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Kathryn Bullock

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Kathryn Bullock
Born
Norma Kathryn Rice

(1945-09-24)September 24, 1945
Bartlesville, Oklahoma
DiedMay 17, 2021(2021-05-17) (aged 75)
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Colorado Boulder, Northwestern University
SpouseKenneth Bullock
AwardsGaston Planté Medalist
Scientific career
FieldsElectrochemistry
Doctoral advisorDonald E. Smith

Kathryn Rice Bullock (September 24, 1945 – May 17, 2021)[1] was a chemist, best known for her work in developing valve-regulated lead-acid batteries. Her theoretical and statistical modeling of the electrochemistry of batteries led to better understanding of processes such as corrosion and advances in battery design.[2] Her work has applications for hybrid and electric cars, residential fuel cell systems and solar energy storage.[1][2][3][4][5] Kathryn Bullock has published over 60 technical papers and holds at least 11 U.S. patents.[2] She served as vice-president of the Electrochemical Society in 1992 and as president from 1995 to 1996.[1] Bullock died on May 17, 2021, from Alzheimer's Disease.[6]

Early life and education

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(Norma) Kathryn Rice (later Bullock)[7] is one of twins, born September 24, 1945, in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, to Robert Bruce Rice and Norma Elaine Fanshier.[8] Her twin sister Judith Rice (later Henderson) became a scholar of sixteenth-century literature. Their father, Robert B. Rice, was a geophysicist.[3][9][10] During summers Kathryn worked as a part-time secretary at Marathon Oil Company, where her father was employed. He encouraged her to pursue a scientific career.[3]

Kathryn Rice attended the University of Colorado Boulder, receiving a B.A. in English and a minor in chemistry minor in 1967.[1] She was the only female student in a lab of fifty men. In 1967, Kathryn Rice married Kenneth Bullock, a seminary student.[3] They have two children, Kevin and Kerry.[11]

Her first scientific position was as a combined secretary and technical staff person in a new battery development group, organized by John Devitt at Gates Rubber Company in Denver, Colorado. There Bullock became interested in nickel oxide-zinc batteries.[3] She went to Northwestern University for further study, receiving an M.S. in chemistry in 1969 and a Ph.D. in physical chemistry in 1972.[1][12] At Northwestern, she worked with Donald E. Smith, using alternating current polarography to study electrochemical reactions.[3][13]

Career

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In 1972, Bullock rejoined the Electrochemical Research Department of the Gates Company. John Devitt's group at Gates was working on development of a valve-regulated lead-acid battery (VRLA).[2] Prior to the development of VRLAs, "flooded" rechargeable lead-acid batteries were used. They were filled with 30-40% sulfuric acid. At 85-90% of their charge capacity, chemical reactions within the battery became less effective, and water in the system was converted into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Flooded batteries could not be sealed, and had to be monitored to ensure effectiveness and prevent problems. In contrast, VRLAs were designed to ensure that oxygen would recombine rather than being lost. VRLAs contain acid inside a silica gel or absorb it into a porous glass separator. Gases that do not recombine are vented through a one-way pressure-release valve.[14] Bullock developed computer models describing the relationships between the circuit voltage of VRLAs and their acid concentration, battery charge and internal temperature.[1][2][3] She read widely and was inspired by the work of people like Jeanne Burbank, Paul Ruetschi, and Detchko Pavlov.[3] She studied corrosion within batteries. She examined the effects of adding phosphoric acid to lead dioxide electrodes in gel batteries to increase battery cycle life, resulting in the creation of batteries with low levels of phosphoric acid. In 1977, Bullock joined Globe-Union, Inc. in Milwaukee, where she continued her work with VRLAs.[1][2][3] Her work on the effects of adding phosphoric acid to lead dioxide electrodes won her the Battery Division Research Award from the Electrochemical Society in 1980.[1][15][16][17]

In 1980, Bullock became manager of Globe-Union's Chemical Research Department, which later became part of Johnson Controls, Inc. At Johnson, funded in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, she and William Tiedemann developed JCI's Battery Technology Center. They did early research in areas including thermal management, grid corrosion, grid design, and load leveling, developing many different types of batteries including electric vehicle batteries. Bullock filed a number of patents on methods for improving battery design, production and performance.[2]

In 1991, she was invited to lead a battery development group at AT&T Bell Labs (later Lucent). Her work on the development of batteries has led to improved designs which have been licensed and used all over the world.[1][2][3][14][18] With AT&T Bell Labs's Power Systems Business Unit, she received the Deming Prize of the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers in 1994.[19][20]

In 1996, AT&T Bell Labs became Lucent Technologies, and Bullock joined Medtronic, Inc. to develop lithium batteries for use in medical devices.[1] She remained there for three years before becoming vice-president of C&D Technologies, Inc., where she remained for another three years. In 2003, she formed Coolohm, Inc., a consulting company specializing in power sources. She continues to study the role of carbon in battery design,[2] and teaches classes in power sources as an adjunct faculty member at Villanova University.[21] She has served on a number of policy-related committees and projects.[22][23]

