڪوڙيمل جون چونڊ لکڻيون) (in Sindhi) (First ed.). Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
  9. ^ Jotwani, Motilal (1996). A Dictionary of Sindhi Literature (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sampark Prakashan. p. 76.
  10. ^ a b "ديوان ڪوڙو مل چندن مل کلناڻي : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)". www.encyclopediasindhiana.org (in Sindhi). Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  11. ^ Who's Who of Indian Writers (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. 1961. p. 166.