Kamein
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2024) |
ကမန် | |
|---|---|
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Myanmar | 50,000[1] |
| Languages | |
| Arakanese | |
| Religion | |
| Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
The Kamein (Burmese: ကမန်လူမျိုး), also known as the Kaman (ကမန်), are a Southeast Asian ethnic group indigenous to Rakhine State, Myanmar, where they primarily reside, and who predominantly follow Islam. The name Kaman comes from Persian, meaning "bow".[2] The Kaman are formally recognized by the Burmese government and classified as one of the seven ethnic groups composing the Rakhine national race.[3] The Kaman are considered indigenous and are widely acknowledged as Burmese citizens who hold national identity cards.[4][5][6]
History
[edit]Origin of the Kaman Ethnic Group
[edit]Kaman is a term used since the days of the Rakhine kings to refer to the archers of the Rakhine Royal army. According to researchers and ethnographic studies, the word Kaman originated from the Persian word for "bow" and means "skilled in bow and arrow" or "archer". In the Ministry of Education's distance education syllabus (Ma-412) for final year compulsory Myanmar teaching of "Rakhine Princess Lyric" the word Kaman was defined in line 33 to soldiers who were experts in archery and served in the Royal army of Rakhine Kingdom.
As Kaman people were proficient in archery and had sufficient mental faculty and martial prowess, got the prestigious positions in Rakhine Royal army. The archer branch was named Kaman Archers. There were many historical documents about Kaman that expressed only Rakhine indigenous people were allowed to serve in Rakhine Royal army" which meant foreigners were not allowed to serve in Royal army. By assessing the above-mentioned facts, one can make conclusion that present day Kaman people are not aliens but pedigree of Kaman archer of ancient [Rakhine] Kingdom. Kaman people of present-day are accepting the religion of Islam and are Muslims.
As ethnic Kaman people are descendants of ancient Rakhine people, their language, dressing, culture are identical to main Rakhine people, but totally different from other Muslims living in Rakhine region and mainland Myanmar. The cultural attitude is quite different from other Muslims too.
In olden days. Kaman was not the name of a specific ethnic group but common name of Rakhine Royal archer regiment's name. After the breakdown of Rakhine Kingdom, the archers remained in groups and their descendants were the present day Kaman people of Rakhine region. During the reign of king Ba Saw Pru, prominent royal court poet Adu Min Nyo wrote in his verse of Rakhine Princess lyric about Kaman in line 33-34 as the brave archers of Rakhine Kingdom.
Kaman, one of Rakhine ethnic groups was also supported in New Dannyawadi History by venerable monk U Nyar Na. Moreover, tradition and cultural behavior of Kaman people are the same as Rakhine as mentioned in the book Indigenous people of Rakhine State by journalist turned politician (ex-State Council member) U Hla Tun Pru.
For example, during Thingyan, the water festival and Myanmar New Year eve, there existed old Kaman tradition of shampooing the children, making charitable works by donating lakes for the convenience of water fetching and building rest shelters for travelers were done. Also practicing monogamy and before the marriage, checking the fate of the bride and bridegroom by astronomy and choosing the auspicious day for wedding are the similar tradition of Rakhine custom. Even today Kaman people are not only speaking the Rakhine language but also wearing the Rakhine dress and living peacefully with majority Rakhine people.
It is not true that the word Kaman became in use after the arrival of Indian Royal prince, Shah Shuja and his entourage to Rakhine Kingdom in AD 1234. The Kaman had already been settled down in Rakhine earlier than AD 1234. Kaman archers were serving in the Rakhine Royal army can be found in history of Nga Hnalone Min (1234-1247) Alawma Pyu Min (1250) Narameik Hla (alias) Min Saw Mon (1404-1434), Ba Saw Pru (1459-1482) Min Ba Gyi (alias) Min Bin Gyi (1531-1553)Thadoe Thudama Raza (alias) Min Raza Gyi (1593-1612), Thiri Thudama Raza (alias) Min Khari (1622-1638) -Sandha Thudama Raza (1652-1684), Sandha Wizaya Raza (1710-1731) and many other kings are prior to AD 1234.