Bullock has been an active member of the Electrochemical Society, which she joined in 1972. She helped to organize the Rocky Mountain (1973) and Southern Wisconsin (1982) Sections. She has held a variety of appointments on offices and committees, most importantly as vice-president of the society in 1992 and as president from 1995 to 1996.[1]

Awards and honors

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Bullock has received a number of awards and honors including the following:

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Kathryn R. Bullock, ECS President, 1995-1996". The Electrochemical Society. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Battery Heroines: Kathryn Bullock - Faith, reason and a life in batteries". BCI 2015 Yearbook. Batteries International. 47-48. 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Kathryn Bullock". Batteries International. March 1, 2015.
  4. ^ Bullock, Kathryn R (2003). "Lead−acid battery research and development—a vital key to winning new business". Journal of Power Sources. 116 (1–2): 8–13. Bibcode:2003JPS...116....8B. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00700-0. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  5. ^ Brodd, Ralph J. (2012). Batteries for sustainability selected entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4614-5791-6.
  6. ^ "Norma Kathryn Bullock". walkersfuneralservice.
  7. ^ "BULLOCK, Norma Kathryn Rice". The World Who's Who of Women 1992-93. Vol. 11. Taylor & Francis. August 1, 1992. p. 133.
  8. ^ "Norma Elaine FANSHIER". The Family Hart Online Database. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  9. ^ Bates, Charles C.; Gaskell, Thomas F.; Rice, Robert B. (1982). Geophysics in the affairs of man. Oxford [usw.], Frankfurt: Pergamon Pr. p. 492. ISBN 978-0080240251. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  10. ^ "Robert B. Rice". SEG Wiki. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  11. ^ a b Bullock, K.R. (January 1997). "The 1996 Gaston Planté Medal acceptance speech". Journal of Power Sources. 64 (1–2): 9–10. Bibcode:1997JPS....64....9B. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(97)83326-5. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  12. ^ "Bullock, Kathryn R.". Who's who in Technology Today. Vol. 3. Technology Recognition Corporation. 1984. p. 189.
  13. ^ Bullock, Kathryn R.; Smith, Donald E. (July 1974). "Fundamental and second harmonic alternating current polarography of electrode processes with coupled first-order preceding chemical reactions. Cadmium-nitrilotriacetate system". Analytical Chemistry. 46 (8): 1069–1074. doi:10.1021/ac60344a008.
  14. ^ a b Siddesh, Gaddadevara Matt; Deka, Ganesh Chandra; Srinivasa, Krishnarajanagar GopalaIyengar; Patnaik, Lalit Mohan (2015). Cyber-Physical Systems: A Computational Perspective. Boca Raton, Florida: Chapman and Hall. pp. 200–202. ISBN 9781482259773. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  15. ^ Bullock, Kathryn R. (1977). "The Effect of Phosphoric Acid on the Positive Electrode in the Lead Acid Battery". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 124 (10): 1478–1482. Bibcode:1977JElS..124.1478B. doi:10.1149/1.2133095.
  16. ^ Bullock, Kathryn R. (1979). "The Effect of Phosphoric Acid on the Positive Electrode in the Lead-Acid Battery". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 126 (3): 360. doi:10.1149/1.2129044.
  17. ^ Bullock, Kathryn R. (1979). "The Effect of Phosphoric Acid on the Positive Electrode in the Lead-Acid Battery". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 126 (11): 1848. doi:10.1149/1.2128813.
  18. ^ Bullock, K. R. (1994). "Lead/acid batteries". Journal of Power Sources. 51 (1): 1–17. Bibcode:1994JPS....51....1B. doi:10.1016/0378-7753(94)01952-5. S2CID 105192302.
  19. ^ a b Kushnir, Anna. "Deming Prize" (PDF). Free Quality. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  20. ^ a b Donnell, A. J. (1996). "SPC implementation for improving product quality". Nineteenth IEEE: CPMT International Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symposium, October 14-16, 1996, Austin, TX, USA. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. pp. 416–421. doi:10.1109/IEMT.1996.559778. ISBN 978-0-7803-3642-1. S2CID 110748846.
  21. ^ "Review of the U.S. DRIVE Research Program, Phase 4". The National Academies. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  22. ^ Committee to Review the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium's Electric Vehicle Battery Research and Development Project Selection Process; Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems; National Research Council (1998). Effectiveness of the United States Advanced Battery Consortium as a government-industry partnership. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-309-06143-8. Retrieved 23 June 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Committee on Review of the U.S. DRIVE Research Program, Phase 4, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council of the National Academies (2013). Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership : fourth report. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-26831-8. Retrieved 23 June 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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