Kaman people during Rakhine kings
[edit]Nga Hnalone Min (1234-1237 AD)
King Nga Hnalone was the last king in 22nd kings of Datha Raza dynasty whose ancestor king Kawlia built the city of Parein. King Nga Hnalone was wise and skilful in administration, therefore when there was a unified Bengal and chakma Kalar and Thet rebellion he sent his reliable Pyisogyi Dhamazeya with an army of 50.000 troops.
The army of King Nga Hnalone was confronted by the Bengal-Chakma troops in Chittagong, but the rebels could not resist and within five days they retreated to Decca where they barricaded. During the fight between the Bengal prince and Rakhine commander in chief Dhama Zeya riding over elephants, the Bengal prince was defeated and the Bengal army evacuated. Likewise, the Rakhine army vanquished Delhi troops and also brought Bengal prisoners of war to Rakhine. From the prisoners of war brought from Bengal, altogether (42,700) were assigned to different kinds of duties and (1,000) were transferred for the purpose under Kaman Archer authority, it was described in New Rakhine history (First edition chapter 4) by Taung Kyaung Sayadaw of Ramree. Therefore it is true that Kaman Archers had been serving in Rakhine Royal army before the period of Nga Hnalone Min (1234-1237)AD (2) Narameik Hla (alias) Min Saw Mon (1404-1434 AD)
British historian Mr G.E. Harvey wrote in his prestigious Outline of Burmese History that the word Kaman was Persian for bow and arrow.[7]
According to British Burma Gazette published in 1897 AD, it was also mentioned that Persian and Arab traders reached the port cities of South East Asian countries including Burma.
Therefore, it is undoubtable that trading with foreign countries made the interracial infiltration in language, culture and other sectors. Likewise, the word Kaman of Persian language became an adopted language in the Rakhine courts.
Moreover, from the early period of fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, some Rakhine kings adopted Islamic Persian Titles in spite of their Buddhist belief.
Since the 2021 coup d'etat
[edit]On February 18, 2024, Tatmadaw officials threatened to revoke the citizenship of Kamein IDPs in Kyaukphyu if men between the ages of 18 and 55 did not form pro-junta militias.[8]
On February 28, 2024, 125 Kamein were forcefully pressed into military service by the Tatmadaw. According to the Burma Human Rights Network, many Kamein also fear oppression by the Arakan Army.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ Newly arrived Kaman Muslims in Yangon defy govt pressure to return to Rakhine State myanmar-now.org Archived August 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Harvey 1925, p. 148.
- ^ Than Tun Win.
- ^ The Economist 2013.
- ^ Narinjara 2011.
- ^ Schearf 2012.
- ^ History of Burma: from the earliest times to March 1824 Internet Archive.
- ^ Jessy Wolf (21 February 2024). "Kaman IDPs in Rakhine State told to form pro-junta militia". Myanmar Now.
- ^ NGO cries foul over Myanmar junta abducting 125 Kaman Muslims for military service. Mizzima News. March 3, 2024. Archived March 3, 2024, at the Wayback Machine
Works cited
[edit]- "The silence of the muezzin". The Economist. 2 November 2013. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- "Burma: Rohingya Muslims Face Humanitarian Crisis". Human Rights Watch. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- "Ethnic Kaman in Arakan Still Face Travel Restrictions". Narinjara. 25 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 (PDF). London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
- Schearf, Daniel (29 November 2012). "Kaman Muslims Raise Concerns of Wider Conflict". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- Than Tun Win. "Composition of the Different Ethnic Groups under the 8 Major National Ethnic Races in Myanmar". Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Brussels. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- Thant Myint-U (2011). The River of Lost Footsteps. Faber & Faber. ISBN 9780571266067.
- Yegar, Moshe (2002). Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma / Myanmar. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN 0739103563.